THE USE of FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE in KATY PERRY SONG Sri Arfani Sri Chandra Damayanti Abstract: the Objective of This Research Is T

Home , Unconditionally

Journal of English Language and literature p-ISSN 2540-8216, e-ISSN 2654-3745 Volume 4, Issue 2,September 2019 https://journal.stibaiec-jakarta/ojs/index.php/jell

THE USE OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN KATY PERRY SONG

Sri Arfani Universitas Bina Sarana Informatika Jl. Salemba Tengah No. 45. Jakarta Pusat [email protected]

Sri Chandra Damayanti Universitas Bina Sarana Informatika [email protected]

APA Citation: Arfani, S., Damayanti, S.C. (2019). The Use of Figurative Language in Katy Perry Song. Journal of English Language and literature, 4(2), 19-27. DOI 10.37110/jell.v4i02.76

Received: 22-07-2019 Accepted: 05-08-2019 Published:01-09-2019

Abstract: The objective of this research is to analyze slang words in Top Five movie. Learning slang is important for people who want to fully understand English either it is formal or informal. The movie is analyzed using the descriptive qualitative method. The data were collected through library and internet research then watch the movie several times. The first analysis of the research is about slang words that used in the movie. The second analysis is about forms of slang that found in the movie. Then the third analysis is about functions of slang words used in the movie. The result of this research indicated that: (1) There are ten slang words that are going to discuss in this research, (2) There are eleven forms of slang that found in the movie; compounding, affixation, phraseology, clipping, initialism, verbification, nominalization, other process, blending, (3) There are nine functions of slang that used in the movie; identification, interaction, secrecy, emotions, humor, toughness, informality, conciseness, and forcefulness.

Keywords: Slang, Forms of Slang, Functions of Slang, Top Five Movie.

INTRODUCTION language resulting from the communication between the songwriter and the people who In this globalization era, many people want to loves the songs. And it also has its own learn English, to be able to speak English peculiarities and features compared to the fluently, and to understand English correctly. rhymes, because the pouring of ideas through As the international language, English is used song lyrics is reinforced by melodies and everywhere, and almost all professions require rhythm types adapted to the lyrics of the song. the ability to speak English. The basic thing to It is concluded that the song is a composite learn English easier is to know a lot of artwork between sound art and poetic language vocabulary. The simple way to do it is through art. The language is short and there is a rhythm listening to the music, because not only know a with a coherent sound, the election of figurative lot of vocabulary but also know how to or imaginative words, involving the melody and pronounce it. the singing voice. Song lyrics are expressions that a person Figurative Language that in Indonesia has a thing that he or she has seen, heard or called as Majas, is usually used to create certain experienced. Poet or songwriter expresses an effects. It is a rhetorical form that is shown to experience by playing words and languages to create an imaginative impression. It is a form of created attraction and uniqueness of the lyrics deviation from the language used. The or poems. Song lyrics also form from the

