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Introduction Data Used Interpretation STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION

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Introduction Data Used Interpretation STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF THE BUENA VISTA AND ELK HILLS ANTICLINES AND HYDROCARBON TRAPPING POTENTIAL (SOUTH SAN JOAQUIN BASIN, CALIFORNIA) Radu Girbacea Rock Fracture Project, Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305-2115 and Occidental Oil and Gas Corporation P.O. Box 27757 Houston, TX 77227-7757 e-mail: [email protected] Introduction Andreas Fault. For exploration activities, the associa- The goal of this study was to provide a structural tion of thrusting and wrenching can provide additional model for the Buena Vista (BV) and Elk Hills (EH) structural trapping potential which might be underesti- anticlines (Fig. 1) and to add new insights into timing mated based on the previous structural models. and possible mecha-nisms of trap formation. The interpretation was based on balanced restoration of a Data used cross-section running from north of EH through BV and The data set used for this study consist of: up to the San Andreas Fault in the south. GeoSec2D • one 3-D seismic line (Line 574); was used to visualize and model critical points, as fold • one 2-D seismic line (Line SJ-132); geometry in connection to observed fault shape and slip • wells with picks and dipmeter data; amount, dif-ferences in forelimb/backlimb dips, and • surface geology (stratigraphy and structures). thinning of stratigraphic horizons across anticlines. The well and seismic line location is shown on the GeoSec2D was also used to unfold the studied cross- base map in Figure 2. The orientation of section 1-1’ section in steps corresponding to each stratigraphic top. (which is discussed here) was constrained by the regional This enabled the recon-struction of the incremental SJ-132 amd therefore is not perpendicular to the mean strains, the cal-culation of the amount of shortening, and fold axis orientation. The planned section 2-2’ may of- the prediction of possible structural features required fer additional calibration because it has more surface by the kinematic constraints and by the observed geologic control and runs perpendicular on the regional structural geometries. structural trends. The wells are listed in Table 1; Figure As a general concluding remark, the BV and EH 3 shows the stratigraphic profile and tops as used here. anticlines can be interpreted in 2D as folds related to a deep decollement with flat-and-ramp geometry. The Interpretation space problems observed during unfolding have been The overall geometry down to the Media top (con- attributed to a young episode of wrenching. However, sidered as being the base of Monterey and top of Tem- thrusting was still required during wrenching in order blor) was constructed using well picks, tops mapped on to account for the present fold geometry. Therefore the Line 574 and then by following the geometry of strong overall structural picture can be interpreted as gener- reflectors on Line SJ-132 (Fig. 4),. The following fea- ated due to thrusting followed by transpression. This is tures are visible on this seismic interpretation: a new interpretation for the structures associated with • a high-angle south-vergent fault (F1) developed up the San Andreas fault in the south San Joaquin basin, to the Tulare Fm. south of EH; which differ from both the pure wrenching (Harding, • a north-vergent fault (F2) developed up to the Reef 1976, Nicholson, 1990) and the pure thrusting (Davis Ridge Fm. north of EH; and Lagoe, 1988) models. Based on this interpretation, • thinning and pinchouts of the Reef Ridge Fm. on the EH and BV differ substantially from other features top of EH; located further south and north along the same struc- • thickening of the Monterey and Reef Ridge forma- tural trend, i.e., Wheeler Ridge (Medwedeff, 1992; tions on the southern limb of EH; Mueller and Suppe, 1997), Lost Hills (Medwedeff, 1989; • a change of fold axis vergence form northward to Wickham, 1995), and Kettleman Hills (Bloch et al., southward in EH; 1993). This difference indicates the high variability in • thinning of the Etchegoin and San Joaquin fms. on strain behavior and kinematic style along the San the northern limb of BV; Stanford Rock Fracture Project Vol. 11, 2000 P-F-1 • a high-angle north-vergent fault (F3), north of BV; Considering the rather small amount of offset mapped • a tight fold and a rapid shallowing of all tops to- on faults F1, F2, and F3, no folding mechanism tested ward the San Andreas fault south of BV; (i.e., fault-bend, fault-slip, and fault-propagation) is ca- • a north-verging reverse fault (F4) was inferred at pable of creating the observed folds. Furthermore the BV to account for the abnormal thickness of the fact that fault F1 is traced off the kink observed in the McDonald Fm. as observed in wells 25P-10D and Etchegoin and