Safety Tips for Using Solar Simulators
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Reptile Lighting Information by DR
Reptile Magazine 2009 Reptile Lighting Information BY DR. FRANCES M. BAINES, MA, VETMB, MRCVS To reptiles, sunlight is life. Reptiles are quite literally solar powered; every aspect of their lives is governed by their daily experience of solar light and heat, or the artificial equivalent when they are housed indoors. Careful provision of lighting is essential for a healthy reptile in captivity. Infrared and Visible Light Effects on Reptiles The spectrum of sunlight includes infrared, “visible light” (the colors we see in the rainbow) and ultraviolet light, which is subdivided into UVA, UVB and UVC. Very short wavelength light from the sun (UVC and short wavelength UVB) is hazardous to animal skin and eyes, and the atmosphere blocks it. Natural sunlight extends from about 290 to 295 nanometers, which is in the UVB range, to more than 5,000 nanometers, which is in the long-wavelength infrared (heat) range. Infrared light is the sun’s warmth, and basking reptiles absorb infrared radiation extremely effectively through their skin. This part of the light spectrum is invisible to humans and most reptiles, but some snakes can perceive the longer wavelengths (above 5,000 nanometers) through their facial pit organs. Ceramic heaters and heat mats emit only infrared. Incandescent lamps emit infrared and visible light. Some incandescent red basking lamps are described as “infrared” lamps, but these also emit red visible light. Visible light, including UVA, is essential. Many reptiles have extremely good color vision. Humans have three types of retinal cone cells for color vision, and their brains combine the information from these cells and perceive the blend as a certain color. -
The Risks and Benefits of Cutaneous Sunlight Exposure Sarah Jane Felton
The Risks and Benefits of Cutaneous Sunlight Exposure A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health 2016 Sarah Jane Felton School of Biological Sciences Division of Musculoskeletal & Dermatological Sciences 2 CONTENTS List of contents......................................................................................................................................... 3 List of figures ............................................................................................................................................ 8 List of tables ............................................................................................................................................10 List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................................11 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................15 Declaration ..............................................................................................................................................16 Copyright statement ...........................................................................................................................17 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................18 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION -
Radiation Distribution Uniformization by Optimized Halogen Lamps Arrangement for a Solar Simulator
Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Rabat, Morocco, April 11-13, 2017 Radiation distribution uniformization by optimized halogen lamps arrangement for a solar simulator Hazim Moria Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology,Yanbu Industrial College, Yanbu Al-Sinaiyah 41912, KSA E-mail address: [email protected] Abstract Solar simulator plays a vital role in the research and development of solar photovoltaic, solar thermal and builds environment. Producing uniformity in spatial, temporal and spectral radiation distribution are the key parameters when developing a solar simulator so the sun radiation is matched as closely as possible in the laboratory environment. This paper presents a development of a solar simulator for education and research purpose. The objective is to achieve a uniform spatial distribution of radiation from a set of halogen lamps. The simulator was built with eight 500W halogen lamps powered by typical domestic 220 V source. The lamps are connected in two parallel four-in-series arrangement and placed perpendicularly from each other about halogen bulb axis. The distance between lamp reflectors edge was varied and total radiation measured by a pyranometer at various distance from the lamp. The findings showed that the optimal distance between reflector edges is 0.15 m which produced good spatially uniform radiation between 500 and 1100 W/m2 at distance between 0.20 and 0.40 cm within the test area of 0.4 m2. Keywords: Irradiance; solar photovoltaic; solar thermal; indoor testing; 1. Introduction Utilization of solar energy in its optimized form is the ultimate solution for energy crisis. -
What Makes the Powerarc a Better Illuminator
