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Evolution of Surface Characteristics of Three Debris-Covered Glaciers in the Patagonian Andes from 1958 to 2020

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Evolution of Surface Characteristics of Three Debris-Covered Glaciers in the Patagonian Andes from 1958 to 2020 Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2021 Evolution of surface characteristics of three debris-covered glaciers in the Patagonian Andes from 1958 to 2020 Falaschi, Daniel ; Rivera, Andrés ; Lo Vecchio Repetto, Andrés ; Moragues, Silvana ; Villalba, Ricardo ; Rastner, Philipp ; Zeller, Josias ; Salcedo, Ana Paula Abstract: A number of glaciological observations on debris-covered glaciers around the globe have shown a delayed length and mass adjustment in relation to climate variability, a behavior normally attributed to the ice insulation effect of thick debris layers. Dynamic interactions between debris cover, geometry and surface topography of debris-covered glaciers can nevertheless govern glacier velocities and mass changes over time, with many glaciers exhibiting high thinning rates in spite of thick debris cover. Such interactions are progressively being incorporated into glacier evolution research. In this paper we reconstruct changes in debris-covered area, surface velocities and surface features of three glaciers in the Patagonian Andes over the 1958–2020 period, based on satellite and aerial imagery and Digital Elevation Models. Our results show that debris cover has increased from 40 ± 0.6 to 50 ± 6.7% of the total glacier area since 1958, whilst glacier slope has slightly decreased. The gently sloping tongues have allowed surface flow velocities to remain relatively low (<60 m a−1) for the last two decades, preventing evacuation of surface debris, and contributing to the formation and rise of the ice cliff zone upper boundary. In addition, mapping of end of summer snowline altitudes for the last two decades suggests an increase in the Equilibrium Line Altitudes, which promotes earlier melt out of englacial debris and further increases debris-covered ice area. The strongly negative mass budget of the three investigated glaciers throughout the study period, together with the increases in debris cover extent and ice cliff zones up-glacier, and the low velocities, shows a strong linkage between debris cover, mass balance evolution, surface velocities and topography. Interestingly, the presence of thicker debris layers on the lowermost portions of the glaciers has not lowered thinning rates in these ice areas, indicating that the mass budget is mainly driven by climate variability and calving processes, to which the influence of enhanced thinning at ice cliff location can be added. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.671854 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-204012 Journal Article Published Version The following work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. Originally published at: Falaschi, Daniel; Rivera, Andrés; Lo Vecchio Repetto, Andrés; Moragues, Silvana; Villalba, Ricardo; Rastner, Philipp; Zeller, Josias; Salcedo, Ana Paula (2021). Evolution of surface characteristics of three debris-covered glaciers in the Patagonian Andes from 1958 to 2020. Frontiers in Earth Science, 9:447. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.671854 2 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 09 June 2021 doi: 10.3389/feart.2021.671854 Evolution of Surface Characteristics of Three Debris-Covered Glaciers in the Patagonian Andes From 1958 to 2020 Daniel Falaschi 1,2*, Andrés Rivera 3, Andrés Lo Vecchio Repetto 1,2, Silvana Moragues 1,2, Ricardo Villalba 1, Philipp Rastner 4,5, Josias Zeller 4 and Ana Paula Salcedo 6 1Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, Mendoza, Argentina, 2Departamento de Geografía, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina, 3Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 4Geography Department, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland, 5GeoVille Information Systems and Data Processing GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria, 6Subgerencia Centro Regional Andino, Instituto Nacional del Agua, Mendoza, Argentina Edited by: A number of glaciological observations on debris-covered glaciers around the globe have Aparna Shukla, shown a delayed length and mass adjustment in relation to climate variability, a behavior Ministry of Earth Sciences, India normally attributed to the ice insulation effect of thick debris layers. Dynamic interactions Reviewed by: Jakob Steiner, between debris cover, geometry and surface topography of debris-covered glaciers can International Centre for Integrated nevertheless govern glacier velocities and mass changes over time, with many glaciers Mountain Development, Nepal exhibiting high thinning rates in spite of thick debris