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20Mexicanos.Pdf veinte años entre los mexicanos Relato de una labor misionera veinte años entre los mexicanos Relato de una labor misionera Melinda Rankin introducción de Miguel Ángel González Quiroga y Timothy Paul Bowman Título original: Twenty Years among the Mexicans: A Narrative of Missionary Labor D.R. © 2008 The Library of Texas Series, Russell L. Martin y David J. Weber DeGolyer Library William P. Clements Center for Southwest Studies Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas ISBN 1-929531-14-1 Edición en español: D.R. © 2008 Fondo Editorial de Nuevo León D.R. © 2008 Introducción y comentarios: Miguel Ángel González Quiroga y Timothy Paul Bowman D.R. © 2008 Traducción: David Toscana ISBN 978-970-9715-59-0 Impreso en México Ilustración de portada, fuente: Brantz Mayer, Mexico, Aztec, Spanish and Republican, S. Drake and Company, Hartford, 1851. DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. Coordinación editorial: Dominica Martínez Cuidado editorial: Miguel Ángel González Quiroga, Ángela Palos Formación y diagramación: Ángela Palos Zaragoza 1300 Edificio Kalos, Nivel C2, Desp. 202 CP 64000, Monterrey, Nuevo León (81) 83 44 29 70 y 71 www.fondoeditorialnl.gob.mx Queda prohibida la reproducción parcial o total de la obra por cualquier medio -incluido el electrónico-, sin permiso escrito por parte de los titulares de los derechos. contenido introducción 9 veinte años entre los mexicanos 57 índice de ilustraciones 269 bibliografía 271 Nueva Inglaterra Littleton y el noreste Littleton Boston Boston Hartford Pittsburgh Nueva York New Haven Bloomington Cincinnati Nueva York Pittsburgh Filadelfia Louisville Natchez Huntsville Chihuahua Austin Nueva Orleáns Monterrey Matamoros San Luis Potosí Ciudad de México América del Norte y Nueva Inglaterra Fuente: Scott Cassingham, Foscue Map Library, Southern Metodist University introducción Un viento furioso sopló por el golfo de México, convirtiendo las inquietas aguas en una masa de movimientos ondulantes. Una pequeña barca al borde de ser tragada por el iracundo mar se bam- boleaba desesperadamente sobre las olas. En esa barcaza iba Melinda Rankin, una misionera de Nueva Inglaterra lejos de casa. Ella y unos cuantos pasajeros más habían dejado la costa de Texas en el invierno de 1853 rumbo a Nueva Orleáns. Aunque las perspectivas de alcan- zar ese puerto durante la tormenta parecían remotas, tras cuatro o cinco días de angustia el drama terminó: los vientos amainaron, el mar se calmó y la barca llegó a su destino. Rankin, quien se creía una mensajera de Dios, pudo continuar con su misión. Este episodio bien podría ser una metáfora de la vida de Melinda Rankin, cuyo resumen es claro: se crió en Nueva Inglaterra, descubrió su vocación como maestra misionera, decidió llevar la religión protestante a los católicos mexicanos, superó obstáculos casi abrumadores y regresó a los Estados Unidos a pasar sus últimos años en relativa calma. Los detalles de ese resumen revelan una historia fascinante de una mujer más bien ordinaria que hizo cosas extraordinarias. Entre ellas, escribió dos libros sobre sus expe- riencias. Su primer libro, Texas en 1850, promovió a Texas como un campo misionero para los protestantes de Nueva Inglaterra. El segundo, Veinte años entre los mexicanos: relato de una labor misionera, es una autobiografía que Rankin publicó en 1875. Este 1 último libro se reproduce completamente en este volumen. 1 El libro de Rankin Twenty Years among the Mexicans: A Narrative of Mis- sionary Labor fue publicado por Christian Publishing Company de St. Louis y por Chase and Hall de Cincinnati en 1875. Fue reimpreso en 1881 por Central Book 9 González Quiroga-Bowman Los escritos de Melinda Rankin revelan poco acerca de sus primeros años, pero se sabe que sus abuelos, James Rankin y Margaret Wetherspoon Rankin, emigraron de Escocia en 1776, estableciéndose primero en Thornton, Nueva Hampshire, pero mudándose más tarde a Littleton, donde participaron en asuntos civiles y religiosos. Su hijo, David, se casó con una mujer llamada Persis Daniel en 1808; tres años más tarde, el 21 de marzo de 1811, nació Melinda. Aunque no se sabe con certeza cuántos hijos pro- creó la pareja, parece que Melinda sólo tuvo una hermana, Harriet, quien se casó con Thomas Kimball y tuvo cinco hijos.2 Melinda Rankin recibió educación religiosa durante su juven- tud. Más tarde se dirigió al oeste para atender la necesidad de maes- tros protestantes, que se requerían urgentemente en la región fron- teriza. Para 1840, y antes de cumplir los treinta, Rankin se hallaba en Kentucky, donde permaneció dos años, estableciendo escuelas y reclutando maestros de Nueva Inglaterra para que trabajaran en ese estado. Sin embargo, su periplo al oeste, a diferencia de posteriores viajes a Texas y México, no