Tesis En Formato Digital (2.588Mb)

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Tesis En Formato Digital (2.588Mb) i ii CONTENIDO LISTA DE CUADROS ....................................................................................... viii LISTA DE FIGURAS ........................................................................................... xi DEDICATORIA ................................................................................................. xiii AGRADECIMIENTOS ....................................................................................... xiv DATOS BIOGRÁFICOS ................................................................................... xvii RESUMEN GENERAL .................................................................................... xviii GENERAL ABSTRACT ..................................................................................... xix 1. INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL ....................................................................... 1 2. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA ....................................................................... 4 2.1. Generalidades de la pitaya ....................................................................... 4 2.1.1. Importancia económica de la pitaya ................................................... 5 2.1.2. Importancia nutraceútica de la pitaya ................................................. 5 2.2. Tecnologías para la preservación de alimentos ..................................... 7 2.2.1. Alta Presión Hidrostática ................................................................. 7 2.2.2. Ozono ............................................................................................ 15 2.3. Literatura citada ................................................................................... 22 3. PITAYA (Stenocereus spp.): UN FRUTO SUBUTILIZADO ........................ 33 3.1. Resumen ............................................................................................. 33 3.2. Introducción ......................................................................................... 34 3.3. Descripción botánica............................................................................ 34 3.4. Distribución .......................................................................................... 38 3.5. Cultivo .................................................................................................. 38 3.6. Importancia económica ........................................................................ 38 3.7. Fisiología de la pitaya .......................................................................... 39 iii 3.8. Aspectos pre y poscosecha ................................................................. 40 3.9. Calidad nutricional ............................................................................... 42 3.10. Calidad nutraceútica ............................................................................ 44 3.11. Usos agroindustriales .......................................................................... 48 3.12. Usos medicinales ................................................................................. 49 3.13. Conclusiones ....................................................................................... 49 3.14. Literatura citada ................................................................................... 50 4. INACTIVACIÓN Y RECUPERACIÓN DE Listeria innocua Y Saccharomyces cerevisiae EN JUGO DE PITAYA (Stenocereus pruinosus) TRATADO CON ALTA PRESIÓN HIDROSTÁTICA .............................................................................. 61 4.1. Resumen ............................................................................................. 61 4.2. Introducción ......................................................................................... 62 4.3. Materiales y métodos ........................................................................... 64 4.3.1. Material vegetal ............................................................................. 64 4.3.2. Reactivos ...................................................................................... 65 4.3.3. Material biológico .......................................................................... 65 4.3.4. Procesamiento del jugo con altas presiones hidrostáticas (APH) . 67 4.3.5. Análisis estadístico ........................................................................ 68 4.4. Resultados y discusión ........................................................................ 69 4.4.1. Efecto del Come-Up Time sobre la población de S. cerevisiae ..... 69 4.4.2. Efecto del Come-Up Time sobre la población de L. innocua ......... 70 4.4.3. Efecto de la alta presión hidrostática sore la población de L. innocua 71 4.4.4. Validación del modelo de superficie de respuesta ........................ 73 4.4.5. Evaluación del potencial de recuperación de L. innocua durante el almacenamiento refrigerado (15 d) ............................................................ 74 4.4.6. Evaluación del potencial de recuperación de S. cerevisiae durante el almacenamiento refrigerado (15 d) ............................................................ 75 4.5. Conclusiones ....................................................................................... 76 iv 4.6. Agradecimientos .................................................................................. 76 4.7. Literatura citada ................................................................................... 77 5. ALMACENAMIENTO REFRIGERADO DE JUGO DE PITAYA (Stenocereus pruinosus) TRATADO CON ALTAS PRESIONES HIDROSTÁTICAS .............. 81 5.1. Resumen ............................................................................................. 81 5.2. Introducción ......................................................................................... 82 5.3. Materiales y métodos ........................................................................... 83 5.3.1. Material vegetal ............................................................................. 83 5.3.2. Aplicación de APH ......................................................................... 83 5.3.3. Efecto de APH sobre la microbiota nativa en el jugo..................... 84 5.3.4. Efecto de la APH sobre la actividad de la enzima PME ................ 84 5.3.5. Efecto de la APH sobre el comportamiento reológico del jugo ...... 85 5.3.6. Efecto de la APH sobre pH, SST y contenido de ácido málico ..... 86 5.3.7. Efecto de la APH sobre los parámetros de color ........................... 86 5.3.8. Efecto de la APH sobre compuestos nutraceúticos y actividad antioxidante ................................................................................................ 86 5.3.9. Efecto de la APH sobre la aceptabilidad global de los jugos ......... 88 5.3.10. Análisis estadístico ........................................................................ 88 5.4. Resultados y discusión ........................................................................ 89 5.4.1. Effect of APH sobre la microbiota nativa en el jugo ...................... 89 5.4.2. Efecto de la APH sobre la actividad de la enzima PME ................ 91 5.4.3. Efecto de la APH sobre el comportamiento reológico del jugo ...... 93 5.4.4. Efecto de la APH sobre pH, SST y contenido de ácido málico ..... 94 5.4.5. Efecto de la APH sobre los parámetros de color ........................... 94 5.4.6. Efecto de la APH sobre compuestos nutraceúticos y actividad antioxidante ................................................................................................ 95 5.4.7. Efecto de la APH sobre la aceptabilidad global de los jugos ....... 100 5.5. Conclusiones ..................................................................................... 102 5.6. Agradecimientos ................................................................................ 102 v 5.7. Literatura citada ................................................................................. 102 6. SINERGISMO OZONO-ALTAS PRESIONES HIDROSTÁTICAS PARA LA ESTABILIZACIÓN DE JUGO DE PITAYA (Stenocereus pruinosus) ALMACENADO ............................................................................................... 109 6.1. Resumen ........................................................................................... 109 6.2. Introducción ....................................................................................... 110 6.3. Materiales y métodos ......................................................................... 112 6.3.1. Material vegetal ........................................................................... 112 6.3.2. Reactivos .................................................................................... 112 6.3.3. Material biológico ........................................................................ 113 6.3.4. Experimento 1. Efecto del ozono y alta presión hidrostática sobre L. innocua y S. cerevisiae ............................................................................ 114 6.3.5. Experimento 2. Efecto de la combinación ozono-APH ................ 115 6.3.6. Experimento 3. Validación del daño letal de L. innocua y S. cerevisiae ................................................................................................. 116 6.3.7. Experimento 4. Vida de anaquel del jugo tratado con la combinación O3-APH ………………………………………………………………………….116 6.3.8. Análisis estadístico ...................................................................... 119 6.4. Resultados y discusión ...................................................................... 121 6.4.1. Efecto del
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