cover. Such interactions are Qiao Liu, Institute of Mountain Hazards and progressively being incorporated into glacier evolution research. In this paper we Environment, Chinese Academy of reconstruct changes in debris-covered area, surface velocities and surface features of Sciences (CAS), China three glaciers in the Patagonian Andes over the 1958–2020 period, based on satellite and *Correspondence: Daniel Falaschi aerial imagery and Digital Elevation Models. Our results show that debris cover has [email protected] increased from 40 ± 0.6 to 50 ± 6.7% of the total glacier area since 1958, whilst glacier slope has slightly decreased. The gently sloping tongues have allowed surface Specialty section: flow velocities to remain relatively low (<60 m a−1) for the last two decades, preventing This article was submitted to Cryospheric Sciences, evacuation of surface debris, and contributing to the formation and rise of the ice cliff zone a section of the journal upper boundary. In addition, mapping of end of summer snowline altitudes for the last two Frontiers in Earth Science decades suggests an increase in the Equilibrium Line Altitudes, which promotes earlier Received: 24 February 2021 Accepted: 20 May 2021 melt out of englacial debris and further increases debris-covered ice area. The strongly Published: 09 June 2021 negative mass budget of the three investigated glaciers throughout the study period, Citation: together with the increases in debris cover extent and ice cliff zones up-glacier, and the low Falaschi D, Rivera A, velocities, shows a strong linkage between debris cover, mass balance evolution, surface Lo Vecchio Repetto A, Moragues S, Villalba R, Rastner P, Zeller J and velocities and topography. Interestingly, the presence of thicker debris layers on the Salcedo AP (2021) Evolution of Surface lowermost portions of the glaciers has not lowered thinning rates in these ice areas, Characteristics of Three Debris- Covered Glaciers in the Patagonian indicating that the mass budget is mainly driven by climate variability and calving Andes From 1958 to 2020. processes, to which the influence of enhanced thinning at ice cliff location can be added. Front. Earth Sci. 9:671854. doi: 10.3389/feart.2021.671854 Keywords: debris-covered glacier, ice cliff, glacier velocity, Monte San Lorenzo, Patagonian Andes Frontiers in Earth Science | www.frontiersin.org 1 June 2021 | Volume 9 | Article 671854 Falaschi et al. Debris-Covered Glaciers in Patagonia INTRODUCTION exposed ice in otherwise predominantly debris-covered glacier surfaces in the form of cliffs and supraglacial ponds (often Driven by climate change, glaciers in most high mountain ranges associated) can boost ablation in comparison to “regular” around the globe are receding and losing mass rapidly (Jomelli debris-covered surfaces or even debris-free areas (Sakai et al., et al., 2011; Davies and Glasser, 2012; Zekollari et al., 2019; 1998; Sakai et al., 2002; Juen et al., 2014). The influence of ice cliffs Davaze et al., 2020; Hugonnet et al., 2021). Whilst glaciers steadily and supraglacial ponds on the evolution of debris-covered thin and contribute to sea level rise through increased melting glaciers is presently well acknowledged and the mapping and (Zemp et al., 2019), another aspect of glacier change and monitoring of these cryokarst forms has increased in recent years adjustment to drier conditions is the progressive accumulation (Buri et al., 2016; Watson et al., 2017; Herreid and Pellicciotti, of surface debris stemming from the surrounding valley walls and 2018; Mölg et al., 2019; Steiner et al., 2019; Ferguson and Vieli, lateral moraines (Scherler et al., 2011; Kirkbride and Deline, 2013; 2020). Sasaki et al., 2016; Tielidze et al., 2020). Debris cover on glacier Bolch et al. (2012) pointed out that understanding the surfaces accounts for ∼7% of the mountain glacier area worldwide interactions between debris cover, mass balance and glacier (Herreid and Pellicciotti, 2020), and is relevant from a surface dynamics would be a major achievement for envisaging the energy balance point of view, as the distribution and thickness future evolution of debris-covered glaciers in high mountain variability of debris layers can alter glacier melt rates (Nicholson areas. Consequently, recent studies have attempted to integrate et al., 2018; Fyffe et al., 2020). Length adjustments and overall this subject by assimilating diverse glacier variables (mass response times of debris-covered glaciers to climate variability are balance, debris distribution, thickness and transport, flow often delayed compared to debris-free glaciers. This delayed rates) and their feedback mechanisms into numerical models signal can occur as ablation rates decrease when debris layers (Banerjee and Shankar, 2013; Collier et al., 2015; Rowan et al., are thicker than the
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