Déformation D'un Continent Au-Dessus D'une Dorsale Océanique Active En

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Déformation D'un Continent Au-Dessus D'une Dorsale Océanique Active En D´eformation d'un continent au-dessus d'une dorsale oc´eaniqueactive en subduction Bruno Scalabrino To cite this version: Bruno Scalabrino. D´eformation d'un continent au-dessus d'une dorsale oc´eaniqueactive en subduction. Tectonique. Universit´eMontpellier 2 Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2009. Fran¸cais. <tel-00557618> HAL Id: tel-00557618 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00557618 Submitted on 19 Jan 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DU LANGUEDOC T H E S E pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II Discipline : Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers Ecole Doctorale : SIBAGHE (Systèmes Intégrés en Biologie, Agronomie, Géosciences, Hydrosciences, Environnement) présentée et soutenue publiquement par Bruno SCALABRINO Le 3 Novembre 2009 Déformation d’un continent au-dessus d’une dorsale océanique active en subduction. La transversale du point triple du Chili, Patagonie Centrale (Chili-Argentine). JURY Rolando Armijo Directeur de Recherche IPGP Rapporteur Nicolas Arnaud Directeur de Recherche GM Invité Michel De Saint-Blanquat Chargé de Recherche LMTG Examinateur Yves Lagabrielle Directeur de Recherche GM Directeur de thèse Serge Lallemand Directeur de Recherche GM Examinateur Jacques Malavieille Directeur de Recherche GM Directeur de thèse Othmar Muntener Professeur Lausanne Rapporteur Jean-François Ritz Chargé de Recherche GM Invité Remerciements Décembre 2006, arrivée à Coihaique, capitale de la région d’Aysen, Patagonie Centrale, mon rêve se réalise : Découvrir les Andes et la Patagonie. Cette aventure andine qui débuta en Master 1 s’est concrétisée au cours de ces 3 ans de thèse et restera gravée à jamais dans mes pensées. Je tiens d’abord à remercier les rapporteurs de thèse, Othmar Muntener et Rolando Armijo qui ont pris le temps de juger ce travail et d’apporter de nombreuses discussions afin de le rendre encore meilleur. Un grand merci également à Serge Lallemand, Michel de Saint- Blanquat pour avoir accepter d’examiner cette thèse. Je remercie ensuite avec un grand ‘MERCI’ mes directeurs de thèse Yves Lagabrielle et Jacques Malavieille pour leur disponibilité, leur bonne humeur, leur rigueur scientifique et leurs capacités à transmettre les compétences scientifiques indispensables à la réalisation de ce travail. Ces compétences transmises me suivront inévitablement tout au long de ma vie…Je les remercie également pour l’ambiance magnifique ayant régnée au cours de différentes missions de terrain, loin de tout, au bord d’un glacier sous les notes d’un Charrango ou d’une flute, ou au bord du lac Général Carrera lors de quelques parties de pêche à la truite. Je tiens également à remercier Jeff Ritz pour sa bonne humeur et son expertise en géomorphologie transmise en partie au cours d’une mission de terrain en février 2009, au niveau de la meseta del lago Buenos Aires (dont certains endroits ressemblaient à Mars !!). Le steak de 500 gr à ‘Viva el Viento’ à los Antiguos après une semaine de riz restera un très bon souvenir !! (mon estomac s’en souvient encore !). Je remercie ensuite toutes les personnes qui ont participé à ce travail au cours de ces 3 années de thèse à savoir Stéphane Dominguez, Nicolas Arnaud, Daniel Melnick, Christelle Guivel, Bernard Célérier, Andréa Tommasi, Diane Arcay… Et sans oublier los amigos Chilenos y Argentinos, Manuel Suarez, Eduardo Rossello, Diego Morata, Felipe Espinoza, Gisel Peri et Leonardo Zuniga Diaz alias ‘Pituso’. Je remercie également Aude de la Rupelle et Emmanuelle Boutonnet qui grâce à leurs travaux de M2 ont apporté de nouvelles données indispensables à ce travail. Je leur souhaite bonne chance pour leur thèse. Un grand merci aussi à tous les membres d’ECOS et plus particulièrement Chantal de Verneuil. Je n’oublierai pas tous les participants du Trek Patagonia en février 2008. Un grand merci à Helmut Echlter sans qui cette aventure dans les parties reculées du Campo Hielo Norte n’aurait été possible. Merci donc à Daniel, Viki, Julius et à toute l’équipe des guides chiliens nous ayant accompagné. Fuerza Patagonia, Viva Patagonia !!!! Que dire du laboratoire Géosciences Montpellier… tout simplement merveilleux !!! Merci à toutes les secrétaires du labo Natahlie Mouly, Marie-France Roch, Céline Fabrégat, Bernadette Marie et José Ramos, pour leur aide, leur professionnalisme et leur bonne humeur quotidienne. Merci également à Anne Delplanque pour ces diverses interventions sur Illustrator et son aide