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Coprophilic Dipteran Community Associated with Horse Dung in Malaysia

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Coprophilic Dipteran Community Associated with Horse Dung in Malaysia ISSN 0973-1555(Print) ISSN 2348-7372(Online) HALTERES, Volume 6, 33-50, 2015 © HEO C.C., LATIF B., KURAHASHI H., HAYASHI T., NAZNI W.A. AND OMAR B. Coprophilic dipteran community associated with horse dung in Malaysia *Heo C.C.1,2, Latif, B.1, Kurahashi H.3, Hayashi T.4, Nazni W.A.5 and Omar B.6 1Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buluh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buluh, Selangor, Malaysia 2Institute of Forensic Science (IFS), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Level 4, Academic Building, Faculty of Medicine, 47000 Sungai Buluh, Selangor, Malaysia 3International Department of Dipterology (IDD), Hikawadai 1-2-21, Higashikurume City, Tokyo 203-0004, Japan 4Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23- 1, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8640 Japan 5Medical Entomology Unit, Institute for Medical Research (IMR), Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 6Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (email: *[email protected]) Abstract Blood-sucking flies are known as vectors of pathogens to farm animals worldwide. However, little is known about dipteran biodiversity associated with horse dung in Malaysia which could serve as vectors. Thus, a field trip to a horse farm located in Tanjung Rambutan, Perak, peninsular Malaysia was conducted in 2010. We examined adults and larvae of dipterans associated with 100 horse dung pats. A total of 1480 dipteran specimens from nine families were collected including Sphaeroceridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae, Sepsidae, Tabanidae, Ulidiidae, Dolichopodidae and Milichiidae. The lesser dung fly (Sphaeroceridae) which consisted of four species was the most abundant dipteran followed by sarcophagids and muscids. Seven species of muscids were collected from the horse farm and three of them were haematophagic namely Musca conducens Walker, 1859, Musca ventrosa Wiedemann, 1830 and Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758). Fly larvae collected from the dung were raised to adult stage and subsequently identified as M. conducens and Neomyia gavisa Walker, 1859. We reported new locality records for three species of Muscidae in Malaysia namely Pyrellia proferens Walker, 1859, Lispe kowarzi Becker, 1903 (new to peninsular) and N. gavisa Walker, 1859. Keywords: Coprophilic Diptera, horse dung, Malaysia, new record, Pyrellia proferens, Lispe kowarzi, Neomyia gavisa. Received: 24 February 2015; Revised: 22 April 2015; Online: 4 May 2015. Introduction Spencer, 1973). Most importantly, flies have The Diptera, or known as two-winged been incriminated either as biological or flies, is one of the largest orders of Insecta and mechanical vectors to wide range of infectious can be found almost ubiquitously on Earth diseases that are prevalent in both developed (Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005). Members of and developing countries (Gubler, 2002). Diptera play variety of roles in ecosystem Other than ticks (Acari: Ixodida), either as pollinators, nutrient recyclers, or Diptera is considered a significant group of carrion decomposers (Borkent and Harder, arthropods in term of medical and veterinary 2007; Hirabayashi and Wotton, 1998; Putman, importance (Cleton et al., 2012). Flies are 1978). However, there are many dipteran found accountable for the transmission of species of economic importance which are variety of pathogens namely viruses, bacteria, responsible for loss of agricultural products protozoans and helminthes (Gestmann et al., and commodity (White and Elson-Harris, 1992; 2012), which are responsible for the spread of infectious diseases such as malaria, lymphatic 33 Heo C.C., Latif B., Kurahashi H., Hayashi T., Nazni W.A. and Omar B. filariasis, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile Escherichia sp., Klebsiella sp. etc.) isolated fever, and chikungunya (transmitted by from feces, vomitus, external surfaces and nematocerans such as mosquitoes), internal organs of house flies. However, newly leishmaniasis, onchocerciasis, loiasis emerged house fly did not harbor any bacteria. (transmitted by sand flies, black flies and deer The importance of house fly wings in flies, respectively) (Service, 2012). Other mechanical transmission of Vibrio cholerae members of Diptera such as house flies was assessed and the results revealed that the (Musca domestica L.), face flies (Musca wings did not play an important role in autumnalis De Geer), dog dung flies (Musca pathogen transmission (Yap et al., 2008). sorbens Wiedemann), and blow flies (Lucilia Nazni et al. (2013) carried out a study on spp.) are a source of nuisance to humans and house fly to establish whether the house flies animals (Graczyk et al., 2001). Some species can transmit the H1N1 virus mechanically. may act as the causative agent to myiasis The findings indicated that the persistency of either obligatory or facultative on animal hosts H1N1 virus on fly legs could be detected up to (James, 1947; Hall and Wall, 1995). Besides, 24 hours either