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Ground-Water Conditions in the Avenal-Mckittrick Area Kings and Kern Counties California

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Ground-Water Conditions in the Avenal-Mckittrick Area Kings and Kern Counties California Ground-Water Conditions in the Avenal-McKittrick Area Kings and Kern Counties California By P. R. WOOD and G. H. DAVIS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1457 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation ^NITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1959 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows : Wood, Perry Rowley, 1920- Ground-water conditions in the Avenal-McKittrick area, Kings and Kern Counties, California, by P. E. Wood and G. H. Davis. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1959. iv, 141 p. maps, diagrs., tables. 24 cm. (U.S. Geological Survey. Water-supply paper 1457) Part of illustrative matter folded in pocket. Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Bibliography: p. 62-64. 1. Water, Underground California Kern Co. 2. Water, Under­ ground California Kings Co. I. Davis, George Hamilton, 1921- joint author. II. Title: Avenal-McKittrick area, Kings and Kern Counties, California. (Series) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. CONTENTS Page Abstract. _____________________-_____-______________----____------_ 1 Introduction._ ____________________________________________________ 3 Location and general features of area.____________--_-_--_-----__ 3 Scope and purpose..___________________________________________ 4 Cli mate ______________________________________________________ 6 Acknowledgments. ______-_-____-___-_-_--___-_---_----_---_-__ 9 Well-numbering system._________________-_______-__--._---_--_ 10 Physiography _____________________________________________________ 11 Topography and drainage._____________________________________ 11 San Joaquin Valley______________-_______-______---_-.-__-__ 11 Dissected uplands._____.____...-_______--______-_-_.__ 11 Low plains and fans.__________________________________ 14 Overflow lands and lake bottoms. _______________________ 15 Coast Ranges.______-_________________--___--_---_-------_ 16 Geologic features____-_-_______________-_---_______________------__ 17 Previous work_________________________-_-_____---__-_-_---_- 17 General geology.._____________________________________________ 17 Geologic units and their water-bearing properties._________________ 19 Consolidated rocks._.____________________________________ 20 Unconsolidated rocks. _____________________________________ 21 Tulare formation._____________________________________ 22 Old stream deposits...__-__--____---___-----_--_--_--__ 26 Alluvium..-. ___-----_------___-___-___---_ ----------- 26 Flood-basin sediments..._______________________________ 28 Ground-water conditions. ___________.____________-__-----___-_____. 29 Occurrence, recharge, and movement_-__________-------_---_--. 29 Kettleman Plain_________________________________________ 33 McLure Valley.___________________________________________ 35 Subarea east of Avenal Gap__-__-_----_-----------_--------- 37 Antelope Valley___________________________________________ 41 Antelope Plain and area east of Lost Hills.___________________ 43 Pumping.-_----_----_--------_---_----------_-------------.-- 45 Geochemistry of natural waters. ____________________________________ 47 Surface waters._______________________________________________ 49 Spring waters.._______________________________________________ 52 Ground waters__---_-____-_-___-_______-____-_----_-___---_--_ 53 Kettleman City subarea.___________________________________ 54 Kettleman Plain_________________________________________ 54 McLure Valley..____--____.-_______-________.-_---___--_-- 54 Subarea east of Avenal Gap_______________________________ 56 Antelope Valley ___________________________________________ 57 Antelope Plain and area east of Lost Hills.______---__._-____- 59 Quality of ground water as a limiting factor in the utilization of the ground-water basins________________________________________ 60 References..______________________________________________________ 62 Index.___________________________________________________________ 139 m IV CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates in pocket] PLATE 1. Map of Avenal-McKittrick area showing geology and geomorphic units. 2. Geologic sections a-a' through 6-6'. 3. Map of Avenal-McKittrick area showing wells, springs, irrigated areas, and water-level contours. 4. Composite hydrograph of eight wells in Kettleman and Antelope Plains. 5. Map of Avenal-McKittrick area showing chemical quality of streams, springs, and typical ground waters. Page FIGURE 1. Map of California showing area covered by this report.