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892.1 REPTILIA: SQUAMATA: DACTYLOIDAE Anolis aeneus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. John, R.R., H.D. Hedman, and R. Powell. 2012. Anolis aeneus . Anolis aeneus Gray Grenada Bush Anole Anolis æneus Gray 1840:114. Type-locality, unknown (see Remarks ). Holotype, British Museum (Nat- ural History), London (BMNH) 1946.8.28.87, im- mature male, date of collection unknown, present - ed by Thomas Bell (examined by C. McCarthy at the request of the authors; see also Lazell 1980). Anolius alligator : Court 1858:440. Anolis trinitatis : Reinhardt and Lütken 1863:269 (part, see Comment ). Anolis alligator : Duméril and Bibron 1837:134 (part, fide Cope 1869, but see Remarks ). Anolis cepedii var. gentilis Garman 1887:34. Type- locality, “Petite Martinique, one of the Grena- dines.” Syntypes, Museum of Comparative Zool- ogy (MCZ) 6163, an adult male (but see Re- marks ), Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia (ANSP) 23006, an adult male, National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 39295, an adult male, all collected in February 1879 by Samuel W. Garman (not examined by authors). Burt and Burt (1931) and Underwood (1959) list - Adult male Anolis aeneus from Union Island, St. ed “ Anolis gentilis ” in their synonymies. FIGURE 1. Anolis cepedii var. cinereus Garman 1887:35 (part). Vincent and the Grenadines. Photographs by Robert Po- Type-locality, “[St. George(’s),] Grenada.” Syn- well. types, Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) 6182, an adult male (but see Remarks ), collected and the dorsal pattern can be obsolete or may in- on 16 February 1879 by Samuel W. Garman (not clude bold, dark middorsal stripes, a single stripe, or examined by author). Burt and Burt (1931) listed transverse bars. “Anolis cinereus ” in their synonymy. The karyotype is 2N = 34, 12V + 22m (2N = diploid Anolis roquet gentilis : Barbour 1937:131. number of chromosomes, V = bi-armed macrochro - Dactyloa aenea : Schwartz and Henderson 1988:124. mosomes, m = microchromosomes; Gorman 1973; Schwenk et al. 1982). • CONTENT . Anolis aeneus is monotypic. • DIAGNOSIS . Anolis aeneus can be distinguished • DEFINITION . Anolis aeneus is a moderately sized from other Lesser Antillean anoles by the following anole (maximum known SVL in males to 77 mm on combination of characters (Schwartz and Henderson Grenada, and to 80 mm in Guyana; females to 55 1985): smooth ventral scales ( A. lividus and species mm; Schwartz and Henderson 1991). Loreal rows number 3–4, scales between supraorbitals 0, scales in the A. wattsi complex have keeled ventrals), mod - between interparietal and supraorbital semicircles 0, erate size ( A. ferreus, A. griseus, A. richardii, A. ocu - postrostrals 3–4, and postmentals 4–6. Suboculars latus , and species in the A. bimaculatus complex are in contact with the supralabials. Scales behind reach maximum SVL ≥ 96 mm), male dorsum usual - the interparietal grade gradually into dorsals. Dorsal ly gray with a pattern (male A. lividus, A. luciae, A. body scales are swollen, slightly imbricate. Ventral nubilus , and A. trinitatis usually have an unpatterned scales are cycloid, smooth, and slightly imbricate. dorsum), primary pattern elements form at least faint Supradigital scales are smooth. crossbands in males ( A. extremus, A. marmoratus , Dorsal ground color of males is gray, gray-brown, and A. sabanus almost always lack any indication of brown, bright green, or blue and yellow, with or with - crossbands), and eyeskin with a bluish cast (eyeskin out a bronzy sheen or green wash. A dark or light is yellow in A. gingivinus and is colored like the dor - peppering of spots is usually present, often arranged sum in A. roquet ). in transverse bars. The orbital area is bluish, though not in sharp contrast with dorsal ground color. The • DESCRIPTIONS . In addition to the original des- dewlap is a dull gray-green, with scales varying from criptions, detailed descriptions may be found in Lazell the same color to bright yellow and white. Ventral (1972), Schwartz and Henderson (1991), and Murphy scales are gray. The dorsum of females is gray brown (1997). 892.2 and Haberham (2003), FNPD (2006), Fläschendrä- ger and Wijffels (2009), and Quinn et al. (2010). Black -and -white photographs are in Gorman (1968) and Wijffels (1997). Gorman and Atkins (1968) pro - - - vided black and white photographs of meiosis and mitosis. • DISTRIBUTION . Anolis aeneus is endemic to Grenada and the Grenadines, and has been intro - duced to Trinidad and Guyana (Schwartz and Hen- derson 1991). Murphy (1997) listed known localities on Trinidad and nearby satellite islands, but the spe- cies was not known from Tobago (e.g., Mertens 1969, 1974) until 2008 (G. White in Hailey and Cazabon - Mannette 2011). The species is found in both mesic and xeric habitats at elevations ranging from sea level to the highest peaks on Grenada. On the Gre- Distribution of Anolis aeneus showing localities for MAP 1. nada Bank, these lizards are found in both