DOCSLIB.ORG

Study on the Use of the Emblems Operational and Commercial and Other Non-Operational Issues

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Study on the Use of the Emblems Operational and Commercial and Other Non-Operational Issues STUDY ON THE USE OF THE STUDY ON THE USE EMBLEMS OF THE EMBLEMS OPERATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL AND OTHER NON-OPERATIONAL ISSUES 2500 10.2011 4057/002 ICRC CASESTUD_EMBLEM couv.indd 1 13.10.11 16:46 MISSION The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is an impartial, neutral and independent organization whose exclusively humanitarian mission is to protect the lives and dignity of victims of armed conflict and other situations of violence and to provide them with assistance. The ICRC also endeavours to prevent suffering by promoting and strengthening humanitarian law and universal humanitarian principles. Established in 1863, the ICRC is at the origin of the Geneva Conventions and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. It directs and coordinates the international activities conducted by the Movement in armed conflicts and other situations of violence. Front cover: Distinctive emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement CASESTUD_EMBLEM couv.indd 2 13.10.11 16:46 STUDY ON THE USE OF THE EMBLEMS OPERATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL AND OTHER NON-OPERATIONAL ISSUES TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword 9 List of abbreviations 11 Introduction 15 Objectives and methodology 15 General principles and concepts 21 PART I. RECOMMENDATIONS ON OPERATIONAL ISSUES INVOLVING THE USE OF THE EMBLEM 33 A. Use by State authorities 35 1. May the medical services of States’ armed forces party to an armed conflict temporarily change their emblem? 35 2. May the medical services of States’ armed forces use the red cross/red crescent “double emblem”? 40 3. May two different recognized emblems be displayed on sites and means of transport shared by the medical services of the armed forces of States acting in coalition? 44 4. Combat lifesavers (CLS): are they entitled to use the emblem? 47 5. May armed forces’ medical personnel, units and transports entitled to use the emblem carry weapons? 52 6. Who has the competence to authorize the use of the emblem for protective purposes? What role could National Societies have in this regard? 60 7. How must the emblem be used in occupied territory: – by the medical services of the Occupying State’s armed forces? – by the civilian hospitals (and their staff), civilian medical units, personnel and means of transport of the Occupied State? 65 8. Are civilian hospitals and medical units allowed to display the emblem in peacetime? 71 9. May the emblem be affixed to relief goods provided by a State? 80 10. May a State include a recognized distinctive emblem on a white background on its national flag? 82 4 STUDY ON THE USE OF THE EMBLEMS B. Use by National Societies 87 11. May a National Society temporarily change the emblem (protective or indicative uses)? 87 12. May a National Society use the “double emblem” (e.g. the red cross and red crescent side by side) for indicative or protective purposes? 91 13. May two different recognized emblems be displayed on the same sites and means of transport that are shared by National Societies? 95 14. Under what conditions may National Societies use the emblem as a protective device? 98 15. May a National Society use the emblem as a protective device during armed conflict without the express authorization of the authorities? 107 16. For what activities may a National Society’s personnel use the emblem as a protective device, i.e., within the framework of their role as auxiliary to the medical services of the armed forces? 111 17. May a National Society’s medical personnel use the National Society’s logo when acting as auxiliary to the medical services of the armed forces, i.e., when they are entitled to use the emblem as a protective device? 114 18. May a National Society use a large-sized indicative emblem (the National Society’s logo)? 117 19. May a National Society authorize its personnel to use the National Society’s logo when participating in its government’s humanitarian response abroad, outside the scope of Article 26 of the First Geneva Convention of 1949? 122 20. How may a National Society use the emblem/the National Society’s logo when it is in partnership with a UN agency or another external partner? 126 21. What is the role of the host National Society with regard to use of the emblem/National Society’s logo of a participating National Society providing assistance on its territory? 133 22. May the National Society’s logo (or the emblem) be affixed to relief goods provided by a National Society? 141 23. In what circumstances may a National Society use the national flag simultaneously with the emblem? 144 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 C. Use by the ICRC 149 24. Under what circumstances may the ICRC decide not to display the red cross emblem? In such circumstances, under what conditions may the ICRC: – decide not to use any emblem at all? – decide to use the red crystal emblem? – decide to use the red crescent emblem? 