Sri Arfani & Sri Chandra Damayanti The Use of Figurative Language in Katy Perry Song. deviation of meaning and also the deviation of readers to imagine or intuit what an author the word order in order to gain a more specific means with an expression or statement. meaning such as comparing or associating two Applying the right element in making specific things. There are many kinds of figurative points in writing is necessary to make figurative language such as Metaphor, Simile, language work. Regardless the tool, figurative Personification, Hyperbole, and Symbolism. language strengthens or makes a point more Figurative languages also include unusual compelling and effective. constructs or word combinations that provide a It means that figurative language has its new perspective, for example Onomatopoeia, own role in literary works that can attract Idiom, Synecdoche, Cliché, Assonance, and anyone, and the ultimate goal is to force anyone Metonymy. who reads the work to imagine what the author Figurative language is difficult to means by expression or by statement. It is also understand because of its unique and its necessary to apply appropriate elements in unpredictable meaning. Figurative language making certain points for figurative language, can bring difficulties in understanding ideas of as well as figurative language will create the words. So, in this final assignment, the interesting and effective points in making writer tries to discover the true meaning of literary works. words in kind of Figurative Language. So that, While Shen in Salwa & Liskinasih, (2016) this study focuses on “The Used of Figurative argues “Figurative language is language Language in Katy Perry Song” deflection to create certain and rhetorical Based on the background and reason of effects or special meanings”. It means that choosing the title above, the writer can identify figurative language is used to create a certain those problems as follows: effect that makes the work interesting and liked by many, and also has a meaning or rhetorical 1. What kind of figurative languages are used in meaning which is used to influence others song of Katy Perry selected song ? around it in a persuasive way. 2. What are the messages in song of Katy Perry Regarding to McKenzie in Nuraeni & selected song ? Peron, (2017: 123) States that “Figurative Language refers to language that communicates THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ideas beyond the literal meaning of word”. It These reviews are expected to serve important means figurative language makes writing background information to support the study concrete, and because language can adapt and and the discussion of the findings. It is divided is suitable for very imaginative use. into three subtopics: (a) Figurative language, (b) Meanings, (c) Song Lyric, (d) Message. According to Arvius Alm in Hayani, et al, (2016: 132) There are ten kinds of figurative a. Figurative Language language used by the writer in this study: Figurative languages are most often used 1. Metaphor in poetry, songs and are also often used in both fiction and nonfiction writing. It is also used Metaphor is kind of figurative language when people talk, just think idioms. It means that made comparison between two things that that figurative language is an expression used different to identify one with another. by person or the author indirectly by using the Metaphors are used in songs or poems to comparison. According to Kokemuller in Putri, describe the emotions, feelings, and et al, (2016: 119) said that: Figurative language relationships of other elements that cannot be plays a major role in compelling literary works. explained in ordinary language. For example Figurative language is a contrast to literal the phrase “His lips is a blooming rose” clearly language. Its primary purpose is to force does not literally mean what he says, it is a

Journal of English Language and literature p-ISSN 2540-8216, e-ISSN 2654-3745 Volume 4, Issue 2,September 2019 https://journal.stibaiec-jakarta/ojs/index.php/jell metaphor that makes the comparison between Irony statement are untrue, based the red beauty and the promise of the rose that reasoning that interpreted by the hearer from blooms with the lips of the woman depicted. the speaker‟s meaning, if irony not praise but usually criticism. Example: “The audience 1. Personification knows the killer is hiding in a closet in a scary Personification consists of giving human movie but the actors do not.” characteristics to an object. Personification is a 7. Antithesis figure of speech that describes something that is not human as though it could feel, think, act, Antithesis is figure speech that combine live, or die in the same way as people. For two things which different or contradiction in example “I see the moon follow me wherever I one sentence or negation. Antithesis is a device go”. for placing opposing ideas in grammatical parallel. Antithesis is results when a pair or 2. Hyperbole more strongly contrasting terms are presented. Hyperbole is the term used that Example:“Guarantees to enter heaven are not overstatement. This figure use by someone who based on being poor or rich.” has desire and expectation to the thing that 8. Symbolism happen to make object more greater than the real object. For example “It was cold, I saw Symbolism is a kind of figure speech that polar bears wearing jackets”. using symbol of animal, plants, or things for substitute something. Symbolism established 3. Simile from the result of personal; experience or Simile is the figure that make comparison fantasies. For example “Pretend to apologize as between two different things, just like metaphor well as a chameleon looking for a gap for but in simile usually using the word as, than, camouflage.” like, seem, so, appear, more than. A simile 9. Paradox example is to say “They fight like cats and dogs”. Paradox is a figure speech that deliver two things which contradictory but this figure 4. Metonymy reveal the real fact that make sense even the Metonymy is a word or complex speaker or the writer use a word that absurd. expression that basically stands for one thing, Example “Tension causes everyone in this air or it also use for one lexical thing which conditioned room to overheat.” connected with other through experience. It means that figurative Language also has Example “The White House claims that they various types. Some of them are metaphors, welcome Syrian refugee”. Meaning that “The personification, hyperbole, simile, metonymy, White House” above refers to the government synecdoche, irony, antithesis, symbolism and of the United States. paradox. Of course it all depends on how to use 5. Synecdoche it. Synecdoche is a figure of speech that a part Based on the definitions above it is refers the to specify whole. Synecdoche which assumed that figurative language relates to a expresses either more or less than it literary language that uses figurative and language denotes. For example, “The captain commands cannot be taken only literary and is used to one hundred sails” is a synecdoche that uses express the writer inner feelings. also have a “Sails” to refer to ships into ships being the meaning or that is rhetorical. With the ultimate thing of which a sail is a part. goal is to force anyone who reads the work to imagine what the author intended by expression 6. Irony or statement.