______ 4 2. Sketch map showing anticlines in the Avenal-McKittrick area and vicinity_________________________________________ 12 3. Sketch map showing hydrologic units ___________________ 32 4. Hydrograph of well 24/17-25Hl____-__----___ ____________ 38 5. Hydrograph of well 24/18-30Dl___--_-_-_-_- -_-_-----_--_ 39 6. Hydrograph of well 24/18-30B1. _..._______._._______.____ 40 7. Geochemical cycle of surface and ground waters.___________ 48 8. Geochemical graph of spring and stream waters. __________ 51 9. Geochemical graph of typical ground waters _______________ 55 10. Geochemical graph of typical ground waters ________________ 58 TABLES TABLE 1. Seasonal precipitation (July 1 to June 30), in inches, at seven stations in or near the Avenal-McKittrick area. _________^_ 6 2. Average monthly precipitation (inches) at seven stations in or near the Avenal-McKittrick area__ ______ _____________ 8 3. Average temperatures (°F) at six stations in or near the Avenal- McKittrick area ___.____________-_____-^________-___-__ 9 4. Thickness and depth to the base of the Tulare formation in the Avenal-McKittrick area_ ________-_-___-__---__----_ 25 5. Approximate acreage of irrigated lands in the Avenal-McKit­ trick area _-______-_________.___.___-__-__-_-___-.---_- 45 6. Estimated ground-water pumpage (in acre-feet) in the Avenal- McKittrick area, 1947-56.__-_---_---------------------_ 46 7. Description of wells in the Avenal-McKittrick area, Kings and Kern Counties, Calif _ __________________________________ 66 8. Chemical analyses of waters from wells in the Avenal-McKittrick area, Kings and Kern Counties, Calif. ________-__-.--_ 106 9. Chemical analyses of waters from streams and springs in the Avenal-McKittrick area, Kings and Kern Counties, Calif___ 122 10. Drillers' records of wells in the Avenal-McKittrick area, Kings and Kern Counties, Calif _ ______-_____---_-- _-___-_-_-_ 124 GROUND-WATER CONDITIONS IN THE AVENAL-McKIT- TRICK AREA, KINGS AND KERN COUNTIES, CALIFORNIA By P. E. WOOD and G. H. DAVIS ABSTRACT The Avenal-McKittrick area consists of about 850 square miles on the south­ west side of the San Joaquin Valley, extends southeastward from the towns of Avenal and Kettleman City to the Elk Hills. Except for about 16,000 acres in several isolated localities, the area is uninhabited desert most of the year, al­ though extensive grazing is carried on during winter and spring. The area includes Kettleman and Antelope Plains, Antelope and McLure (also known as Sunflower) Valleys, and the area south of Tulare Lake. The geologic units of the area are classed as consolidated rocks and uncon- solidated deposits. The first group includes consolidated non-water-bearing rocks and semiconsolidated rocks of Jurassic to Pliocene age which in general contain connate water of poor quality; locally at shallow depth fresh water is present in them. Most of the formations contain fold- and fault-induced frac­ tures, and these openings probably convey small quantities of water to the adjacent unconsolidated deposits. The second group consists of unconsolidated to loosely consolidated water-bearing deposits of continental origin which sup­ ply nearly all the water pumped from wells. These deposits include the struc­ turally deformed Tulare formation of late Pliocene and Pleistocene (?) age and the alluvium of Pleistocene and Recent age, which in most places unconform- ably overlies the Tulare. Both units are composed of generally poorly sorted silty materials containing lenticular bodies of sand and gravel derived from the Coast Ranges and deposited by streams on extensive alluvial fans. The allu­ vium is only moderately permeable, and, although the water-bearing properties of the Tulare are little known, it probably is also only moderately permeable. Lacustrine and fiood-basin sediments of Pleistocene and Recent age, present in the bed of Tulare Lake and along Buena Vista Slough, consist of nearly fiat- lying well-stratified silt, clay, and fine sand which generally are poorly perme­ able. The alluvium and the Tulare formation range in thickness from a few feet along the western border of the valley to several thousand feet beneath the valleys and plains. However, because of comparatively late structural deforma­ tion in the area, the deposits vary considerably in thickness for short dis­ tances. Over the crests of buried anticlines the deposits thin considerably, and along the flanks and in adjoining synclinal troughs they thicken rapidly. Recharge to the unconfined and semiconfined bodies of ground water may be by seepage loss from streams, by deep penetration of imported water applied for irrigation in excess of plant requirements, by losses of imported water through irrigation canals and ditches, and by deep penetration of rainfall. However, seepage loss from intermittent streams draining the Coast Ranges 2 GROUND-WATER CONDITIONS, AVENAL-McKITTRICK
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