natural introduced populations on Trinidad (adapted from Murphy and severely disturbed habitats (as long as some 1977) and the South American mainland. The box (see vegetative structure remains); in contrast, introduced Map 2 below) shows the Grenada Bank. populations appear to be restricted to urban and sub - urban areas. Parker (1933) listed six specimens in the British Museum from Barbados. Whether the locality data are erroneous, the specimens were incorrectly identi - fied, or a propagule of the species once existed on Barbados is unknown. • FOSSIL RECORD . None. • PERTINENT LITERATURE . References to Ano- lis aeneus are arranged by topic: behavior (Boos 1977; Dennison 1977; Fleishman 1992; Gerber 1999; Gorman 1968, Gorman and Soulé 1974; Hailey 2005; Jenssen 1978; Moermond 1974, 1986; Ono 1981; Perry et al. 2008; Poche et al. 2005, Powell and Hen- derson 2008; Schoener and Schoener 1982; Schwartz and Henderson 1991; Smith and Peacock 1990; Stamps 1973, 1976b, 1977a,c,d, 1978, 1983a, b,c, 1984a,b, 1987a,b, 1988a,b, 1990b, 1991a, 1992, 1994, 1995; Stamps and Barlow 1973; Stamps and Buechner 1985, Stamps and Crews 1976; Stamps and Eason 1989; Stamps and Krishnan 1994a,b, 1995, 1997b, 1998; Stamps and Tanaka 1981a,b; Stamps and Tollestrup 1984; Stamps et al. 1997; White and Hailey 2006), captive husbandry (Fläsch- endräger and Wijffels 2009), chromosomes (Gor- man 1973, Gorman and Atkins 1967, 1968; Schwenk Distribution of Anolis aeneus on the Grenada Bank et al. 1982; Yang et al. 1974), competition (with A. MAP 2. (modified from Schwartz and Henderson 1991); the type _ richardii [Buckley and Roughgarden 2006a; Losos locality is too imprecise to plot (see Remarks ), dots 1990; Schoener 1970a,b], with A. wattsi on Trinidad indicate localities on Grenada and arrows mark other [Hailey and White 2004; White and Hailey 2006]), islands on which the species is known to occur. comparative morphology (Lazell 1972; Glossip and Losos 1997 [subdigital lamellae]; Schoener 1969, 1970a [body size]), distribution and zoogeography (Boos 1967, 1984, 1990; Corke 1992; Gorman and • ILLUSTRATIONS . Colored illustrations are in La- Atkins 1969; Henderson and Powell 1999; Lazell zell (1972) and Schwartz and Henderson (1985). 1972; Lever 2003; Murphy 1996; Underwood 1952; Black-and-white sketches are included in Gorman White and Hailey 2006; Williams 1977), ecological (1986b), Barlow (1993), and Losos (2009). Color and natural history notes (Andrews 1979; Andrews photographs are in Wijffels (1980), Stamps (1990), et al. 1983; Daudin and de Silva 2007, 2011; Gorman Roughgarden (1995), Murphy (1997), Malhotra and 2010; Hailey et al. 2009; Harris et al. 2004; Hender- Thorpe (1999), Williamson et al. (2002), van Beest son and Powell 2009; Holt 1977; Kraus 2009; Lazell 892.3 1972; McTaggart et al. 2011; Murphy 1997; Regal (2005), Barbour (1914, 1930a,b, 1935, 1937), Barlow 1983; Schwartz and Henderson 1991; Stamps (1993), Beebe (1944), Bergmann (2008), Boos 1983c, 1990a; Stamps and Tanaka 1981b; Moer- (1967, 1984, 1990), Boulenger (1885), Bromham and mond 1977; Williamson et al. 2002; Yang et al. 1974), Woolfit (2004), Buckley and Jetz (2007), Burnell and ecological morphology (Beuttell and Losos 1999; Hedges (1990), Burt and Burt (1933), Carpenter Glossip and Losos 1997; Irschick and Losos 1996; Ir- (1986), Censky and Kaiser (1999), Cochran (1934, schick et al. 1997; Losos and de Queiroz 1997; Moer- 1938), Daltry (2009), Etheridge (1959), Fläschendrä- mond 1986; Williams 1969, 1972, 1983), foraging ger and Wijffels (1996), Frank and Ramus (1995), and diet (Andrews 1979; Lazell 1972; Losos 2009; Germano et al. (2003), Glor et al. (2008), Groome Moermond 1974; Roughgarden and Fuentes 1977; (1970), Hailey and Cazabon -Mannette (2011), Hass Schoener 1989; Schoener and Gorman 1968; Sim- et al. (1993), Henderson and Berg (2006, 2011), Hen- mons et al. 2005; Stamps 1977a, 1978, 1983a,b; derson and Powell (1999, 2009), Henderson et al. Stamps and Eason 1989; Stamps and Tanaka (2009), Herrel et al. (2004), Heselhaus and Schmidt 1981a,b; Stamps et al. 1981, 1997; Timmermann et (1990), Hite et al. (2008), Irschick and Losos (1996), al. 2008), genetic variability (Gorman and Renzi Johnson (1988), Kluge (1984), Lazell (1972), Lister 1979; Gorman et al. 1978; Gow et al. 2006), hurri - (1976), Losos et al. (1993), MacLean et al. (1977), cane effects (Henderson and Berg 2005), hybrid- MacPhee et al. (2000), Macrini et al. (2003), Maher ization (Boos 1977; Gorman 1969, 2003; Gorman and Lott (2000), Mole and Urich (1894), Nicholson et and Atkins 1968; Gorman and Boos 1972; Gorman al. (2005, 2007), O’Hare and Williams (1994), Ord and Dessauer 1966; Gorman and Licht 1974; Gor- and Blumstein (2002), Ord and Martins (2006), Ord et man et al. 1971a; Gorman and Yang 1975; Hailey et al. (2001, 2002), Parker (1935a,b), Perry and al. 2009; Losos 2009; Mertens 1968; Quesnel and Garland (2002), Peters and Donoso -Barros (1970), Kenny 1959, although they were not aware of interac - Poe et al. (2008, 2011), Powell et al. (1996), Quinn et tions with A.