149 25. What is the distinction between the red cross emblem and the ICRC logo? How does the ICRC use them? 155 26. How may the ICRC use the emblem when it resorts to armed protection? 158 D. Use by other actors 161 27. May international organizations (e.g. the UN, African Union, European Union, NATO) use the emblem? 161 28. May the medical services of armed groups use the emblem during non-international armed conflicts? 167 29. Are entities other than medical services of States’ armed forces or components of the Movement, particularly non-governmental organizations (NGOs), ever allowed to display the emblem as a protective device? 170 30. May private military and security companies use the emblem? 179 31. Use of the emblem on third parties’ ambulances and first-aid stations, under Article 44, 4th paragraph, of the First Geneva Convention of 1949: what is the role of National Societies? 186 PART II. RECOMMENDATIONS ON COMMERCIAL AND OTHER NONOPERATIONAL ISSUES INVOLVING THE USE OF THE EMBLEM 193 A. Use by State authorities 195 32. The United Nations Convention of 8 November 1968 on road signs and signals and the European Agreement of 1 May 1971 supplementing the Convention on road signs and signals: are they compatible with the rules governing use of the emblem? 195 6 STUDY ON THE USE OF THE EMBLEMS B. Use by National Societies 203 33. May a National Society display the emblem/its logo on items that it distributes or sells to the public? 203 34. May a National Society allow its partner companies to display the emblem/the National Society’s logo on items for distribution/sale or on advertising material? 207 35. May the National Society display: – the name/logo of its corporate supporter on the National Society’s website? – the emblem/the National Society’s logo on the website of its corporate supporter? 211 36. May National Society trading companies or other legal entities, owned or controlled by the National Society, whose profits or funds are devoted to the National Society, use the emblem/the logo of the National Society? 218 37. Sponsorship: to what extent may sports teams/players display the emblem/the logo of a National Society for promotion and/or fundraising purposes? What kinds of contracts are possible and what are their limits? 224 38. What emblems and logos should be displayed on cover pages of National Societies’ publications, and in what manner? 230 39. What emblems and logos should National Societies reproduce on their letterheads? 233 C. Use by the ICRC 241 40. What emblems should the ICRC display on its publications relating to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement? 241 41. How does the ICRC use its name, logo and image for commercial purposes? 244 D. Use by other actors 255 42. Non-governmental organizations or private corporations registering as “Red Cross”, “Red Crescent” or “Red Crystal” in a State where a National Society is already recognized: how should this issue be dealt with? 255 43. May “spontaneous fundraisers” use the emblem/the National Society’s logo? 267 TABLE OF CONTENTS 7 PART III. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PREVENTING AND STOPPING MISUSE OF THE EMBLEM 273 A. The obligations of States 275 44. What are the legal, regulatory and practical measures to be taken by States? 275 45. What are the obligations of States in terms of dissemination of the rules governing the use of the emblem? 282 B. The role of National Societies 287 46. What are the mandate and responsibilities of National Societies regarding the use of the emblem? 287 C. The role of the ICRC 297 47. What are the mandate and responsibilities of the ICRC regarding the use of the emblem? 297 48. What are the ICRC’s responsibilities regarding use of the emblem when it is acting as lead agency, in accordance with the Seville Agreement? What measures should it undertake in this regard? 304 D. Special issues 309 49. What is the meaning under international humanitarian law of the term “imitation” of the emblem or of the name? 309 50. How should misuse of the emblem and the name on the Internet be dealt with? 314 51. What strategies are effective for increasing awareness and preventing/reducing emblem misuse? Lessons learnt from “emblem protection campaigns” 320 FOREWORD 9 FOREWORD For nearly 150 years, the emblem of the red cross against a white background has served as an internationally recognized symbol and the visible expression of the neutral assistance and protection to which the wounded and sick are entitled in times of armed conflict. Today, the red cross, together with the red crescent, has also come to symbolize the independent, neutral and impartial action undertaken by the components of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (the Movement) to prevent and alleviate human suffering during humanitarian crises.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran