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS FLUORESCENCE GRATINGS & OEM SPECTROMETERS What makes the PowerArc OPTICAL COMPONENTS CUSTOM SOLUTIONS PARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION a better Illuminator RAMAN / AFM-RAMAN / TERS SPECTROSCOPIC ELLIPSOMETRY SPR IMAGING A 75 Watt Xenon Arc Lamp Illuminator Provides the Same Power Output as a 450 Watt Xenon Arc Lamp in a Vertical Lamp Housing! Users of old style vertical arc lamp housings are throwing Please note that the PowerArc™ series of lamp housings away as much as 90% of the lamps output, due to are designed for lamps from 75 watts to 150 watts. poor collection efficiency. These old style vertical lamp Please also refer to our KiloArc™ light source for ultra high housings have a collection lens in front of the arc lamp and intensity requirements with 1,000 watt arc lamps. sometimes, but not always, a back reflector behind them. The problem with this old design is that only the light that Arc Lamp Housing actually strikes these optical elements is delivered outside At the heart of the PowerArc™ lamp housing is a of the lamp housing. All other photons emitted by the lamp proprietary on-axis ellipsoidal reflector. Our reflectors are wasted, simply heating the inside of the lamp housing. collect up to 70% of the radiant energy from the arc lamp, Conversely the unique PowerArc™ lamp housing has an versus only 12% for typical condenser systems in vertical enveloping ellipsoidal reflector that collects virtually all of lamp housings. The ellipse literally wraps around the arc the light emitted by the lamp arc, delivering those photons lamp, collecting 5 to 6 times more output power than a to a secondary focal point outside of the lamp housing, conventional system. -
Ultraviolet Radiation
Environmental Health Criteria 160 Ultraviolet Radiation An Authoritative Scientific Review of Environmental and Health Effects of UV, with Reference to Global Ozone Layer Depletion V\JflVV ptiflcti1p cii ii, L?flUctd EnrrcmH Prormwe. Me World Haah6 Orgniri1ion and Fhc nIrrHbccrlT Ornrn)is5ion on Nfl-oflizirig Raditiori Prioiioii THE Ef4VIRONMEF4FAL HEALTH CI4ITERIA SERIES Acetonitrile (No. 154, 1993) 2,4-Dichloroplierioxyaceric acid (2 4 D) (No 29 Acrolein (No 127, 1991) 1984) Acrylamide (No 49, 1985) 2,4.Dichlorophenoxyucetic acd - erivirorrmerrtul Acr5lonilrile (No. 28, 1983) aspects (No. 54, 1989) Aged population, principles for evaluating the 1 ,3-Dichloroproperte, 1,2-dichloropropane and effects of chemicals (No 144, 1992) mixtures (No. 146, 1993( Aldicarb (No 121, 1991) DDT and its derivatives (No 9 1979) Aidrin and dieldrin (No 91 1989) DDT and its derivatives - environmental aspects Allethrins (No 87, 1989) (No. 83, 1989) Alpha-cypermethrirr (No 142, 1992) Deltamethrin (No 97, 1990) Ammonia (No 54, 1985) Diamirrotoluenes (No 74, 1987( Arsenic (No 18. 1981) Dichiorsos (No. 79, 1988) Asbestos and other natural mineral fibres Diethylhexyl phthalate (No. 131, 191112) (No. 53, 198€) Dirnethoate (No 90, 1989) Barium (No. 137 1990) Dimethylformnmde (No 114, 1991) Benomy( (No 143, 1993) Dimethyf sulfate (No. 48. 1985) Benzene (No 150, 1993) Diseases of suspected chemical etiology and Beryllium (No 106, 1990( their prevention principles of studies on Biommkers and risk assessment concepts (No. 72 1967) and principles (No. 155, 1993) Dilhiocarbsmats pesticides, ethylerrvthiourea, and Biotoxins, aquatic (marine and freshmaterl propylerrethiourea a general introdUCtiori (No 37, 1984) NO. 78. 1958) Butanols . four isomers (No. 65 1987) Electromagnetic Fields (No 1 '37 19921 Cadmiurrr (No 134 1992) Endosulfan (No 40. -
Xenon Arc Lamp
INSTRUMENTAL TECHNIQUE PRESENTATION Xenon arc lamp Madhuri Jash 01/08/2015 What is Xenon arc lamp? Xenon arc lamp is a gas discharge lamp where electric power is converted into light by an arc discharge in a xenon atmosphere at high pressure. Why we use xenon here because xenon has the highest overall conversion efficiency. History of arc lamp Carbon arc lamp was the first electric light invented by Humphry Davy in the early 1800s. This was the first widely-used and commercially successful form of electric lamp. 1875 Pavel Yablochkov had developed the Yablochkov Candle which was the first reliable carbon arc lamp and was used in Paris. 1870s-1890s Elihu Thomson and E.W. Rice Jr improved many parts of the arc light system both in DC and AC power. Then xenon short-arc lamps were invented in the 1940s in Germany and introduced in 1951 by Osram. First launched in the 2 kW size and now it is upto 15 kW. Xenon arc lamp construction .There is a fused quartz envelope with thoriated tungsten electrodes. Fused quartz is the only economically feasible material currently available that can withstand the high pressure. .the tungsten electrodes are welded to strips of pure molybdenum metal or Invar alloy, which are then melted into the quartz to form the envelope seal. .Because of the very high power levels involved, large lamps are water-cooled, An O- ring seals off the tube, so that the naked electrodes do not contact the water. .In order to achieve maximum efficiency, the xenon gas inside short-arc lamps is maintained at an extremely high pressure — up to 30 atmospheres — which poses safety concerns, large xenon short-arc lamps are normally shipped in protective shields. -