in chilled or actively flying there are many dung-frequenting and carrion- flies. However, virus was not found in the breeding dipterans which may spread vomitus, feces and the external body of the pathogenic organisms to the surrounding flies. environment, including human dwelling Recently, filth fly surveys were (Howard, 2001). conducted in Malaysia by Nurita and Hassan Other than the diseases mentioned (2013), Khoso et al. (2015) and Heo et al. above, veterinary important Diptera have been (2010) where they found a very high diversity reported to impose a serious economic loss to of filth flies in the region. Nurita and Hassan the agricultural sector (Bowman, 2014). For (2013) recorded eight dipteran species instance, In the United States, flies had breeding in the solid waste namely: M impacted the cattle production substantially by domestica, M. sorbens, Synthesiomyia losing $2,211 million per year (Taylor et al., nudiseta Van der Wulp, Hydrotaea 2012a). The stable fly, with just 200,000 flies chalcogaster (Wiedemann), C. megacephala, emerging from an average sized winter hay Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann), Hemipyrellia feeding site could reduce annual milk ligurriens (Wiedemann) and Sarcophaga sp.; production of 50 dairy cows by an estimated whereas Heo et al. (2010) recorded 16 families 890 kg (Taylor et al., 2012b). of Diptera from the cow dung. These results In Malaysia, Reid (1953) published the showed that landfills and animal farms can act first note on the local house flies and blow as major breeding grounds for filth flies. flies and indicated their important roles as From the above stated data, it is clear potential mechanical transmitter of pathogens that little is known about the coprophilic causing human diseases. Subsequently, dipteran community associated with horse Sulaiman et al. (1988) demonstrated that the manure in Malaysia, particularly the blood cyclorrhaphan flies collected from four sites in sucking flies that might feed on horses. Hence, Malaysia are carriers of human parasitic there is a need to identify the veterinary helminths such as Ascaris lumbricoides, important Diptera in the horse farm, as the Trichuris trichiura, and filariform larva of baseline data would be of paramount important hookworm (Necator americanus). Sulaiman et in terms of risk management and in vector al. (2000) trapped four species of synantrophic control programs in future. The present study flies in downtown Kuala Lumpur viz. was aimed to determine the diversity and Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya abundance of coprophilic Diptera associated rufifacies (= Achoetandrus rufifacies), M. with horse manure, and to identify the domestica and M. sorbens. A total of 18 veterinary and medically important dipterans bacterial species was isolated from these in a horse farm in Malaysia. specimens, with Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative pathogen for melioidosis, had Materials and Methods been reported for the first time. Nazni et al. Horse farm located in Tanjung (2005) examined bacteria from the house flies Rambutan, Perak, Malaysia was selected as the and found 10 different species of bacteria (e.g., study site (4°41’13” N 101°09’31” E, ~89 m Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Proteus sp., a.s.l.) located approximately 212 km northwest 34 Coprophilic dipteran community associated with horse dung in Malaysia from the capital city, Kuala Lumpur (Fig. 1). from horse dung were processed for A total of four visits to the horse farm were preservation and identified by using respective conducted from 8-11 November 2010. taxonomical keys to the lowest taxon. Duration and time of fly collection was 5 Collembola, ants and centipedes were hours per visit from 9 am to 2 pm. The mean preserved in vials filled with 70% ethanol temperature and humidity during the survey while Coleoptera were pinned and labelled. period was 28.92 ± 2.36 °C and 73.88 ± For acari processing, the mite specimens were 10.72%, respectively. The weather conditions placed in lactophenol (50% lactic acid, 25% during the four-day field trials were mostly phenol crystal, and 25% distilled water) for cloudy and all weather data was obtained from clearing purposes. They were left in clearing the nearest weather station in Ipoh, Perak. medium for a week and then transferred on We examined a total of 100 horse slides by using a probe. Hoyer’s medium was dung pats scattered in an area of used as the mounting fluid and then the approximately 5,900 m2. The age of horse specimens were covered with thin cover slips. dung examined was from fresh to 3-day old. The slides were then placed in a drying oven at Each dung pat was examined for the presence 40°C for a week. The mites were identified to of adult flies and dung-breeding larvae. Adult family level based on Krantz and Walter (2009) flies either resting on or swarming around the whereas genus of Macrochelidae was dung pats were collected using a sweep net or confirmed using the key of Emberson (1980). transparent plastic bags, which were then Diversity and abundance data of the transferred to a killing jar which contained collected dipterans was calculated for cotton balls soaked with ethyl acetate.
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