    publications on the near east publications on the near east Poetry’s Voice, Society’s Song: Ottoman Lyric The Transformation of Islamic Art during Poetry by Walter G. Andrews the Sunni Revival by Yasser Tabbaa The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century a Medieval Persian City by John Limbert by Zeynep Çelik The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi‘i Symbols The Tragedy of Sohráb and Rostám from and Rituals in Modern Iran the Persian National Epic, the Shahname by Kamran Scot Aghaie of Abol-Qasem Ferdowsi, translated by Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology, Jerome W. Clinton Expanded Edition, edited and translated The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952 by Walter G. Andrews, Najaat Black, and by Gudrun Krämer Mehmet Kalpaklı Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650 Party Building in the Modern Middle East: by Daniel Goffman The Origins of Competitive and Coercive Rule by Michele Penner Angrist Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan Everyday Life and Consumer Culture by Daniel Martin Varisco in Eighteenth-Century Damascus by James Grehan Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, edited by Sibel Bozdog˘an and The City’s Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eigh- Res¸at Kasaba teenth Century by Shirine Hamadeh Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid East by Ehud R. Toledano by Daniel Martin Varisco Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642–1660 The Merchant Houses of Mocha: Trade by Daniel Goffman and Architecture in an Indian Ocean Port by Nancy Um Popular Preaching and Religious Authority in the Medieval Islamic Near East Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nine- by Jonathan P.
    [Show full text]
  • Arta 2005.001
    ARTA 2005.001 St John Simpson - The British Museum Making their mark: Foreign travellers at Persepolis The ruins at Persepolis continue to fascinate scholars not least through the perspective of the early European travellers’ accounts. Despite being the subject of considerable study, much still remains to be discovered about this early phase of the history of archaeology in Iran. The early published literature has not yet been exhausted; manuscripts, letters, drawings and sculptures continue to emerge from European collections, and a steady trickle of further discoveries can be predicted. One particularly rich avenue lies in further research into the personal histories of individuals who are known to have been resident in or travelling through Iran, particularly during the 18th and 19th centuries. These sources have value not only in what may pertain to the sites or antiquities, but they also add useful insights into the political and socio-economic situation within Iran during this period (Wright 1998; 1999; Simpson in press; forthcoming). The following paper offers some research possibilities by focusing on the evidence of the Achemenet janvier 2005 1 ARTA 2005.001 Fig. 1: Gate of All Nations graffiti left by some of these travellers to the site. Some bio- graphical details have been added where considered appro- priate but many of these individuals deserve a level of detailed research lying beyond the scope of this preliminary survey. Achemenet janvier 2005 2 ARTA 2005.001 The graffiti have attracted the attention of many visitors to the site, partly because of their visibility on the first major building to greet visitors to the site (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Whiteflag Protocol Specification
    Whiteflag Protocol Specification Status version 1 status DRAFT 6 date 28 FEB 2019 1 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Current armed conflicts are highly complex, because of the sheer number of parties involved: regular military forces, armed groups, peacekeeping forces, neutral parties such as journalists and non-governmental human-rights and aid organisations, civilians, refugees etc. Even though parties are opposing forces, or neutral organisations that do not want to show any affiliation, they do require to quickly and directly communicate to one or more other parties involved in the conflict in different situations. This is not new. The white flag is the original internationally recognized protective sign of truce or ceasefire, and request for negotiation. A white flag signifies to all that an approaching negotiator is unarmed, with an intent to surrender or a desire to communicate. This standard for a digital white flag protocol, the Whiteflag Protocol, provides a reliable means for both combatant and neutral parties in conflict zones to digitally communicate pre-defined signs and signals using blockchain technology. These sign and signals can also be used to communicate information about natural and man-made disasters, thus creating shared situational awareness beyond conflicts. All in all, the protocol forms the basis for a neutral and open network, the Whiteflag Network, for trusted real-time messaging between parties in conflicts and disaster response. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of the Whiteflag Protocol is to provide an open, real-time, trusted communication channel between any or all parties in conflict and disaster zones, without the requirement for a trusted third party or any specific software or system.