Cermax® Xenon Arc Lamps
DATASHEET Lighting Solutions PE300BFA CERMAX® XENON ARC LAMPS Key Features High Intensity illumination 5000 Lumens Power range of 180-320 Watts 1000 hours life Broad spectral range with 5900⁰ Kelvin color temperature Made in the U.S.A. Applications Cermax® Xenon lamps from Excelitas Technologies are ideal for applications that require a high degree of illumination control. Medical and industrial fiber optic illuminators The Cermax® Xenon arc lamp from Excelitas Technologies is an innovative Machine vision lamp design in the specialty lighting industry. Cermax Xenon lamps were Infrared and visible spotlights/beacons first introduced in the early 1980s and are now used in diagnostic and Spectroscopy surgical endoscopes in most major hospitals worldwide, in high-brightness Microscopy projection display systems, and for a wide variety of high-performance UV Curing applications. Video projection Solar simulation The Cermax Xenon lamp, Model PE300BFA, has an integrated parabolic Stage and Studio reflector, enabling high intensity, focused output of visible and infrared Wafer inspection radiation. With their internal reflector and rugged ceramic body construction, Cermax Xenon lamps are the safest and most compact alternative to conventional quartz xenon lamps. This makes them ideal for applications requiring a high degree of illumination control. Current-regulated or power-regulated power supplies with output ripples of less than 5% are recommended. Single shot ignition pulses are advised because radio frequency starters may -
Energy Efficiency – HID Lighting
PDHonline Course E423 (5 PDH) Energy Efficiency High Intensity Discharge Lighting Instructor: Lee Layton, P.E 2014 PDH Online | PDH Center 5272 Meadow Estates Drive Fairfax, VA 22030-6658 Phone & Fax: 703-988-0088 www.PDHonline.org www.PDHcenter.com An Approved Continuing Education Provider www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course E423 www.PDHonline.org Energy Efficiency High Intensity Discharge Lighting Lee Layton, P.E Table of Contents Section Page Introduction ………………………………….….. 3 Chapter 1, Lighting Market ………………….….. 5 Chapter 2, Fundamentals of Lighting ………….... 16 Chapter 3, Characteristics of HID Lighting……... 28 Chapter 4, Types of HID Lighting……………..... 37 Summary ……………………………………..…. 66 © Lee Layton. Page 2 of 66 www.PDHcenter.com PDHonline Course E423 www.PDHonline.org Introduction Gas-discharge lamps are light sources that generate light by sending an electrical discharge through an ionized gas. The character of the gas discharge depends on the pressure of the gas as well as the frequency of the current. High-intensity discharge (HID) lighting provides the highest efficacy and longest service life of any lighting type. It can save 75%-90% of lighting energy when it replaces incandescent lighting. Figure 1 shows a typical high-intensity discharge lamp. In a high-intensity discharge lamp, electricity arcs between two electrodes, creating an intensely bright light. Usually a gas of mercury, sodium, or metal halide acts as the conductor. HID lamps use an electric arc to produce intense light. Like fluorescent lamps, they require ballasts. They also take up to 10 minutes to produce light when first turned on because the ballast needs time to establish the electric arc. -
A Critical Comparison of Xenon Lamps
TECHNICAL NOTE A Critical Comparison of Xenon Lamps Introduction When selecting a lamp as an excitation source for spectroscopic studies, the overall power produced by the lamp should not be the only parameter that is used for comparison of its effectiveness as an excitation source. Certainly, it is expected that a 450W lamp emits more light than e.g. a 300W lamp but this number alone does not guarantee that more light is available for exciting a sample. There are other factors such as the optics and geometry that play a role, but we will focus our attention only to the light source for now. Indeed, we will show that the 300W Cermax lamp mounted on ISS spectrofluorometers provides more usable intensity than the traditional 450W Xenon lamp mounted on other spectrofluorometers. Figure 1. Schematic drawing of the Cermax arc lamp and lamp housing in ISS spectrofluorometers. Spatial Light Distribution and Collection Optics A traditional 450W lamp is about 10 cm (4 inches) long; the bulb is filled with inert gas at about 75 atm. The lamp is usually mounted vertically, with the cathode below the anode. The light emitted by this lamp is concentrated in a donut-like shape around the plane perpendicular to the electrodes. The light distribution is asymmetrical: more light is emitted around the cathode than the anode. Roughly, the light extends in the lower plane of about 70° and in the upper plane about 50°. A lens (condenser) is placed in front of the lamp for the collection of light. Usually, a mirror is placed in the back to increase the amount of the light collected and directed forward: the use of the rear reflector 1 ISS TECHNICAL NOTE increases the total collected light by about 60%. -