Sri Arfani & Sri Chandra Damayanti The Use of Figurative Language in Katy Perry Song.

b. Song Lyric imagine what is meant of the word and can Lyrics or poems are part of the song and explain its meaning). message the songwriter wants to convey, Regarding to Larson in Trimastuti, and the lyrics can also be categorized into (2017: 66) Stated that meaning can be literary arts because that is including classified into four. There are as follow: poetry. 1. Grammatical meaning. It has two According to Kennedy and Gioia in definitions involving the meaning expressed Diniari & Fahrudin, (2015: 4) ”Words by grammatical ending, word order or combined with music have an effect unlike intonation on the part of meaning which words without music or other instruments.”It varies from one from of paradigms to the means a word that when combined with other. music will have an effect that is different 2. Lexical meaning is the meaning that is from words without music or other given by dictionary. instruments). 3. Textual meaning is the meaning that is Wile Mori & Iwanaga in Nunes, et al, acquired from the relationship among one (2015: 188) argues “The majority of music word to another word in a sentence. that people listen to in their daily lives 4. Contextual or situational meaning that includes lyrics, and this is especially true for arises from the situation or context where the popular music.” It means the lyrics and music words, phrase, sentence and expression are can not be separated from everybody’s life, as used. well as for popular music that requires lyrics. In short, the meaning in semantics learns The writer concludes that all theorists or about how language can organize and also poetry theories are part of the song and express a meaning. Which means the message the songwriter wants to convey, and meaning will appear or present when the lyrics can also be categorized into literary someone speaks a certain word, can imagine arts because it is poetry. Because in what the meaning of the word and can expressing the experience, the poet or explain its meaning. It can also distinguish songwriter performs words and languages to between meanings such as grammatical create attraction and uniqueness in the lyrics meaning, lexical meaning, textual meanings, or poetry. It is not only include the literary and meaningful contextual meanings such as types but also the proverbial expressions, contextual meaning is the meaning that advertising messages, political slogans, pop arises from the situation or context in which song poems and prayers. the words, phrases, sentences and c. Meaning expressions are used. Meaning is an inseparable part of d. Message semantics and is always inherent from Message are any words or anything that people say. Understanding its communications, both oral and written that own meaning is very diverse and it can be are sent from one person to another. said that the definition of the meaning is Messages are at the core of every very difficult to determine because each communication process that exists. In language user has the ability and perspective general, the message type is divided into two, that differ in interpreting a speech or word. verbal and nonverbal messages. When According to Wijana in Kustriyono, someone hears the word of communication (2016: 15) Stated that “Linguistic forms, then that is in the mind of the person is the such as morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, writing, sound or picture that contains the sentences, paragraphs, and discourses have a message. basis in the form of mental concepts in the human mind called meaning or sense.” It According to Redi Panujuin Sutika, means meaning will arise or be present when (2014: 21) stated that That is hand gestures, someone speaks a particular word, can