    [Show full text]
  • 1970S P Rints
    PARVIZ 1970s Prints TANAVOLI PARVIZ TANAVOLI 1970s Prints 26 APRIL – 8 MAY 2021 “It’s like a family when they’re all together. They look good together.” Parviz Tanavoli, Tate Shots, 2015 All works in the exhibition are different editions to those mentioned in the provenance. The sizes stated are for the entire sheet. Grosvenor Gallery . 35 Bury Street, London, SW1Y 6AU . +44(0)20 7484 7979 . [email protected] as they liked. They were free to choose the wear most colourful dresses. They were always CONVERSATION WITH colours and change the proportions. Most happy to take my imageries, in fact it was like of the weavers followed the model pretty a challenge to them. We should not forget that PARVIZ TANAVOLI close, but some changed the proportions. The their own rugs and gabbehs are among the attached lion rugs are a good example of the most colourful ones. second group (IV, V, VI). Tribal weavers do not CM: Have you done other collaborative work in your Charles Moore, April 2021 work with cartoons. They often use an older career? rug as a model, but change the colours and motifs accordingly. PT: Yes, I have worked with various craftsmen, CM: To the outsider your print work seems a great among them coppersmiths, potters, jewellers CM: Where were the prints produced? CM: How did they react to the imagery? It must have departure from your sculptural work. How did the and carpenters. Iranian craftsmen are humble PT: The prints were made in the heating room been familiar yet totally alien to them? series of prints come about? and working with them not only was a (the basement of our house).
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic and Indian
    ISLAMIC AND INDIAN ART including The Tipu Sultan Collection Tuesday 21 April 2015 Bonhams 1793 Limited Bonhams 1793 Ltd Directors Bonhams UK Ltd Directors Registered No. 4326560 Robert Brooks Co-Chairman, Colin Sheaf Chairman, Jonathan Baddeley, Andrew McKenzie, Simon Mitchell, Jeff Muse, Registered Office: Montpelier Galleries Malcolm Barber Co-Chairman, Antony Bennett, Matthew Bradbury, Mike Neill, Charlie O’Brien, Giles Peppiatt, Montpelier Street, London SW7 1HH Colin Sheaf Deputy Chairman, Lucinda Bredin, Harvey Cammell, Simon Cottle, Peter Rees, Iain Rushbrook, John Sandon, Matthew Girling Global CEO, Andrew Currie, Paul Davidson, Jean Ghika, Tim Schofield, Veronique Scorer, +44 (0) 20 7393 3900 Patrick Meade Global CEO, Charles Graham-Campbell, Miranda Grant, James Stratton, Roger Tappin, Ralph Taylor, +44 (0) 20 7393 3905 fax Geoffrey Davies, Jonathan Horwich, Richard Harvey, Robin Hereford, Asaph Hyman, Shahin Virani, David Williams, James Knight, Caroline Oliphant, Charles Lanning, Sophie Law, Fergus Lyons, Michael Wynell-Mayow, Suzannah Yip. Hugh Watchorn. Gordon McFarlan, ISLAMIC AND INDIAN ART Tuesday 21 April 2015, at 10.30 101 New Bond Street, London VIEWING BIDS ENQUIRIES CUSTOMER SERVICES Sunday 12 April +44 (0) 20 7447 7447 Claire Penhallurick Monday to Friday 8:30 to 18:00 11.00 - 15.00 +44 (0) 20 7447 7401 fax +44 20 7468 8249 +44 (0) 20 7447 7447 Monday 13 - Friday 17 April To bid via the internet please [email protected] 9.00 - 16.30 visit bonhams.com As a courtesy to intending Saturday 18 April bidders, Bonhams will provide a 11.00 - 15.00 Please note that bids should be Matthew Thomas written Indication of the physical Sunday 19 April submitted no later than 16:00 +44 20 7468 8270 condition of lots in this sale if a 11.00 - 15.00 on the day prior to the sale.