MORSTAR Intelligent Sunlight
MORSTAR Intelligent Sunlight --ARTIFICIAL SUNLIGHT SYSTEM The myriad things growth depends on the sun Human beings are also the products of nature. The first choice of "healthy light environment" is only the sun. However, modern living environment and lifestyle modification have raised higher requirements for indoor luminous environment and human biological rhythm regulation. In addition, artificial illumination and sunlight are also substantial different in terms of spectral simulation. Light Health Science 1. The meaning of light health 2. "Light health" is a requirement for artificial lighting "Light health" refers to creating a light People's requirements for artificial lighting mainly environment that is conducive to human health. have three aspects: functional requirements, that is, On the one hand, it is how to use natural light- meeting the most basic lighting requirements of the mainly sunlight; on the other hand, how to place of use; decorative requirements, which reasonably create artificial light, which is a require aesthetics; physical and mental health healthy use of artificial light sources. requirements, such as anti-UV, anti-glare, etc. The impact of light on human health 1.The effects and effects of sunlight on human health Sunlight is a super energy, information and power source that regulates human health, development, and growth. Sunlight can remove jaundice, prevent hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, tuberculosis, Heart disease, anti-cancer, anti-osteoporosis, sterilization; sunlight can regulate the spirit, emotions, emotions, mentality, and stimulation of the brain nerves can prevent depression, prevent Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc.; Sunlight can regulate the optic nerve and eye muscles, and prevent myopia in children; more importantly, sunlight is the dominant factor that regulates the body's biological rhythm. -
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) CFLs are effectively a small coiled version of the linear fluorescent tube Most modern CFLs are integrated, ie they contain the ballast internally A good reference on modern CFL design http://www.eetimes.com/design/power-management-design/4010360/How-compact-fluorescent- lamps-work-and-how-to-dim-them http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp http://www.eetimes.com/design/power-management-design/4010360/How-compact-fluorescent-lamps-work-and-how-to-dim-them http://www.eetimes.com/design/power-management-design/4010360/How-compact-fluorescent-lamps-work-and-how-to-dim-them See extras section on website for full application note AN99065 http://www.ecosmartelectricians.com.au/ Mercury CFLs contain between 1 and 5mg of mercury Linear tubes contain up to 12mg, usually less (2mg) http://www.tradevv.com/chinasuppliers/vdeen08_p_3e591/china-G9-halogen-bulb-halogen-lamp.html Halogen lamps They have a tungsten filament similar to an incandescent. The difference is they have a small amount of halogen gas in with the inert gas. An incandescent lamp could have greater efficacy if run at a higher temperature The filament would evaporate faster and blacken the glass Introducing a halogen into the inert gas causes evaporated tungsten to bond with the halogen producing a halide When the halide approaches the hot filament the tungsten is released to the filament and the halogen is free to collect another tungsten atom The halogen cycle http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Movies/Halogen%20Cycle.WMV At higher filament temperature -
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title EFFICIENT DAYLIGHTING IN THERMALLY CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5vd9w20r Authors Ne'eman, E. Selkowitz, S. Publication Date 1981-10-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California LBL-13399 ITll Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory li:l UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LAWRENCE ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT BERKELEYLABORATORV DIVISION NOV 1 3 1981 LIBRARY AND DOCUMENTS SECTION To be presented at the International Passive and Hybrid Cooling Conference, Miami Beach, FL, November 11-13, 1981 EFFICIENT DAYLIGHTING IN THERMALLY CONTROLLED ENVI.RONMENTS E1iyahu Ne~eman and Stephen Selkowitz October 1981 TWO-WEEK LOAN COPY A." ··~ Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-7405-ENG-48 DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor the Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or the Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof or the Regents of the University of California.