San Joaquin fms. on the south flank of 723-9D, and to explain the sudden change in dip of EH proves that the folding cannot be related to fault F1. the top McDonald on the northern flank of BV. Therefore, I suggest that the bulk folding was Several forward models were constructed in GeoSec2D achieved due to a deeper detachment fault with a flat in order to visualize the structural and depositional pro- and ramp geometry, while the faults F1, F2, and F3 are cesses which might have caused the observed features. in fact very young features which have a little impact Table 1 Wells used in this study (CWN-common well name: WO-well operator), Section 1-1’ Section 1-1’ TD No. CWN API WO FEET 1 341-18040293089900 CHEVRON 14011 213040293090100 SUPERIOR 14123 3 31-5040296967000 QUINTANA PROD. 16200 4 56X-10040295293200 BENDER E. A. 13531 5 55-15S040293747400 TENNECO 11315 6 52X-24040298008300 UO-NPR1 12020 7 5-321-26S040294529600 UO-NPR1 11478 8 64-26S040292582500 UO-NPR1 10641 9 316-26S040296510200 UO-NPR1 11000 10 5-377-34S 040295891600 UO-NPR1 11950 11 3-88-3G-RD1 040296865301 UO-NPR1 10000 12 326-9G 040296266700 UO-NPR1 11500 13 USTAN-PO 040296547900 PORTS-OF-CALL OIL 13600 14 1B&N 040296273100 OXY 13770 15 4-7-33G 040290247600 CHEVRON 5687 16 1-1-3D 040290272900 CHEVRON 5650 17 723-9D 040300030600 CHEVRON 11913 18 25P-10D 040291120500 HONOLULU OIL 14622 19 S-2-22D 040290316500 VISTA GRAN 7026 20 543X-27D 040294494700 CHEVRON 7728 21 52-34D 040290764400 CHEVRON 8004 22 401 040296471500 MOBIL 9784 23 1 040293606200 UNKNOWN 8641 24 2 040293541100 OCCIDENTAL 9005 P-F-2 Stanford Rock Fracture Project Vol. 11, 2000 Section 2-2’ TD No. CWN API WO FEET 1 USTAN-PO40296547900 PORTS-OF-CALL OIL 13600 2 1B-20G G201B UNION OIL 9542 3140292385100 UNKNOWN 2404 4 33X-3040291741000 UNKNOWN 10030 5240293919200 UNKNOWN 5011 6 518X-7D40298356600 CHEVRON 8993 784029058100 CHEVRON 3129 81440292595100 INDEPENDENT EXPL. 6030 95840292949400 SUPERIOR 14504 10 1-33 40296023200 TERRA RESOURCES 11011 11 78-31 40291537800 ARCO 11438 Coles Levee Deep Wells (used for stratigraphic control) TD No. CWN API WO FEET 1 71-1040292930900 Marathon 12486 2 22X-1040297696900 Channel Expl. 13522 3 26-2940296065000 Tenneco 17978 4 67-29T40290136500 Arco 17895 on the final fold shape. The inferred deep detachment B. These are fault segments originating from a deep fault is likely to have been originated within the ductile strike-slip fault and thus composing a flower structure. unit of the Kreyenhagen shale, which is also a potential The unfolding results presented in the next chapter in- source rock in this area. The high-angle geometry of dicate that probably this is the case. faults F1, F2, F3 suggests two possibilities: A. These are out-of-sequence faults because an ini- O tial thrust would propagate at angles lower than 45 (ac- Cross-section restoration and cording to the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion). This angle is affected only if the initial fault becomes locked unfolding while the shortening continues—a case in which the de- The results of the cross-section restoration and un- formation is accommodated by out-of-sequence high- folding are shown in Figure 5a. The unfolding was done angle faults. The out-of-sequence faults are likely to root in six steps, by flattening the main stratigraphic tops, into the Kreyenhagen Fm., because this is a dominantly i.e., Tulare, San Joaquin, Etchegoin, Reef Ridge, shaly unit. Monterey, McDonald, and Temblor. The observed and In this model the locking of the initial fault is cru- inferred features are described below: cial; this might have happened in the study area due to • Step 1, top Temblor. The section has an initial length several possible reasons, such as: of 46.25 km and it shows the basin containing three rela- • changes in rheology toward the basin center due to tively elevated areas (two at BV zone, one at EH), which lithologic heterogeneities; were interpreted as horsts separating deeper areas in • approaching a structural high which acts as a but- between. The space problems (i.e. material missing) seen tress against fault propagation (in this case perhaps the at the northern end of the section indicates that the area Bakersfield arch?); was under extension from this stage to the next one. • decrease in pore pressure with decreasing depth due The normal faults are interpreted as being listric, there- to several ramping episodes. fore a basal extensional decollement is inferred; Stanford Rock Fracture Project Vol. 11, 2000 P-F-3 Channel Expl. Tenneco Arco 12486 13522 17978 17895 • Step 2, top McDonald. The section expands to 47.68 propagating in the basin as a triangle zone. The sole km by 4.35% stretching, this causing further normal thrust of this block can be the same fault causing faulting and deepening of the existing grabens; (through its ramps) the folding at BV and EH, while This extension correlates with an Oligocene-Early the roof fault is a back-thrust.
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