    [Show full text]
  • The International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent
    Volume 91 Number 876 December 2009 The International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent: challenges, key issues and achievements Franc¸ois Bugnion* Franc¸ois Bugnion, Doctor of Political Science, is an independent consultant in humanitarian law and humanitarian action. From January 2000 to June 2006 he was Director for International Law and Cooperation at the International Committee of the Red Cross. Abstract Since the constituent Conference in October 1863, which gave birth to the Red Cross,1 the International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent has met on thirty occasions. The first meeting took place in Paris in 1867 and the thirtieth in Geneva in November 2007. What contribution has the Conference made to the development of international humanitarian law and humanitarian action? What are the main challenges that the Conference has had to face? Where has it succeeded and where has it failed? These are the questions that this article seeks to answer. * This article is a personal contribution and does not necessarily reflect the views of the International Committee of the Red Cross. English translation by Mrs Glynis Thompson. doi:10.1017/S1816383110000147 675 F. Bugnion – The International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent: challenges, key issues and achievements The International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent: an unparalleled forum The composition of the Conference The matters submitted to the International Conference, the nature of its debates, and the bearing of its decisions are determined by its composition. Virtually unique among international bodies, the International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent brings together institutions born out of private initiative – the components of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement – and the States parties to the Geneva Conventions.2 This hybrid composition, which brings together institutions established as a result of private initiative and states, derives from the organization’s objectives.
    [Show full text]
  • DOI: 10.7596/Taksad.V5i4.603 the Study of Statue of Women On
    Journal of History Culture and Art Research (ISSN: 2147-0626) Tarih Kültür ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol. 5, No. 4, December 2016 Revue des Recherches en Histoire Culture et Art Copyright © Karabuk University http://kutaksam.karabuk.edu.tr/index.php مجلة البحوث التاريخية والثقافية والفنية DOI: 10.7596/taksad.v5i4.603 The Study of Statue of Women on Iranian Coins Leila Fathi1 Abstract By examining Iranian coins, this study investigates the statues of Iranian women and manner their presence from Achaemenid periods until Jalayerian era in Iran. The study deals with coins since they are regarded as the precious documents of history, culture, and art of every nation and state, and relatively less affected by physical corrosion. The general purpose of this research is to study the women statues in different periods of Iran with regard to the motifs and decorations as well as minted writing son the coins. Examined coins reveal that the presence of women on the coins changes depending on converting to Islam—as before and after Islam. The study concludes two different aspects whether before Islam and after Islam as follow: 1. Based on beliefs and faiths of those era with the goddesses' statues; 2. Based on political aspects of those era. Keywords: Coin, Women, Women statue, Before- Islam, After- Islam. 1 Department of Art, University of Semnan, Semnan, Iran. 278 1. Introduction Since ancient times many symbols of female goddesses have been obtained in Iran which generally shows the power of worshiping mother goddess in pre- agriculture societies, and then, this thought can be find in arts and human-made things.
