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The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation PARKS The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation Developing capacity for a protected planet Issue 20.1: March 2014 2 IUCN PROTECTED AREA DEFINITION, MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES AND GOVERNANCE TYPES IUCN DEFINES A PROTECTED AREA AS: A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. The definition is expanded by six management categories VI Protected areas with sustainable use of natural (one with a sub-division), summarized below. resources: Areas which conserve ecosystems, together Ia Strict nature reserve: Strictly protected for biodiversity and with associated cultural values and traditional natural also possibly geological/ geomorphological features, resource management systems. Generally large, mainly in where human visitation, use and impacts are controlled a natural condition, with a proportion under sustainable and limited to ensure protection of the conservation natural resource management and where low-level non- values. industrial natural resource use compatible with nature Ib Wilderness area: Usually large unmodified or slightly conservation is seen as one of the main aims. modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant human The category should be based around the primary habitation, protected and managed to preserve their management objective(s), which should apply to at least natural condition. three-quarters of the protected area – the 75 per cent rule. II National park: Large natural or near-natural areas protecting large-scale ecological processes with characteristic species and ecosystems, which also have The management categories are applied with a typology of environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, governance types – a description of who holds authority and scientific, educational, recreational and visitor responsibility for the protected area. opportunities. III Natural monument or feature: Areas set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a landform, sea IUCN defines four governance types. mount, marine cavern, geological feature such as a cave, Governance by government: Federal or national ministry/ or a living feature such as an ancient grove. agency in charge; sub-national ministry/agency in charge; IV Habitat/species management area: Areas to protect government-delegated management (e.g. to NGO) particular species or habitats, where management reflects Shared governance: Collaborative management (various this priority. Many will need regular, active interventions degrees of influence); joint management (pluralist to meet the needs of particular species or habitats, but management board; transboundary management (various this is not a requirement of the category. levels across international borders) V Protected landscape or seascape: Where the interaction of Private governance: By individual owner; by non-profit people and nature over time has produced a distinct organisations (NGOs, universities, cooperatives); by for- character with significant ecological, biological, cultural profit organsations (individuals or corporate) and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of Governance by indigenous peoples and local communities: this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the Indigenous peoples’ conserved areas and territories; area and its associated nature conservation and other community conserved areas – declared and run by local values. communities For more information on the IUCN definition, categories and governance type see the 2008 Guidelines for applying protected area management categories which can be downloaded at: www.iucn.org/pa_categories IUCN WCPA’S BEST PRACTICE PROTECTED AREA GUIDELINES SERIES IUCN-WCPA’s Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines are the world’s authoritative resource for protected area managers. Involving collaboration among specialist practitioners dedicated to supporting better implementation in the field, they distil learning and advice drawn from across IUCN. Applied in the field, they are building institutional and individual capacity to manage protected area systems effectively, equitably and sustainably, and to cope with the myriad of challenges faced in practice. They also assist national governments, protected area agencies, nongovernmental organisations, communities and private sector partners to meet their commitments and goals, and especially the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Programme of Work on Protected Areas. A full set of guidelines is available at: www.iucn.org/pa_guidelines Complementary resources are available at: www.cbd.int/protected/tools/ PARKS VOL 20.1 MARCH 2014 3 PARKS 2013 Vol 19.2 PARKS: THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTECTED AREAS AND CONSERVATION Edited by Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley, Equilibrium Research and IUCN WCPA [email protected], [email protected] Rock House, Derwenlas, Machynlleth, Powys, SY20 8TN, Wales The Promise of Sydney: an editorial essay 7 Trevor Sandwith, Ernesto Enkerlin, Kathy MacKinnon, Diana Allen, Angela Andrade, Tim Badman, Tom Brooks, Paula Bueno, Kathryn Campbell, Jamison Ervin, Dan Laffoley, Terence Hay-Edie, Marc Hockings, Stig Johansson, Karen Keenleyside, Penny Langhammer, Eduard Mueller, Tanya Smith, Marjo Vierros, Leigh Welling, Stephen Woodley and Nigel Dudley Community involvement and joint operations aid effective anti-poaching in Tanzania 19 Wayne Lotter and Krissie Clark Successful community engagement and implementation of a conservation plan in the Solomon Islands: a local perspective 29 Jimmy Kereseka Fire management in a changing landscape: a case study from Lopé National Park, Gabon 39 Kathryn J. Jeffery, Lisa Korte, Florence Palla, Gretchen Walters, Lee J.T. White and Kate A. Abernethy Visitors’ characteristics and attitudes towards Iran’s national parks and participatory conservation 53 Mahdi Kolahi, Tetsuro Sakai, Kazuyuki Moriya, Masatoshi Yoshikawa and Stanko Trifkovic Realizing the potential of protected areas as natural solutions for climate change adaptation: insights from Kenya and the Americas 67 Karen Keenleyside, Marie-Josée Laberge, Carol Hall, John Waithaka, Edwin Wanyony, Erustus Kanga, Paul Udoto, Mariana Bellot Rojas, Carlos Alberto Cifuentes Lugo, Andrew John Rhodes Espinoza, Fernando Camacho Rico, Juan Manuel Frausto Leyva, Diego Flores Arrate, Andres Meza, Edna María Carolina Jaro Fajardo and Claudia Sánchez The European NATURA 2000 protected area approach: a practitioner’s perspective 79 Roger Crofts Patterns and extent of threats to the protected areas of Bangladesh: the need for a relook at conservation strategies 91 Mohammad Shaheed Hossain Chowdhury, Nahid Nazia, Shigeyuki Izumiyama, Nur Muhammed and Masao Koike Temperate indigenous grassland gains in South Africa: lessons being learned in a developing country 105 Clinton Carbutt and Greg Martindale PARKS VOL 20.1 MARCH 2014 4 The designation of geographical entities in this journal, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. IUCN does not take any responsibility for errors or omissions occurring in the translations in this document whose original version is in English. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2014 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: IUCN WCPA (2014). PARKS. The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation, Volume 20.1, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. ISSN: 0960-233X Cover photo: Common crab in Nijhum Dweep National Park, Bangladesh © Sharif Ahmed Mukul Editing and layout by: Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley, www.equilibriumresearch.com Produced by: Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley, www.equilibriumresearch.com Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Global Programme on Protected Areas Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0002 [email protected] www.iucn.org/parks PARKS VOL 20.1 MARCH 2014 5 PARKS is published electronically twice a year by IUCN’s World Commission on Protected Areas. For more information see: www.iucn.org/parks PARKS is published to strengthen international collaboration in protected area development and management by: exchanging information on practical management issues, especially learning from case studies of applied ideas; serving as a global forum for discussing new and emerging issues that relate to protected areas; promoting understanding of the values and benefits derived from protected areas to communities, visitors, business etc; ensuring that protected areas fulfill their primary role in nature conservation while addressing critical issues such as ecologically sustainable development, social justice and climate change adaptation and mitigation; changing and improving protected area support and behaviour
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