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Sustainability Guidelines for Geothermal Development
REPORT DECEMBER Sustainability Guidelines for 2013 Geothermal Development Sustainability Guidelines for Geothermal Development WWF Indonesia 2013 Sustainability Guidelines for Geothermal Development ISBN 978-979-1461-35-1 @2013 Published by WWF-Indonesia Supported by British Embassy Jakarta Coordinator Program Indra Sari Wardhani Writer : Robi Royana Technical Editor : Indra Sari Wardhani Technical Contributor : Hadi Alikodra, WWF-Indonesia Budi Wardhana, WWF-Indonesia Nyoman Iswarayoga, WWF-Indonesia Anwar Purwoto, WWF-Indonesia Indra Sari Wardhani, WWF-Indonesia Retno Setiyaningrum, WWF-Indonesia Arif Budiman, WWF-Indonesia Thomas Barano, WWF-Indonesia Zulra Warta, WWF-Indonesia Layout and Design Arief Darmawan WWF Indonesia Graha Simatupang Tower 2 Unit C LetJen TB Simatupang Kav 38 , South Jakarta, 12540 Indonesia Phone: +62-21-782 9461 Fax : +62-21-782 9462 Foreword Energy has become one of the benchmarks of the development of a country and even become a political economic power including Indonesia. Along with the growth of population and economy, it is undeniable that the energy needs of Indonesia also continues to increase rapidly. Most of the source of this energy needs are from non-renewable/ fossil energy such as petroleum, natural gas and coal, and the utilization of it will produce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) that contribute to global warming and climate change. To improve national energy security in the long term and contribute to global efforts to put a half to climate change, energy conservation and energy diversication through the development of sustainable renewable energy is a necessity. WWF's vision in the energy sector is to encourage the achievement of 100% Renewable Energy in 2050 globally. -
Abandoned Mines Can Be Used As Geothermal Energy Source
17 February 2011 Abandoned mines can be used as geothermal energy source Scientists have reviewed the potential for worldwide development of geothermal energy systems in old, unused mines. The technology is proven in many sites and could therefore help increase the share of renewable energy sources in the energy mix, offering sustainability and job creation, which may make mining operations more appealing to investors, communities and policymakers. The mineral industry is energy intensive and is therefore focusing on developing energy efficiency and cleaner production technologies. It is also expensive to open, operate and close mines, but few are ever considered as being useful once they have been closed. They are often located on marginal, unproductive land in remote, harsh environments and nearby communities may only live in the area as a direct result of the mine. Being often highly dependent on the mine and on imports of (fossil) fuel, such communities are highly unsustainable. The researchers argue that mines could be used post-closure for energy generation (heating and cooling) using the natural heat contained in the mine water. Geothermal energy systems could be implemented to extract this heat using heat pumps, from both closed and potentially working mines. This would offer local employment and energy resilience to the surrounding communities. Other uses of the energy may include melting snow on icy roads (instead of using salt) or supplying heat for fish farms and greenhouses. Several other technologies can extract energy from abandoned mines, including compressed air storage or the direct use of warm mine water to regulate the temperature of microalgae raceway ponds, allowing a longer growing season for cultivation; key products that can be obtained from the microalgae include nutraceuticals and biofuels. -
Innovation Outlook: Ocean Energy Technologies, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi
INNOVATION OUTLOOK OCEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES A contribution to the Small Island Developing States Lighthouses Initiative 2.0 Copyright © IRENA 2020 Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA as the source and copyright holder. Material in this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions, and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before any use of such material. ISBN 978-92-9260-287-1 For further information or to provide feedback, please contact IRENA at: [email protected] This report is available for download from: www.irena.org/Publications Citation: IRENA (2020), Innovation outlook: Ocean energy technologies, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) serves as the principal platform for international co-operation, a centre of excellence, a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge, and a driver of action on the ground to advance the transformation of the global energy system. An intergovernmental organisation established in 2011, IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. Acknowledgements IRENA appreciates the technical review provided by: Jan Steinkohl (EC), Davide Magagna (EU JRC), Jonathan Colby (IECRE), David Hanlon, Antoinette Price (International Electrotechnical Commission), Peter Scheijgrond (MET- support BV), Rémi Gruet, Donagh Cagney, Rémi Collombet (Ocean Energy Europe), Marlène Moutel (Sabella) and Paul Komor. -