Journal of English Language and literature p-ISSN 2540-8216, e-ISSN 2654-3745 Volume 4, Issue 2,September 2019 https://journal.stibaiec-jakarta/ojs/index.php/jell

head movement, posture and foot position, because there were so many figuratif words in face expressions, face gaze, touch, this song that were very difficult to understand. parabahasa, physical appearance, smells, So, it is interesting to identify the figuratif orientation space and personal distance.” It meanings and the messages on Katy Perry means that hand movements such as used by selected song.Method and technique of a teacher in teaching time, including nods and colleting data also shake head teacher, posture and foot This study used documentation method and position can be used to show the emotions technique of collecting data was done in some and also the attitude of the teacher. steps: the reseacher was listening to music and Regarding to Devitoin Ramadanty, reading the lyric. Then the researcher attempts (2014:2) argues that Verbal communication to find the words, phrases, and sentences is a communication that is oral or which contain figurative language and also communication by using oral and written. It grasps the meaning of each figurative means through words, expressing feelings, language. After collecting the data, the writer emotions, ideas, conveying facts, data, and analyzes the data by classifying the kind of information and explaining it, exchanging figurative language especially simile, feelings and thoughts). metaphor, onomatopoeia, idiom, alliteration, hyperbole appearing in the song of Katy Perry In conclusion, message is any word or selected song. Then the writer describes communication, whether oral or written, sent general meanings and the messages on Katy from one person to another. The general type Perry selected song. Finally, the writer of message is divided into two that is verbal classifies data and rechecks it for making and nonverbal messages. Communication can conclusions. be either verbal or non verbal although two 2. Method and technique of anaysing data forms of communication are different but in practice complement each other. Like using This study used the qualitative method and the hand gestures, head movement, posture and data analyzed through steps: cheking the whole foot position, face expressions, face gaze, data that were collected in urban figuratif touch, parabahasa, physical appearance, and dictionary and Merriam Webster online others are part of the nonverbal message. dictionary whether they were figuratif words or While writing or spoken is part of the verbal not, identifying the figuratif types based on the message. theory of types of figuratif by Widawski (2015). Then, classifying the words formations RESEARCH METHOD used to create figuratif using the teory of word 1. Data source formations and the function proposed by widawski (2015), By using the theory about The data of this study were taken from music figurative language, each data is explained and reading the lyric on Katy Perry selected thoroughly. Finaly. drawing the conclusion song.This song was choosen because it is one based on the data of analysis. of the famous song in the world. It was chosen

DISCUTION AND RESULT The writer analyzed the song of Katy Perry figurative language used in that song can be selected song. It was conducted to find out the seen in the table below. figurative language used in that songs. The 1. The Analysis Kind of Figurative Language in Katy Perry Selected Song.

Sri Arfani & Sri Chandra Damayanti The Use of Figurative Language in Katy Perry Song. a. Roar Song

Table 1: Data Analysis of the Roar Song No Expression/Lyric Figurative Language 1 Louder, louder than a lion Alliteration 2 I let you push me past the breaking point Hyperbole 3 Dancing through the fire Idiom I used to bite my tongue and hold my 4 Idiom breath 5 I got the eye of the tiger, a fighter Idiom 6 Scared to rock the boat and make a mess Idiom 7 I went from zero, to my own hero Metaphor 8 Like thunder gonna shake the ground Simile 9 Now I’m floating like a butterfly Simile 10 Stinging like a bee I earned my stripes Simile 11 You’re gonna hear me roar! Onomatopoeia

