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Technical Highlights: Invasive Plant and Animal Research 2010-11

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Technical Highlights: Invasive Plant and Animal Research 2010-11 Biosecurity Queensland Employment, Development Economic Innovation and Department of Technical highlights Research projects 2010–11 CS0830 2/12 ISSN 1838-6350 © State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2012. The Queensland Government supports and encourages the dissemination and exchange of its information. The copyright in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY) licence. Under this licence you are free, without having to seek our permission, to use this publication in accordance with the licence terms. You must keep intact the copyright notice and attribute the State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation as the source of the publication. Note: Some content in this publication may have different licence terms as indicated. For more information on this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en Contents Part 1 Integrated weed management 3 1. Understanding grader grass (Themeda quadrivalvis) ecology for improved management 3 2. Integrated management of bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia) in northern Queensland 6 3. Ecology of Captain Cook tree (Cascabela thevetia) in northern Queensland 8 4. Weed seed dynamics 11 5. Controlling calotrope (Calotropis procera) in northern Australia 12 6. Herbicide application research 14 7. Evaluating the effectiveness of the EZ-Ject™ herbicide lance 17 8. Biological control of bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia) 19 9. Biological control of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) 21 10. Biological control of prickly acacia (Acacia nilotica ssp. indica) 24 11. Biological control of Hudson pear (Cylindropuntia rosea) 27 12. Biological control of mother-of-millions (Bryophyllum spp.) 28 Part 2 Landscape protection and restoration 29 13. Biological control of cat’s claw creeper (Macfadyena unguis-cati) 29 14. Biological control of Madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia) 31 15. Biological control of lantana (Lantana camara) 33 16. Biological control of mikania vine (Mikania micrantha) in Papua New Guinea and Fiji 35 18. Ecology and control of national weed eradication targets 39 19. Class 1 weed control packages 42 20. Mimosa pigra research 44 21. Ecology and control of wet tropics weeds 45 22. Population viability analysis models for better management of lantana (Lantana camara) 48 23. Impacts of environmental weeds on soil processes 51 24. Cabomba (Cabomba caroliniana) ecology 55 Part 3 Pest animal management 58 25. Livestock guardian dog/wild dog (Canis lupus familiaris and C. l. dingo) interaction study 58 26. Assessing the role of harvesting in feral pig (Sus scrofa) management 62 28. Non-target impacts of 1080 meat baits for feral pigs (Sus scrofa) 66 29. Feral pig (Sus scrofa) best practice research in northern Queensland 68 30. Adaptive management of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in south-eastern Queensland 69 31. Mapping the distribution and density of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Australia 71 32. Resistance to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in Australian rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 73 Part 4 Research services 75 33. Pest management chemistry 75 34. Chemical registration: providing tools for invasive pest control 76 Appendixes 77 1. Abbreviations 77 2. Species 78 2 Technical highlights: research projects 2010–11 Part 1 Integrated weed management 1. Understanding grader grass (Themeda quadrivalvis) ecology for improved management Project dates Methods Progress in 2010–11 July 2006 – June 2015 Effect of fire frequency and timing Seed longevity Project leader In a replicated plot trial we impose each Artificial seed-bank trials were treatment (fire during dry season, fire completed in 2010. For the final results, Dr Wayne Vogler at start of wet season, fire at end of see Technical highlights 2009–10. Tropical Weeds Research Centre wet season) at yearly, two-yearly and Tel: (07) 4761 5707 four-yearly intervals. For comparison, Email: [email protected] we also apply the herbicide paraquat –1 –1 Other staff in 2010–11 (concentration of 250 g L ) at 2 L ha prior to seed set at yearly intervals. Laura Roden Changes in pasture species and biomass composition are measured using the Objectives Botanal methodology. • Examine the effect of fire frequency and timing on grader grass biomass and overall pasture composition. • Quantify the seed longevity of grader grass. Rationale Management of invasive grasses has received little attention compared to research undertaken on other exotic weeds. There is a general lack of understanding of appropriate control options, particularly ones that are economical to apply over large areas of low-value