Lecture 10: Tidal Power
Lecture 10: Tidal Power Chris Garrett 1 Introduction The maintenance and extension of our current standard of living will require the utilization of new energy sources. The current demand for oil cannot be sustained forever, and as scientists we should always try to keep such needs in mind. Oceanographers may be able to help meet society's demand for natural resources in some way. Some suggestions include the oceans in a supportive manner. It may be possible, for example, to use tidal currents to cool nuclear plants, and a detailed knowledge of deep ocean flow structure could allow for the safe dispersion of nuclear waste. But we could also look to the ocean as a renewable energy resource. A significant amount of oceanic energy is transported to the coasts by surface waves, but about 100 km of coastline would need to be developed to produce 1000 MW, the average output of a large coal-fired or nuclear power plant. Strong offshore winds could also be used, and wind turbines have had some limited success in this area. Another option is to take advantage of the tides. Winds and solar radiation provide the dominant energy inputs to the ocean, but the tides also provide a moderately strong and coherent forcing that we may be able to effectively exploit in some way. In this section, we first consider some of the ways to extract potential energy from the tides, using barrages across estuaries or tidal locks in shoreline basins. We then provide a more detailed analysis of tidal fences, where turbines are placed in a channel with strong tidal currents, and we consider whether such a system could be a reasonable power source. -
Uranium (Nuclear)
Uranium (Nuclear) Uranium at a Glance, 2016 Classification: Major Uses: What Is Uranium? nonrenewable electricity Uranium is a naturally occurring radioactive element, that is very hard U.S. Energy Consumption: U.S. Energy Production: and heavy and is classified as a metal. It is also one of the few elements 8.427 Q 8.427 Q that is easily fissioned. It is the fuel used by nuclear power plants. 8.65% 10.01% Uranium was formed when the Earth was created and is found in rocks all over the world. Rocks that contain a lot of uranium are called uranium Lighter Atom Splits Element ore, or pitch-blende. Uranium, although abundant, is a nonrenewable energy source. Neutron Uranium Three isotopes of uranium are found in nature, uranium-234, 235 + Energy FISSION Neutron uranium-235, and uranium-238. These numbers refer to the number of Neutron neutrons and protons in each atom. Uranium-235 is the form commonly Lighter used for energy production because, unlike the other isotopes, the Element nucleus splits easily when bombarded by a neutron. During fission, the uranium-235 atom absorbs a bombarding neutron, causing its nucleus to split apart into two atoms of lighter mass. The first nuclear power plant came online in Shippingport, PA in 1957. At the same time, the fission reaction releases thermal and radiant Since then, the industry has experienced dramatic shifts in fortune. energy, as well as releasing more neutrons. The newly released neutrons Through the mid 1960s, government and industry experimented with go on to bombard other uranium atoms, and the process repeats itself demonstration and small commercial plants. -
An Introduction to the IAEA Neutron-Gamma Atlas Ye Myint1, Sein Htoon2
MM0900107 Jour. Myan. Aca<L Arts & Sa 2005 Vol. in. No. 3(i) Physics An Introduction to the IAEA Neutron-Gamma Atlas Ye Myint1, Sein Htoon2 Abstract NG-ATLAS is the abbreviation of Neutron-Gamma Atlas. Neutrons have proved to be especially effective in producing nuclear transformations, and gamma is the informer of nucleus. In nuclear physics, observable features or data are determined externally such as, energy, spin and cross section, where neutron and gamma plays dominant roles. (Neutron, gamma) (n,y) reactions of every isotope are vital importance for nuclear physicists. Introduction Inside the nucleus, protons and neutrons are simply two different states of a single particle, the nucleon. When neutron leaves the.nucleus, it is an unstable particle of half life 11.8 minutes, beta decay into proton. It is not feasible to describe beta decay without the references to Dirac 's hole theory; it is the memorandum for his hundred-birth day . The role of neutrons in nuclear physics is so high and its radiative capture by elements (neutron, gamma) reaction i.e, (n,y ) or NG-ATLAS is presented. The NG-Atlas. data file contains nuclear reaction cross section data of induced capture reaction for targets up to Z =96 . It comprises more than seven hundred isotopes, if the half lives are above half of a day. Cross sections are listed separately for ground , first and second excited states .And if the isomers have half life longer than 0.5 days , they are also include as targets .So the information includes a total of about one thousand reactions on different channels and the incident neutron energy ranging fromlO"5 eV to 20 MeV. -