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  • Lizards As Model Organisms for Linking Phylogeographic and Speciation Studies

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    Molecular Ecology (2010) 19, 3250–3270 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04722.x INVITED REVIEW Lizards as model organisms for linking phylogeographic and speciation studies ARLEY CAMARGO,* BARRY SINERVO† and JACK W. SITES JR.* *Department of Biology and Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA, †Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA Abstract Lizards have been model organisms for ecological and evolutionary studies from individual to community levels at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Here we highlight lizards as models for phylogeographic studies, review the published popula- tion genetics ⁄ phylogeography literature to summarize general patterns and trends and describe some studies that have contributed to conceptual advances. Our review includes 426 references and 452 case studies: this literature reflects a general trend of exponential growth associated with the theoretical and empirical expansions of the discipline. We describe recent lizard studies that have contributed to advances in understanding of several aspects of phylogeography, emphasize some linkages between phylogeography and speciation and suggest ways to expand phylogeographic studies to test alternative pattern-based modes of speciation. Allopatric speciation patterns can be tested by phylogeographic approaches if these are designed to discriminate among four alterna- tives based on the role of selection in driving divergence between populations, including: (i) passive divergence by genetic drift; (ii) adaptive divergence by natural selection (niche conservatism or ecological speciation); and (iii) socially-mediated speciation. Here we propose an expanded approach to compare patterns of variation in phylogeographic data sets that, when coupled with morphological and environmental data, can be used to discriminate among these alternative speciation patterns.
  • Anolis Trinitatis (St. Vincent Anole) Family: Polychrotidae (Anoles and Tree Lizards) Order: Squamata (Lizards and Snakes) Class: Reptilia (Reptiles)

    Anolis Trinitatis (St. Vincent Anole) Family: Polychrotidae (Anoles and Tree Lizards) Order: Squamata (Lizards and Snakes) Class: Reptilia (Reptiles)

    UWI The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago Ecology Anolis trinitatis (St. Vincent Anole) Family: Polychrotidae (Anoles and Tree Lizards) Order: Squamata (Lizards and Snakes) Class: Reptilia (Reptiles) Fig. 1. St. Vincent Anole, Anolis trinitatis. [http://www.karibische-anolis.de/Anolis-trinitatis.htm , downloaded 23 March 2015] TRAITS. Anolis trinitatis is a medium-sized anole (Anolis lizard), length from snout to vent (entire body excluding tail) 77mm in adult males and 57mm in females. The colour of A. trinitatis varies with sex. Males are bright green or blue-green shading to blue or blue-grey (Fig. 1) with the venter and lower part of its jaw being bright yellow, orbital area (around eye) bright blue to blue-grey or a dark black, cheek is either a buttery yellow or has a green wash. Females are a duller green, with a faint pale flank stripe present, often with mottled or herringbone mid- dorsal pattern, small dewlap, not distinctively coloured (Fig. 2). DISTRIBUTION. Anolis trinitatis is native to St Vincent and the Grenadines where it is widespread in all terrestrial habitats. A. trinitatis is also found in Trinidad where it is an invasive species in San Fernando and surroundings, St. Augustine and Port of Spain (Hailey et al., 2009) UWI The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago Ecology HABITAT AND ACTIVITY. In St. Vincent and the Grenadines Anolis trinitatis is found in littoral, managed terrestrial and natural and semi-natural terrestrial environments; up to at least 900m above sea level and most live among trees. They are found where vertical structures are present, in open areas and in partly isolated situations and habitat edges.