    [Show full text]
  • Folkrätt I Väpnad Konflikt Om Orsaker
    6 Fredsinsatser Med anledning av det svenska engagemanget i fredsinsatser1 och Försvarsmaktens ökade fokus på deltagande i sådana insatser har folkrättsliga frågor kring denna verksamhet blivit allt mer viktiga för Sverige. Dagens fredsinsatser baseras oftast på ett mandat antaget under FN-stadgans kapitel VII, vilket bl.a. innebär att de ges en rätt att använda våld som inte är begränsat till självförsvar utan också innefattar sådant våld som behövs för att lösa de i mandatet definierade uppgifterna. Trots detta deltar styrkorna sällan i fientligheter på en sådan nivå att den humanitära rätten kan anses formellt tillämplig. Som beskrivits i kapitel 2.1.3 är det förekomsten av en väpnad konflikt som aktualiserar den formella tillämpningen av krigets lagar. (Se kapitel 2 för närmare resone- mang kring definitionen av en väpnad konflikt.) Enligt våra direktiv ska vi vid den kartläggning av de folk- rättsliga regler som gäller för väpnade konflikter, ockupation och neutralitet bl.a. belysa den internationella humanitära rättens tillämplighet i fredsfrämjande insatser. I detta kapitel tar vi upp vissa principiella frågeställningar som fredsinsatser väcker i för- hållande till den humanitära rätten och delar av de mänskliga rättigheterna. Vi har emellertid blivit informerade om att avsikten är att frågan om rättsliga grunder för vålds- och tvångsanvändning av svensk militär personal och poliser i fredsinsatser ska behandlas av en särskild utredning, varför vi i vår framställning inte går in i detaljresonemang kring dessa frågor. 1 Med fredsinsatser menar vi främst militära insatser som baseras på ett mandat från FN:s säkerhetsråd oavsett vilken aktör (FN, EU eller NATO) som leder insatsen.
    [Show full text]
  • 80TH REGULAR SESSION March 5–10, 2012 Mexico, D.F., Mexico
    80TH REGULAR SESSION OEA/Ser.Q March 5–10, 2012 CJI/doc.403//12 rev. 1 Mexico, D.F., Mexico 12 July 2012 Original: Spanish MODEL LEGISLATION ON PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY IN THE EVENT OF ARMED CONFLICT (presented by Dr. Ana Elizabeth Villalta Vizcarra) I. MANDATE Taking into account resolution AG/RES. 2650 (XLI-O/11), adopted at the fourth plenary session, held in San Salvador, El Salvador, on June 7, 2011, of the forty-first regular session of the General Assembly of the Organization of American States (OAS), which resolution is entitled “Promotion of and Respect for International Humanitarian Law,” and which refers to the rich legacy of cultural assets in the Hemisphere recognized by UNESCO as world heritage, which would benefit from the protection systems of international humanitarian law; and that, in that resolution, the OAS General Assembly resolves, in operative paragraphs 1 and 4.d: 1. To urge the member states and the parties engaged in armed conflict to honor and fulfill their obligations under international humanitarian law, including those pertaining to safeguarding the life, well-being, and dignity of protected persons and property, and the proper treatment of prisoners of war. 4. To urge the member states to adopt such legislative or other measures as may be necessary to meet their legal obligations under the treaties on international humanitarian law to which they are party, including: d. To adopt provisions to guarantee protection of cultural property from the effects of armed conflict, which may include preventive measures related to the preparation of inventories, the planning of emergency measures, and the appointment of competent authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lion and Sun Art from Qajar Persia New Bond Street, London | 30 April 2019 Bonhams 1793 Limited Bonhams International Board Registered No
    The Lion and Sun Art from Qajar Persia New Bond Street, London | 30 April 2019 Bonhams 1793 Limited Bonhams International Board Registered No. 4326560 Malcolm Barber Co-Chairman, Registered Office: Montpelier Galleries Colin Sheaf Deputy Chairman, Montpelier Street, London SW7 1HH Matthew Girling CEO, Asaph Hyman, Caroline Oliphant, +44 (0) 20 7393 3900 Edward Wilkinson, Geoffrey Davies, James Knight, +44 (0) 20 7393 3905 fax Jon Baddeley, Jonathan Fairhurst, Leslie Wright, Rupert Banner, Simon Cottle. The Lion and the Sun Art from Qajar Persia New Bond Street, London | Tuesday 30 April 2019, from 11:30 am VIEWING Please note: REGISTRATION ILLUSTRATIONS Thursday 25 April Telephone bidding is available only IMPORTANT NOTICE Front cover: 62 12pm to 4.30pm on lots where the lower end Please note that all