Hydroelectric Power -- What Is It? It=S a Form of Energy … a Renewable Resource
INTRODUCTION Hydroelectric Power -- what is it? It=s a form of energy … a renewable resource. Hydropower provides about 96 percent of the renewable energy in the United States. Other renewable resources include geothermal, wave power, tidal power, wind power, and solar power. Hydroelectric powerplants do not use up resources to create electricity nor do they pollute the air, land, or water, as other powerplants may. Hydroelectric power has played an important part in the development of this Nation's electric power industry. Both small and large hydroelectric power developments were instrumental in the early expansion of the electric power industry. Hydroelectric power comes from flowing water … winter and spring runoff from mountain streams and clear lakes. Water, when it is falling by the force of gravity, can be used to turn turbines and generators that produce electricity. Hydroelectric power is important to our Nation. Growing populations and modern technologies require vast amounts of electricity for creating, building, and expanding. In the 1920's, hydroelectric plants supplied as much as 40 percent of the electric energy produced. Although the amount of energy produced by this means has steadily increased, the amount produced by other types of powerplants has increased at a faster rate and hydroelectric power presently supplies about 10 percent of the electrical generating capacity of the United States. Hydropower is an essential contributor in the national power grid because of its ability to respond quickly to rapidly varying loads or system disturbances, which base load plants with steam systems powered by combustion or nuclear processes cannot accommodate. Reclamation=s 58 powerplants throughout the Western United States produce an average of 42 billion kWh (kilowatt-hours) per year, enough to meet the residential needs of more than 14 million people. -
Oceans Powering the Energy Transition: Progress Through Innovative Business Models and Revenue Supports
WEBINAR SERIES Oceans powering the energy transition: Progress through innovative business models and revenue supportS Judit Hecke & Alessandra Salgado Rémi Gruet Innovation team, IRENA CEO, Ocean Energy Europe TUESDAY, 12 MAY 2020 • 10:00AM – 10:30AM CET WEBINAR SERIES TechTips • Share it with others or listen to it again ➢ Webinars are recorded and will be available together with the presentation slides on #IRENAinsights website https://irena.org/renewables/Knowledge- Gateway/webinars/2020/Jan/IRENA-insights WEBINAR SERIES TechTips • Ask the Question ➢ Select “Question” feature on the webinar panel and type in your question • Technical difficulties ➢ Contact the GoToWebinar Help Desk: 888.259.3826 or select your country at https://support.goto.com/webinar Ocean Energy Marine Energy Tidal Energy Wave Energy Floating PV Offshore Wind Ocean Energy Ocean Thermal Energy Salinity Gradient Conversion (OTEC) 4 Current Deployment and Outlook Current Deployment (MW): Ocean Energy Forecast (GW) IRENA REmap forecast 10 GW of installed capacity by 2030 Total: 535.1 MW Total: 13.55 MW Ocean Energy Pipeline Capacity (MW) 5 IRENA Analysis for Upcoming Report Mapping deployed and planned projects, visualizing by technology, country, capacity, etc. Examples: Announced wave energy capacity and projects by device type Announced ocean energy additions by technology in 2020 Countries in ocean energy market (deployed and / or pipeline projects) Filed tidal energy patents by country 6 Innovative Business Models Coupling with other Renewable Energy Sources -
Power from Geothermal Energy History Pros and Cons Pros
Power from Geothermal Energy History The word geothermal comes from Greek “geo” meaning “Earth” and “therme” meaning “Heat”. Since [Ancient Times] people have used geothermal hot springs for bathing, cooking and even healing purposes. Geothermal energy is derived from superheated water inside the earth. The earth’s core can reach temperatures of over 9,000 degrees Fahrenheit and the heat from the earth’s core is constantly moving toward the earth’s surface. The rock surrounding the core sometimes heats up enough to melt creating magma which then floats closer to the surface and carries the heat from below. Sometimes this molten rock pushes to the surface as lava, but typically it stays beneath the surface and heats ground water that has seeped underground from rainfall. Eventually some of this heated water makes its way back to the surface as hot springs or geysers. Throughout the years, engineers have been perfecting ways of harvesting geothermal water to use it to power homes and businesses. In Larderello, Italy in 1904, Prince Piero Ginori Conti tested the first geothermal power generator and lit 4 light bulbs. Seven years later, in 1911, the world’s first geothermal power plant was built in Larderello. Eventually, in 1958, New Zealand become the second producer of geothermal energy in the world and now these power plants exist worldwide. Pros and Cons Pros: If the geothermal water is drilled correctly, there are no harmful emissions put into the air. There are no fossil fuels being used up and sending harmful byproducts into the air. A geothermal power plant takes up a relatively small area of land and can be integrated as a functional addition to a landscape such as the Svartsengi plant in Iceland which provides heated, mineral-rich water for a nearby man-made lagoon. -
