••v v. ..;•• HISTORY of the COMSTOCK PATENT MEDICINE BUSINESS and Dr. Morse's Indian Root Pills by Robert B. Shaw MAY 2 61972 / HJDIKQW *n SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1972 SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Insti­ tution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint, com­ mencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Annals of Flight Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of professional colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts, synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields. These pub­ lications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, laboratories, and other interested institutions and specialists throughout the world. Individual copies may be obtained from the Smithsonian Institution Press as long as stocks are available. S. DILLON RIPLEY Secretary Smithsonian Institution INTERNATIONAL BOOK YEAR • 1972 HISTORY of t IS COMSTOCK PATENT MEDICINE BUSINESS and Dr. Morse's Indian Root Pills by Robert E Shaw Associate Professor, Accounting and History Clarkson College of Technology Potsdam, N.Y. ISSUED mum SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY • NUMBER 22 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1972 COVER: Changing methods of packaging Comstock remedies over the years.—Lower left: Original packaging of the Indian Root Pills in oval veneer boxes. Lower center: The glass bottles and cardboard and tin boxes. Lower right: The modern packaging during the final years of domestic manufacture. Upper left: The Indian Root Pills as they are still being packaged and distributed in Australia. Upper center: Dr. Howard's Electric Blood Builder Pills. Upper right: Comstock's Dead Shot Worm Pellets. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Shaw, Robert B., 1916— History of the Comstock patent medicine business and of Dr. Morse's Indian Root Pills. (Smithsonian studies in history and technology, no. 22) Bibliography: p. 1. Comstock (W. H.) Company. I. Title. II. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian studies in history and technology, no. 22. HD9666.9.C62S46 338.7'6'615886 76-39864 Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 65 cents (paper cover) Stock Number 4700-0204 History of the Comstock Patent Medicine Business and of Dr. Morse's Indian Root Pills <-^p For nearly a century a conspicuous feature of merce and industry throughout the colorful the small riverside village of Morristown, in patent-medicine era. northern New York State, was the W. H. Com­ Today, the Indian Root Pill factory stands stock factory, better known as the home of the abandoned and forlorn—its decline and demise celebrated Dr. Morse's Indian Root Pills. This brought on by an age of more precise medical business never grew to be more than a modest diagnoses and the more stringent enforcement undertaking in modern industrial terms, and of various food and drug acts. After abandon­ amid the congestion of any large city its few ment, the factory was ransacked by vandals; and buildings straddling a branch railroad and its records, documents, wrappers, advertising cir­ work force of several dozens at most would have culars, pills awaiting packaging, and other been little noticed, but in its rural setting the effects were thrown down from the shelves and enterprise occupied a prominent role in the scattered over the floors. This made it impossible economic life of the community for over ninety to recover and examine the records systemati­ years. Aside from the omnipresent forest and cally. The former proprietors of the business, dairy industries, it represented the only manu­ however, had for some reason—perhaps sheer facturing activity for miles around and was inertia—apparently preserved all of their rec­ easily the largest single employer in its village, ords for over a century, storing them in the loft­ as well as the chief recipient and shipper of like attic over the packaging building. Despite freight at the adjacent railroad station. For their careless treatment, enough records were some years, early in the present century, the recovered to reconstruct most of the history of company supplied a primitive electric service to the Comstock enterprise and to cast new light the community, and the Comstock Hotel, until upon the patent-medicine industry of the United it was destroyed by fire, served as the principal States during its heyday. village hostelry. The Comstock business, of course, was far But the influence of this business was by no from unique. Hundreds of manufacturers of means strictly local. For decades thousands of proprietary remedies fluourished during the boxes of pills and bottles of elixir, together with 1880s and 1890s—the Druggists' Directory for advertising circulars and almanacs in the mil­ 1895 lists approximately 1,500. The great ma­ lions, flowed out of this remote village to drug­ jority of these factories were much smaller than gists in thousands of communities in the United Comstock; one suspects, in fact, that most of States and Canada, in Latin America, and in the them were no more than backroom enterprises Orient. And Dr. Morse's Indian Root Pills and conducted by untrained, but ambitious, drug­ the other remedies must have been household gists who, with parttime help, mixed up some names wherever people suffered aches and in­ mysterious concoctions and contrived imagina­ firmities. Thus Morristown, notwithstanding its tive advertising schemes. A few of these busi­ placid appearance, played an active role in com­ nesses were considerably larger than Comstock. SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY WILLIAM COMSTOCK New London, Conn. Daniel (died 1683) Christopher (1635-1702) Samuel (1677-1757) Daniel (1664-1694) Moses (1685-1766) Mountville, Conn. Norwalk, Conn.) Christopher (born 1703) Daniel (1693-1782) Abijah (1721-1797) Lyme, Conn. Samuel (1747-1827) Abel (born 1721 at Stratfield, Conn. Samuel (1767-1819) East Lyme, Conn. died 1814 at Cooperstown, N.Y.) Samuel (1772-1840) Daniel (1763-1828) Thomas Anthony (born 1812) Butternuts, N.Y. Moved to Canada West Edwin P. Lucius S. George W. Noah Bird (1790-1853) Anthony (1844-1915) (1799-1837) (1806-1876) (1820-1889 anti-vice crusader William H. Henry Tompkins Paige (1830-1919) (1820-1870) Brockville, Ont. discoverer of Comstock Lode William Henry (1897-1959) SAMUEL COMSTOCK (1747-1827) East Lyme, Conn. ESTHER LEE (1750-1839) Samuel (1772-1840) John Lee (1787-1858) Butternuts, N.Y. Hartford, Conn. Elizabeth Perkins (1777-1861) Prominent physician, author and historian Eliza Edwin P. Albert Lee Lucius S. John C. George Wells (born 1796) (1799-1837) (born 1802) (1806-1876) (1819-1853) (1820-1889) B. L. Judson Physician William Henry George Carleton (1830-1919) (1856-1929) Moved to Brockville, Ont. William Henry ("Young Bill") (1897-1959) NUMBER 2 2 However, the Comstock company would seem to that field. It is a plausible surmise that he may be typical of the more strongly established have worked in Batavia in the drug store of Dr. patent-medicine manufacturers, and therefore Levant B. Cotes, which was destroyed in the a closer examination of this particular enter­ village-wide fire of April 19, 1833; the termina­ prise should also illuminate its entire industry. tion of Edwin's career in Batavia might have been associated either with that disaster or with the death of his wife in 1831. The Origin of the Business The Comstocks also obviously had some medi­ cal tradition in their family. Samuel's younger The Indian Root Pill business was carried on brother, John Lee Comstock, was trained as a during most of its existence by two members physician and served in that capacity during the of the Comstock family—father and son—and War of 1812—although he was to gain greater because of unusual longevity, this control by prominence as a historian and natural philos­ two generations extended for over a century. opher. All five of Samuel's sons participated at The plant was also located in Morristown for least briefly in the drug trade, while two of them approximately ninety years. The Indian Root also had careers as medical doctors. A cousin of Pills, however, were not actually originated by Edwin, Thomas Griswold Comstock (born the Comstock family, nor were they discovered 1829), also became a prominent homeopathic in Morristown. Rather, the business