customers, Back cover: 63 Friday 26 April estimate is at £1000 or above. irrespective of any previous Inside front cover: 119 Inside back cover: 60 9am to 4.30pm activity with Bonhams, are Sunday 28 April ENQUIRIES Oliver White required to complete the Bidder 11am to 3pm Registration Form in advance of Monday 29 April (Head of Department) IMPORTANT INFORMATION the sale. The form can be found 9am to 4.30pm +44 207 468 8303 In February 2014 the United at the back of every catalogue [email protected] States Government SALE NUMBER and on our website at www. announced the intention to 25434 Matthew Thomas bonhams.com and should be ban the import of any ivory +44 207 468 8270 returned by email or post to the into the USA.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tanker War and the Law of Armed Conflict (Loac)
    Chapter V THE TANKER WAR AND THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT (LOAC) he 1980-88 Tanker War nearly ran the gamut of issues related to the law of T armed conflict (LOAC), or the law ofwar (LOW) and its component, the law of naval warfare (LONW). The general law of maritime neutrality, general issues of necessity and proportionality, and issues of specific concern-visit and search including operations against convoyed, escorted or accompanied neutral mer­ chant ships; commerce ofbelligerents including belligerents' convoys and contra­ band; acquisition of enemy character; blockade, maritime exclusion and other zones and other uses of the ocean for warfare; capture of neutral vessels; humani­ tarian law and belligerents' personnel interned by neutral governments; targeting of ships and aircraft including convoys; conventional weapons; mine warfare; treatment of noncombatants, e.g., merchant seamen; deception (ruses ofwar) dur­ ing armed conflict-all figured during the Tanker War. These are the subjects of this Chapter as they applied to belligerents and neutrals during the war. Chapter III analyzed UN Charter law with particular reference to the law of self-defense and its relationship to the law ofneutrality, the law oftreaties, custom­ ary law, andjus cogens-based norms, and the general principles ofneutrality as they apply to war at sea, and to conduct between neutrals and belligerents. This Chapter will not repeat that analysis, except as it interfaces with the LOAC in situations in­ volving neutrals, e.g., mine warfare, discussed in sub-Part G.2. Chapter IV analyzed the law of the sea, and those principles will not be repeated in here, except as LOS concepts, e.g., due regard for others' uses of the sea, 1 apply by analogy in the LOAC.
    [Show full text]
  • Recognizing the Capability of National and Traditional Images in Identifying the Packaging of Products for Export (Case Study: Iranian Edible Export)
    Journal of History Culture and Art Research (ISSN: 2147-0626) Tarih Kültür ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2018 Revue des Recherches en Histoire Culture et Art Copyright © Karabuk University http://kutaksam.karabuk.edu.tr ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺨﯿﺔ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﯿﺔ واﻟﻔﻨﯿﺔ DOI: 10.7596/taksad.v7i1.1368 Citation: Minaei, L. (2018). Recognizing the Capability of National and Traditional Images in Identifying the Packaging of Products for Export (Case Study: Iranian Edible Export). Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 7(1), 205-214. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v7i1.1368 Recognizing the Capability of National and Traditional Images in Identifying the Packaging of Products for Export (Case Study: Iranian Edible Export) Leila Minaei1, Mohsen Marasy2 Abstract Identity is a complicated and significant issue in contemporary era in such a way that attention to its status forms the basis of the present study. One of the areas that can play o role in representing identity is relying on images used in packaging. Packaging is an applied art known as essential in contemporary societies and it is present everywhere. Packaging with national and traditional visual components is an important way to create and transfer identity. The necessity of this research is to reach patterns and theoretical viewpoints related to the concept of identity and to focus on recognizing its aspects through the images on the packaging of products for export. On this basis, the present study was conducted to recognize identifying elements used in the packaging of Iranian edible products for export. This basic research is descriptive-analytic in nature.
    [Show full text]