The table above explained the classification of if the person bites the tongue it will hurt the figurative language used in the Roar song. It person and that person may faint from lack of told in which position the figurative language oxygen. It means that the person is waiting for occur in that song. The figurative languages something bad to happen to that person. which were found are: 1 alliteration, 4 idioms, “I got the eye of the tiger, a fighter” 1 metaphor, 3 similes, 1 onomatopoeia. They It is an idiom because the person does not are applied in that song as the messages of the really have tiger eyes. By this means, that text in roar song in order to create a beautiful person is focused on the self and the future of meaning and creative literature, so the reader that person also not on others. will be interested to listen to the song. “Scared to rock the boat and make a mess” The following below are the explanations kind This is an idiom because the person can not of figurative language in the Roar song : really shake up a boat that will make a mess. 1. Alliteration What this means is that the person does not “Louder, louder than a lion” want to interfere with any situations and gets This is alliteration because it uses the letter "L" into trouble with what the person is doing. in repetitive sequence, and someone tries to 4. Metaphor say that it can make a loud noise that can be “I went from zero, to my own hero” heard by others. It is a metaphor for comparing two things 2. Hyperbole without using as or like. Zero and hero are in a “I let you push me past the breaking point” very different part of the power scale or the This is hyperbole because it exaggerates that other. And it also does not use words like or the person becomes frustrated and means that as. It shows how the person begins as a weak this person is too nervous to stand up for all person and ends up as a very confident person. the circumstances. 5. Similes 3. Idiom “Like thunder gonna shake the ground” “Dancing through the fire” This is a simile because the person uses the This is an idiom because the person really word “Like” to compare the person with the cannot dance with the fire and will get hurt. power of thunder. That person will make sure This means that the person will stand upright that the person can be like a capable thunder and succeed despite the pain. that shakes the ground and that means the “I used to bite my tongue and hold my breath” person can make a big change. This is an idiom because it will not really bite “Now I’m floating like a butterfly” the tongue nor does it hold its breath. Because

Journal of English Language and literature p-ISSN 2540-8216, e-ISSN 2654-3745 Volume 4, Issue 2,September 2019 https://journal.stibaiec-jakarta/ojs/index.php/jell

This is a simile because the person uses the It also inspires all those who want to survive, word “Like” to compare the person with a to encourage anyone who wants to become butterfly. That means the person can be free to a champion or a person who is appreciated do anything and not worry about the things so that people who intend to underestimate that will make the person fall. or drop can see the sincerity that is in the “Stinging like a bee I earned my stripes” person who is underestimated. An This is simile because it uses the word “Like” unappreciated person must remain confident to compare the person with a bee. By this in his or her own ability and must remain means that the person feels that the person is strong no matter what happens later. Still brave and can do the job as well as a bee. have to be firm on the stand and never give 6. Onomatopoeia up. If the under privileged person gives up, “You’re gonna hear me roar!” then the underestimating person will feel This is onomatopoeia which is a word that happy because he has succeeded in dropping imitates sounds like the sound of an animal, the spirit and hope of the person who is such as a sound in the roar of this song. “Roar” underestimated. is like a roaring lion, which means that the The song itself describes that loving person person has shown the roar to everyone and that does not need any conditions. Even any the person can rise up from his failure. shortcomings that exist in that person will be Furthermore, after analyzing the songs of Katy something more valuable. All bad and good Perry Roar song, the writer concluded that this things will be accepted without fears that song shows the person is very strong, and able will be a barrier in loving that person. No to make big changes in life. This also matter the difference of religion, race, explained that everyone is a fighter and a physical, property or anything else, because champion who dares to make a change in life love is actually blind, but not in terms of to show others that someone from scratch can choosing and determining something better. become someone who is recognized by others. It is being free and sincere in choosing The song also shows the desire to live filled something. People in love with with enormous challenges and obstacles, and wholeheartedly do not need to apologize for becomes an impetus for anyone who wants to the shortcomings, because the person who change things. Likewise this song inspires loves nothing at all about it. In fact, it will anyone who wants to do everything for a big do anything for that person, even though the change to get better. storm and darkness are in front but it will go through for the sake of love. And the key of b. Messages in songs of Katy Perry love is being able to accept all the selected song shortcomings of the person who beloved. In this sub-chapter, the author will explain the CONCLUSION messages contained in the lyrics of Katy Perry selected song. The message will After analyses and discussion have been provide an understanding of the purpose of discussed in chapter previously, so the the songs and each song has its own meaning conclusion will be discussed in this parts. for the song maker so that people who hear the song will understand. a. The Kind of Figurative Language in Songs 1. Roar Song of Katy Perry Selected Song This song has a message not to give up. There are 10 kinds of figurative languages used Despite the fall, must still rise and spirits. No in Katy Perry selected song : The figurative matter what others say, even though their languages which were found are: 1 alliteration, words just want to make others fall and feel 4 idioms, 1 metaphor, 3 similes, 1 unappreciated also want to give up. This onomatopoeia.. Based on the figurative song also invites everyone to not be afraid of languages in the lyrics of Katy Perry selected anything, as an impulse, a call to stay strong.