land and in areas of high conservation value. Grader grass (Themeda quadrivalvis) has the potential to change biodiversity, Photo 1.1 Grader grass dominates a yearly burn plot at Undara National Park, 2011 reduce conservation values and reduce grazing-animal production over large areas of the tropical savannas. The Queensland Government Department of Environment and Resource Management (DERM) has identified this as a critical conservation issue threatening biodiversity in national parks. Also, the pest management plans of several local governments identify the weed as a significant threat both economically and environmentally; the Mitchell River Watershed Management Group classifies it as a significant weed species. This project aims to explain some basic ecological aspects of grader grass in response to management and natural conditions, so that management Photo 1.2 Perennial grass dominates a herbicide plot at Undara National Park, 2011 recommendations are based on science rather than anecdotal evidence. Part 1 Integrated weed management 3 Effect of fire frequency and timing late dry-season fires early wet-season fires Grader grass biomass was generally late wet-season fires herbicide maintained in yearly and two-yearly fire treatments applied at any time of control 100 year (Figures 1.1 and 1.2), except for the 90 two-yearly late wet-season fire treatments 80 in 2009 and 2011, where biomass was 70 similar to that of the control and herbicide 60 treatments (Figure 1.2). It is unclear at 50 this stage why these reductions in grader 40 grass biomass occurred, but they may be (%) grass Grader 30 caused by the previous late wet-season 20 fires (applied in 2008 and 2010) killing 10 a large proportion of grader grass seed, 0 resulting in lower populations in 2009 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 and 2011. Grader grass populations have Year then recovered in intervening years due to the disturbance caused by the 2008 Figure 1.1 Grader grass response to yearly fires at Undara National Park and 2010 fires (Figure 1.2). In contrast, where disturbance was minimal (such as late dry-season fires early wet-season fires in the control and herbicide treatments), late wet-season fires herbicide grader grass biomass continued to decline following the fourth year of treatment. control 100 Where fire was excluded for four years 90 following treatment, grader grass 80 biomass declined to levels similar 70 to those of the control and herbicide 60 treatments in 2010 (Figure 1.3). 50 Following application of the four-yearly 40 fires in 2010, grader grass biomass in the 30 late dry-season and early wet-season fire (%) grass Grader 20 treatments in 2011 increased markedly; 10 levels were similar to those in 2007 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 following the application of the first fire treatments in 2006 (Figure 1.3). Grader Year grass biomass in the late wet-season fire treatment remained similar to that in the Figure 1.2 Grader grass response to two-yearly fires at Undara National Park control and herbicide treatments, as the four-yearly fire in this treatment was applied only after biomass measurements late dry-season fires early wet-season fires were conducted in the late wet season. late wet-season fires herbicide The effect of late wet-season fires will be control seen in following years. 100 These results continue to confirm that 90 grader grass invasion and dominance 80 is inherently related to the frequency 70 of fire or other disturbances within 60 pasture systems. They also suggest that 50 minimising disturbance is a critical 40 factor in reducing the presence and 30 impact of this invasive grass. (%) grass Grader 20 10 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Year Figure 1.3 Grader grass response to four-yearly fires at Undara National Park 4 Technical highlights: research projects 2010–11 Funding in 2010–11 More information Queensland Government Key publications Collaborators Vogler, WD 2009, Grader grass management guide, Burdekin Dry Tropics • DERM, Undara National Park Natural Resource Management, Northern • Northern Gulf Resource Management Gulf Resource Management Group, Group Southern Gulf Catchments, 8 pp. • Southern Gulf Catchments Vogler, WD & Owen, NA 2008, • Landholders ‘Grader grass (Themeda quadrivalvis): changing savannah ecosystems’, in RD van Klinken, VA Osten, FD Panetta & JC Scanlan (eds), Proceedings of the 16th Australian Weeds Conference, Queensland Weeds Society, Brisbane, p. 213. Keir, AF & Vogler, WD 2006, ‘A review of current knowledge of the weedy species Themeda quadrivalvis (grader grass)’, Tropical Grasslands 40(4): 193–201. For further information on this research project and access to key publications, visit the invasive plant and animal science pages on the Biosecurity Queensland website at www.biosecurity.qld.gov.au Part 1 Integrated weed management 5 2. Integrated management of bellyache
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