era una misión eminentemente espiri- tual. Por razones perdidas a la posteridad, por esas fechas el padre de Rankin perdió todas sus pertenencias en Littleton, de modo que Melinda y su incierto número de hermanas se aventuraron hacia el oeste como maestras de escuela para rehacer los ingresos familia- Concern de Cincinnati. Una traducción al español del libro Veinte años entre los mexicanos: narración de una labor misionera, se publicó en 1958 en México por la Asamblea General de la Iglesia Presbiteriana. Copias de la primera edición en buenas condiciones se venden generalmente por entre 125 y 150 dólares. Todas las siguientes referencias a “Rankin” se refieren a los números de página del presente texto, no al de anteriores ediciones. 2 En su introducción a una edición moderna de Texas in 1850, John Rayburn provee información biográfica de la misionera de Nueva Inglaterra, la cual se basa principalmente en sus propios escritos. Hemos incluido algo de esa información en este texto al tiempo que agregamos otras fuentes y colocamos su vida y logros dentro del más amplio contexto de su época. John C. Rayburn, “Introducción” en Melinda Rankin, Texas in 1850, Texian Press, Waco, 1966. Para más información biográfica, ver Mary Martina Rakow, “Melinda Rankin and Magdalen Hayden: Evangelical and Catholic Forms of Nineteenth Century Christian Spirituality”, Colegio de Boston, te- sis doctoral, 1982, p. 10. 10 Introducción res. Aparentemente lo lograron. Compraron una granja para David Rankin, quien pasó ahí en paz el resto de su vida.3 El Segundo Gran Despertar y el destino manifiesto Melinda Rankin creció durante un periodo de la historia de los Estados Unidos marcado por el Segundo Gran Despertar, una serie de avivamientos religiosos que avanzaron por el país entre 1790 y 1830. Apasionados predicadores itinerantes recorrieron el territorio, organizando grandes reuniones al aire libre donde las masas acudían a escuchar el mensaje de la salvación cristiana y para arrepentirse ostensiblemente de sus costumbres pecadoras. Estos avivamientos reflejaron y contribuyeron a un renovado interés por el cristianismo. Algunos historiadores han argumentado que los participantes del Segundo Gran Despertar mostraban una conciencia general del igualitarismo democrático. En vez de apoyarse principalmente en una elite clerical educada para la instrucción de asuntos espirituales, estos participantes se unieron al “evangelismo plebeyo” que se había convertido en la “forma predominante del cristianismo norteameri- cano”.4 La Iglesia Presbiteriana de Cumberland, un retoño del pres- biterianismo dominante, brotó como una rama religiosa informal y rústica generada por los avivamientos. De este modo, un ambiguo sentido de la igualdad fue el resultado del Segundo Gran Despertar, ya que los evangélicos llegaron a creer que toda la gente debía ser 3 Rankin no menciona a sus padres en su autobiografía. Sí menciona una her- mana y sobrinas, pero sus referencias a una vida familiar son más bien escasas. Más aún, no menciona un interés romántico ni alguna relación intensa con alguien. John C. Rayburn, op. cit., p. III; Mary Martina Rakow, op. cit., pp. 10-11. 4 Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-1846, Oxford University Press, Nueva York, 1991, p. 157. Ver también Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln, W. W. Norton and Company, Nueva York, 2005, pp. 268-69. Wilentz argumenta que la tendencia a nivelar democrática- mente las diferencias de clase era particularmente aguda en los estados sureños y que en los círculos cristianos las distinciones entre la élite de no evangélicos y los evangélicos plebeyos comenzaron a borrarse. 11 González Quiroga-Bowman libre para escuchar y aceptar el mensaje de Cristo. Esto explica en parte por qué misioneros como Rankin tenían tan baja opinión del catolicismo mexicano. Como la Iglesia oficial de México durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX, la Iglesia católica, con la autoridad que le investía el gobierno mexicano, se rehusó a darle a sus ciudadanos el derecho legal de buscar lo que Rankin consideraba la única ver- dadera forma de fe: el protestantismo norteamericano. En repetidas ocasiones Rankin se quejó sobre la falta de libertad religiosa en México antes de la promulgación de la constitución liberal de 1857. Con un importante respaldo financiero, los cristianos presbiteria- nos y congregacionistas comenzaron en la década de 1820 a confede- rar numerosas organizaciones estatales y locales para formar grupos como la Unión Norteamericana de Escuelas Dominicales, la Sociedad Norteamericana de Publicaciones, la Sociedad Norteamericana de Misiones Internas y la Sociedad Norteamericana para Promover la Abstinencia del Alcohol5 (la Unión Cristiana Norteamericana y Extranjera,
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