non négligeable à la réalisation de posters. Ayant été moniteur au cours de ma thèse, je remercie les membres de l’équipe enseignante de Géosciences Montpellier à savoir Henri de la Boisse, Suzanne Raynaud, Jean- Emmanuel Hurtrez, et Alain Vauchez. Un grand merci également à tous les étudiants de L1, L2, L3, et de M1 qui ont du me supporter en cours !! Une grande partie de ma formation en géologie s’est effectuée à Montpellier et je tiens à remercier tous mes professeurs : André Leyreloup, Jean-Marie Dautria, Jean-Michel Liotard, Michel Condomines, Laurent Dézileau, Michel Séranne, Michel Lopez, Marc Daignières, Roger Bayer, Serge Lallemand, Yves Lagabrielle, Jacques Malavieille, Hervé Philip, Andréa Tommasi, Alain Vauchez, Philippe Laurent. Comment ne pas penser à tous les potes de galère et de fiesta du laboratoire….impossible !!!! Une ambiance incroyable qui, je pense, ne se retrouvera nulle part ailleurs. Tout d’abord merci à mon colloc de bureau Flo pour cette ambiance de fou pendant 3 ans.…Hamtouk !!! Puis merci à Pierre, que j’ai supporté pendant 6 ans à Montpellier !! Je n’oublierai pas également Lyde (Mister after party at home !!), Matt, Micky, Vince, Fabien, Riccardo, Karen, Tom, Mag, Titou, Rémi, Simon (Mr Rooney), Charlotte, Vaness, Thomas, Véro, Marion, Andy, Clémence et bien d’autres. Et Mr Mitchou avec qui j’ai passé des moments complètements fous !!! Merci à tous !!!!!!!!!! Ces 6 années à Montpellier m’ont permis de découvrir de nouvelles personnes mais je tiens à remercier tous mes potos de chez moi à savoir Kali, Toun, Titi, Doudou, Coni, Raph, Youf… Vous êtes énormes !!! Bien entendu la famille à jouer un grand rôle dans toute cette histoire. Un grand merci à mon père, ma mère, Bernard, Christian, Marianne, Annie, Maguin….Et pour finir un énorme MERCI à ma petite Maelle pour sa compréhension, son aide et sa patience dans les moments les plus rudes. MERCI ma puce. Table des matières Introduction 1 • Subduction de dorsale sous la Patagonie et Problématique 3 • Démarche et déroulement des campagnes de terrain 4 • Plan de la thèse 6 I. Formation des fenêtres asthénosphériques (slab-window) et exemples de chaînes de subduction anciennes et actuelles 9 • Introduction 11 I.1. Le concept de fenêtre asthénosphérique (slab-window) : une approche théorique 12 I.1.1. Définition de la fenêtre asthénosphérique 13 I.1.2. Géométrie de la fenêtre asthénosphérique 14 I.1.3. Effets thermiques et dynamique mantellique lors de la subduction d’une dorsale active et de la formation d’une fenêtre asthénosphérique 19 I.1.3.1. Considérations thermiques liées à la subduction d’une dorsale 19 I.1.3.2. Dynamique mantellique en relation avec le développement d’une fenêtre asthénosphérique 23 I.2. Les exemples mondiaux d’interactions dorsale/chaînes de subduction 25 I.2.1. Le Japon 27 I.2.2. L’Alaska et l’arc des Aléoutiennes 31 I.2.3. La Colombie Britannique 33 I.2.4. La Californie et la Basse Californie 36 I.2.5. L’Amérique Centrale et le point triple du Panama 40 I.2.6. La Péninsule Ouest Antarctique 41 I.2.7. Le bassin de Woodlark 42 I.2.8. La subduction de Sunda-Java 43 I.2.9. La subduction de la dorsale du Chili 45 II. Subduction de la dorsale active du Chili. Contexte géodynamique général : Les Andes et la Cordillère de Patagonie 47 II.1. Géodynamique et segmentation morphostructurale des Andes 49 II.1.1. Les Andes septentrionales 50 II.1.2. Les Andes centrales 52 II.1.2.1. Les Andes centrales du nord 54 II.1.2.2. Les Andes centrales 55 II.1.2.3. Les Andes centrales du sud 58 II.1.3. Les Andes méridionales 60 II.1.3.1. La Patagonie du nord 61 II.1.3.2. La Patagonie australe 63 II.1.4. Les processus contrôlant l’orogénèse andine 65 II.2. La Patagonie Centrale et la subduction de la dorsale active du Chili 69 II.2.1. La Patagonie Centrale entre le Paléozoïque et l’Eocène 69 II.2.1.1. Le Paléozoïque 69 II.2.1.2. Le Mésozoïque 70 II.2.1.3. Du Paléocène à l’Eocène 71 II.2.2. La Patagonie Centrale depuis l’Oligocène 72 II.2.2.1. Subduction de la dorsale active du Chili et développement de la fenêtre asthénosphérique sous la Patagonie 72 II.2.2.2. Evolution tectonique et magmatique de la Patagonie Centrale depuis l’Oligocène 75 Article 1 : Subduction of an Active Spreading Ridge beneath southern South America : A review of the Cenozoic record from the Andean Foreland, Central Patagonia (46°S-47°S). 77 III. Evolution morphotectonique Néogène de la Patagonie Centrale (46°S- 47°S). Apports du magmatisme au front de la Cordillère 99 III.1. Evolution morphotectonique Néogène de la Patagonie Centrale (46°S-47°S). 103 Article 2 : A morphotectonic analysis of Central Patagonian Cordillera.
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