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Book Reference Book Le mariage dans l'Ecole romande du droit naturel au XVIIIème siècle DUFOUR, Alfred Reference DUFOUR, Alfred. Le mariage dans l'Ecole romande du droit naturel au XVIIIème siècle. Genève : Georg, 1976, 170 p. Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:73481 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 LE MARIAGE DANS L'ÉCOLE ROMANDE DU DROIT NATUREL AU XVIIIe SIÈCLE MÉMOIRES PUBLIÉS PAR LA FACULTÉ DE DROIT DE OENÈVE N° 51 ALFRED DUFOUR Professeur aux Facultés de Droit de Fribourg et de Genève LE MARIAGE DANS L'ÉCOLE ROMANDE DU DROIT NATUREL AU XVIIIe SIECLE' GENÈVE LIBRAIRIE DE L'UNIVERSITJ! GEORG & c1• S.A. © 1976 by Librairie de l'Université Georg & Cie S.A. Droits de traduction, de reproduction et d'adaptation réservés pour tous pays. A la mémoire de ma mère PREFACE L'histoire institutionnelle du mariage dans les sociétés occidentales est dans une large mesure celle de sa progressive mais inéluctable sécularisation. Si, du x• au XVI° siècle, l'Eglise a disposé théoriquement d'un double monopole législatif et judiciaire en cette matière, son influence fut de plus en plus combattue non seulement dans les Etats catholiques - et sous divers prétextes - mais a fortiori dans les Etats de religion réformée. Parmi les courants de pensée ayant provoqué cette sécularisation matrimoniale, un des plus actifs fut l'Ecole du Droit naturel avec des auteurs tels que Grotius, Pufendorf, Thomasius et Wolff. Notre col­ lègue et ami, M. Alfred Dufour, en a donné une démonstration magis­ trale dans sa remarquable thèse de doctorat intitulée « Le mariage dans /'Ecole allemande du Droit naturel moderne au XVIII• siècle» (Paris, 1972). Dans le présent ouvrage, l'auteur étudie l'influence profonde exercée sur la doctrine du mariage en terre romande par un certain nombre de juristes eux-mêmes tributaires des jusnaturalistes allemands du xvm· siècle. M. Affred Dufour peut ainsi parler à bon droit d'une Ecole romande de droit naturel. Parmi les fondateurs de celle-ci se détache spécia­ lement la figure de Barbeyrac. Le célèbre traducteur de Grotius et de Pufendort se distingue autant par la hardiesse de ses thèses (le mariage est un simple contrat de société dont les conditions et les effets sont librement déterminés par les parties) que par l'ouverture de son esprit et par le modernisme de ses vues {le mariage doit assurer le bonheur du couple autant que la procréation). La pensée matrimoniale de Burlamaqui, nettement plus conserva­ trice, est aussi plus nuancée que celle de Barbeyrac, puisque le juriste genevois essaie d'établir une synthèse entre l'institutionnalisme tradi­ tionnel et le conventionnalisme moderne. Ajoutons que Burlamaqui ne craint pas de préconiser la séparation de corps, empruntée à ce droit canonique auquel répugnent tant les jusnaturalistes. Les vulgarisateurs vaudois de /'Ecole romande du Droit naturel: Vicat, Pillichody et De Félice ne jouent pas, de leur côté, un rôle négli- X LE MARIAGE DANS L'ÉCOLE ROMANDE DU DROIT NATUREL geable, car ils savent trouver un juste milieu entre la thèse contractua­ liste d'inspiration thomasienne de Barbeyrac et la thèse institutionnaliste de Vattel, prenant ainsi en quelque sorte le relais de l'éclectisme de Burlamaqui. Enfin ].-]. Rousseau, avec «son mariage impromptu» du 30 août 1768, ajoute sa note personnelle à ce courant de pensée concernant le mariage dans l' Ecole romande du Droit naturel. Les conséquences institutionnelles ne tarderont pas à se faire sentir sur le plan du droit positif suisse puisque le mariage civil obligatoire apparaitra dès 182J à Genève et dès 1851 à Neuchâtel, alors que dans la plupart des autres cantons il faudra attendre la loi fédérale de 1874 pour arriver au même résultat. Le lecteur ne manquera pas d'apprécier la clarté de l'exposé, la rigueur du raisonnement juridique, la richesse de l'analyse philosophique et la finesse psychologique dont l'auteur fait preuve. Les historiens du droit souhaiteront certainement que M. Alfred Dufour nous donne d'au­ tres travaux de cette valeur. L. CHEVAILLER, Professeur aux Universités de Lyon et de Genève. AVANT-PROPOS L'intérêt suscité au cours de la prem1ere moitié de notre siècle par les principales figures de l'Ecole romande du Droit naturel du xvm• siè­ cle et dont témoignent notamment les monographies très fouillées d'E. Béguelin sur Vattel 1, de Ph. Meylan sur Barbeyrac 2, de R.F. Harvey et de B. Gagnebin sur Burlamaqui s, ainsi que les contributions plus particulières de P. Guggenheim et de H. Thévenaz sur Vattel et le Droit des Gens 4 et d'A. Mancini sur la pensée politique de Burlamaqui 5, vient de trouver un heureux renouveau ces dernières années avec les travaux de Sieglinde C. Othmer sur le séjour berlinois et la diffusion des tra­ ductions de Barbeyrac e, ainsi que de ].