Collision Risk of Fish with Wave and Tidal Devices
Commissioned by RPS Group plc on behalf of the Welsh Assembly Government Collision Risk of Fish with Wave and Tidal Devices Date: July 2010 Project Ref: R/3836/01 Report No: R.1516 Commissioned by RPS Group plc on behalf of the Welsh Assembly Government Collision Risk of Fish with Wave and Tidal Devices Date: July 2010 Project Ref: R/3836/01 Report No: R.1516 © ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd Version Details of Change Authorised By Date 1 Pre-Draft A J Pearson 06.03.09 2 Draft A J Pearson 01.05.09 3 Final C A Roberts 28.08.09 4 Final A J Pearson 17.12.09 5 Final C A Roberts 27.07.10 Document Authorisation Signature Date Project Manager: A J Pearson Quality Manager: C R Scott Project Director: S C Hull ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd Suite B, Waterside House Town Quay Tel: +44(0)23 8071 1840 SOUTHAMPTON Fax: +44(0)23 8071 1841 Hampshire Web: www.abpmer.co.uk SO14 2AQ Email: [email protected] Collision Risk of Fish with Wave and Tidal Devices Summary The Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework for Wales (MRESF) is seeking to provide for the sustainable development of marine renewable energy in Welsh waters. As one of the recommendations from the Stage 1 study, a requirement for further evaluation of fish collision risk with wave and tidal stream energy devices was identified. This report seeks to provide an objective assessment of the potential for fish to collide with wave or tidal devices, including a review of existing impact prediction and monitoring data where available. -
Tidal Energy and How It Pertains to the Construction Industry
Tidal Energy and how it Pertains to the Construction Industry Armin Latifi California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo Renewable Energy is on the forefront of many global discussions. The concern of numerous scientific findings on the impact humanity has had on the environment has grown in recent years. Since alternative energy sources, such as solar and wind, have already made substantial progress, I have decided to focus my attention on tidal energy specifically. This topic will serve as the main focus of this essay. Within this essay, I will examine how tidal energy pertains to the construction industry through four distinguished chapters: (1) What kind of tidal technology exist and what does the construction aspect of these tidal technologies require? (2) What are some of the risks and rewards of building a tidal energy plant and is it profitable for a general contractor? (3) What would make tidal energy a more desirable source of renewable energy when compared to others? (4) What would be considered a good site to develop a tidal energy plant? Hopefully, my research will provide general contractors with a better idea of what tidal energy projects will entail and if it’s a viable option to pursue. Keywords: Tidal Energy, Tidal Energy Plant, Tidal Energy Profitability, Tidal Energy Sites, Renewable Energy Introduction Tidal Energy is an underutilized source of energy. Although it is a form of renewable energy, like solar and wind, it differs in that it is produced from hydropower. More specifically, tidal generators convert the energy obtained from the Earth’s tides into what we would consider a useful form of power (i.e. -
U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1249
��� � Geothermal Energy—Clean Power From the Earth’s Heat Circular 1249 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Geothermal Energy—Clean Power From the Earth’s Heat By Wendell A. Duffield and John H. Sass C1249 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey ii iii U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2003 Available from U.S. Geological Survey Information Services� Box 25286, Denver Federal Center� Denver, CO 80225� This report and any updates to it are available at� http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/circular/c1249/� Additional USGS publications can be found at� http://geology.usgs.gov/products.html� For more information about the USGS and its products;� Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS� World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/� Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply� endorsement of the U.S. Government.� Although this report is in the public domain, it contains copyrighted materials that are noted in the text. Permission� to reproduce those items must be secured from the individual copyright owners.� Published in the Western Region, Menlo Park, California� Manuscript approved for publication March 20, 2003� Text and illustrations edited by James W. Hendley II and Carolyn Donlin� Cataloging-in-publication data are on file with the Library of Congress (http://www.loc.gov/). Cover—Coso geothermal plant, Navy One, at Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake in southern California (U.S.