Sri Arfani & Sri Chandra Damayanti The Use of Figurative Language in Katy Perry Song. song, the researcher concluded that the most of dark horse, this song has a message which is commonly found figurative languages are not to play with someone’s love. Because Similes, Repetitions, and Idioms. While the Karma can happen to anyone who plays with least figurative language found are Metaphors, someone’s love. If a person hurts someone’s Symbols, Alliteration, Metonymy, and heart, it will be rewarded with the same deed Onomatopoeia. with what he or she does and vice versa. And in the last song is unconditionally song. This song b.The Messages in Song of Katy Perry Selected has a message that love is unconditional thing. Song It does not look at someone from race, religion, The messages in the song of Katy Perry national differences, and others. roar song describe that the song gives the spirit Song of Katy Perry’s selected song try to not easily give up on anything even to people to tell everyone about the human social life that who intends to drop our hopes and spirits and contains about loves, sad, happiness, spirit, and just looks in one eye. This song also gives others. In songs of Katy Perry selected song that encouragement to anyone who wants to fight contains figurative language is very helpful in for life and show to anyone who underestimated understanding the song. The existence of him or her. In fact, people who is figurative language complicates the underestimated, could be better and than people understanding of the lyrics but to facilitate the who judges him or her, and may get more understanding of the lyrics also gives effect to appreciation from others. For the second song the song to make it more interesting. Hayani, R. (2016). Figurative Language on Maya Angelou Selected. Widya Gama REFERENCES Mahakam Samarinda University, 1(2), Diniari, D., & Fahrudin, D. (2015). Analisis 131–143. Retrieved from https://jurnal.fkip- Gaya Bahasa Dan Makna Pada Lirik uwgm.ac.id/index.php/Script/article/vie Lagu Muse Dalam Album Black Holes w/30 And Revelations. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, Kustriyono, E. (2016). Perubahan Makna dan Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Fakta Penyebab Perubahan Makna Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 1–12. Dalam Media Cetak (Kajian Semantik Jurnalistik ). Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Retrieved from Sastra Indonesia Universitas http://lib.ui.ac.id/naskahringkas/2015- Pekalongan. Retrieved from 09/S44884-Dania Diniari http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/BAH Djawad, A. A. (2016). Pesan, Tanda, dan ASTRA/article/view/4858 Makna dalam Studi Komunikasi. ISSN Makin, Z. F. (2014). Short Expression Di SMP 2527-4104, 1(1), 95–101. Retrieved Ali Maksum Bilingual language Jogja. from ISSN: 2089-3884, 3(2), 173–185. http://jurnal.stkipbjm.ac.id/index.php/in Retrieved from do/article/download/75/60 https://linguistikademia.files.wordpress. Fitri, S. (2017). Analisa Semiotik Makna com/2014/10/02-zahrul-edit1.pdf Motivasi Lirik Lagu “ Cerita Tentang Nunes, J. C., Ordanini, A., & Valsesia, F. Gunung Dan Laut ” Karya Payung (2015). The power of repetition: Teduh. Jurnal Komunikasi, Repetitive lyrics in a song increase VIII(September), 256–261. Retrieved processing fluency and drive market from success. Journal of Consumer https://ejournal.bsi.ac.id/ejurnal/index.p Psychology, 25(2), 187–199. hp/jkom/article/download/3071/1955 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2014.12.0 04

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Biography in 2004 until now. She graduated from Her name is Dr. Sri arfani, M.Pd. She was UNHAS Ujung Pandang in 1998, and born on 25 Nofember 1973 in Bima west of continued her education to S2 degree in 2010 Nusa Tenggara. She is an English lecturer of at UHAMKA Jakarta, then, continued her Communication and Language Faculty Bina study in doctoral degree of UNJ in 2014 and Sarana Informatika University Jakarta. She graduated in 2017. She is available at started her career as English lecturer of UBSI [email protected]