-]. Manz sur les principes poli­ tiques de l'internationalisme de Vattel 7 • Aucun des plus récents auteurs qui se sont penchés sur les représentants les plus marquants de l'Ecole romande du Droit naturel moderne n'a cependant repris la notion, naguère 1 E. Béguelin : En souvenir de Vattel, in Recueil de travaux offerts par la Faculté de droit de Neuchâtel à la Société suisse des juristes, Neuchâtel 1929, p. 33 SS, 2 Ph. Meylan : jean Barbeyrac (1674-1744) et les débuts de l'enseignement du droit dans l'ancienne Académie de Lausanne. Contribution à l'histoire du Droit naturel, Lausanne 1937. a R.F. Harvey : j.j. Burlamaqui, a Liberal Tradition in English Constitu­ tionalism, Chape! Hill 1937; B. Gagnebin : Burlamaqui et le Droit naturel, thèse droit Genève 1944. 4 P. Guggenheim : Emer de Vattel und das Volkerrecht, Einleifung zum Droit des Gens ou Principes de la Loi naturelle, Klassiker des VOlkerrechts, Hrsg. von W. Schatzel, Bd. III, Tubingue 1959; Emer de Vattel et l'étude des relations internationales en Suisse, Mémoires publiés par la Faculté de droit àe Genève n° 10, Genève 1956 ; de même voir H. Thévenaz : Vattel Oil la des­ tinée d'un livre, in Schweizerisches /ahrbuch für internationales Recht, Bd. XIV, 1957, p. 9 ss; Emer de Vattel, in Extrait du «Musée neuchâtelois », 1958, Neuchâtel 1958; enfin Vattel sous les Notes bibliographiques du Schwei­ .ierisches jahrburch für internationales Recht, Bd. XV, 1958, p. 283. 5 A. Mancini : Per la conoscenza del pensiero politico e religioso del Burlamacchi, in Atti Ace. lincei, cl. Scienze morali, Florence 1948. 6 S.C. Othmer : Berlin und die Verbreitung des Naturrechts in Europa. Kultur- und sozialgeschiclztliche Studien zu Jean Barbeyracs Pufendorf-Ueber­ setzungen und eine Analyse seiner Lesersclzaft, Veroffentliclzungen der histo­ risclzen Kommission zu Berlin, Bd. 30, Berlin 1970. 7 J.J. Manz : Emer de Vattel. Versuch einer Würdigung, unter besonderer Berücksiclztigung der individuellen Freiheit und der souveriinen Gleiclzlzeit, Diss. jur., Zürich 1971. :XII LE MARIAGE DANS L'ÉCOLE ROMANDE DU DROIT NATUREL explicitée par Ph. Meylan s et à laquelle B. Oagnebin devait se référer quelques années plus tard 9, d'une « tradition romande du Droit natu­ rel ». Et pourtant, il semble bien qu'il faille reconnaître la spécificité du mouvement doctrinal qui se dessine en Suisse romande au début du XVIII 0 siècle en relation directe avec l'essor de !'Ecole allemande du Droit naturel moderne 10, qui fleurit dans les universités germaniques, tandis que le monde académique français lui demeure officiellement hos­ tile 11• Dû à l'impulsion du célèbre jurisconsulte et traducteur huguenot, dont on vient de fêter le tricentenaire de la naissance, jean Barbeyrac (1674-1744), ce mouvement présente en effet des traits caractéristiques qu'il convient de relever brièvement avant d'en approfondir les princi­ paux aspects au seuil de notre étude de sa pensée matrimoniale. Première tradition de Droit naturel d'expression française, avant que les jurisconsultes et les Encyclopédistes d'Outre-jura ne prennent le relais de ses Fondateurs - Barbeyrac et Burlamaqui -, !'Ecole romande du Droit naturel se distingue encore par un autre trait fondamental qui la différencie de !'Ecole française : c'est son net enracinement dans la tradition réformée. Issu des milieux du Refuge, que ce soit celui de la Révocation de !'Edit de Nantes ou le premier Refuge italien 12, le mou­ vement de pensée juridique et politique qui se fait jour en Suisse romande s Cf. Ph. Meylan : op. cit., p. 188. 9 Cf. B. Gagnebin : op. cit., p. 10. Il faudrait ajouter à ce propos l'intro­ duction d'Ed. His à l'ouvrage collectif Sclzweizer ]uristen der letzten hundert ]ahre, Zurich 1945, p. 1-58, qui met bien en relief (p. 47 ss) la part prépon­ dérante de la Suisse romande dans l'étude du Droit naturel ; le texte four­ mille malheureusement d'erreurs en ce qui concerne la vie et l'œuvre des repré­ sentants de !'Ecole romande jusqu'à faire travailler le Chancelier d'Aguesseau à Yverdon aux côtés de F.B. de Félice (p. 48), ce qui le rend pratiquement inutilisable. Plus récents et d'une autre qualité, voir aussi F. Elsener, Rechts­ schulen und kantonale Kodifikationen .. :i.. in Schweizerisches Privatrecht, Bd. 1, Bâle-Stuttgart 1969, p. 7-46 et surtout vie Schweizer Rechtsschulen vom 16. bis ;;:um 19. ]ahrhundert, Zurich 1975, notamment ch. 7-8, p. 158-233. 10 Cf. notre livre Le mariage dans l'école allemande du Droit naturel moderne au XVIII" siècle, Paris 1972, p. 6-7. 11 Il faut attendre en effet 1774 pour voir une chaire de Droit naturel créée en France au Collège de France à Paris ; cf. j. Proust : Diderot et l'Encyclopédie, thèse lettres, Paris 1962, p. 517. Sur la pénétration progressive du Droit naturel moderne chez les professeurs de Droit français, cf. A.]. Arnaud, Les Origines doctrinales du Code civil français, Paris 1969, p.
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