Bridging the Theoretical Gap Between Public Diplomacy and Cultural Diplomacy

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Bridging the Theoretical Gap Between Public Diplomacy and Cultural Diplomacy Bridging the Theoretical Gap between Public Diplomacy and Cultural Diplomacy Hwajung Kim As public diplomacy has undergone a paradigm shift in the information age, cul- tural diplomacy remains loosely defined as a strand of public diplomacy, yet there has been little explanation as to why this was so. Rather, cultural diplomacy has been underestimated in recent diplomatic activities. The combination of new public diplomacy and soft power has become the formula for how international cultur- al exchanges and programs work in contemporary diplomatic activities and has brought a new perspective on arts and culture as a means of soft power. The present study aims to uncover the missing pieces in cultural diplomacy as a subset of new public diplomacy and delves into what complicates the definition of cultural diplomacy. The study concludes that new cultural diplomacy should be considered as an intersectional concept of new public diplomacy and international cultural relations. Key Words: public diplomacy, soft power, cultural diplomacy, international cultural relations ince the 9/11 terrorist attacks, public diplomacy has become a strong foreign Spolicy tool for mutual understanding through two-way communications. Public diplomacy addresses foreign publics and thereby increases the soft power of a state. Despite public diplomacy having distinct origins in the United States, many countries have started paying enormous attention to public diplomacy as a key part of diplomatic practices to strengthen their own soft power. Thus, public diplomacy has spread throughout the world from Latin America to Eastern Europe and Asia as a means of capturing the hearts and minds of foreign *Hwajung Kim([email protected]) is a lecturer on public diplomacy at the Graduate School of International Studies at Ewha Womans University. She received her Ph.D. from Ewha Womans University in 2016, receiving the best doctoral thesis prize from the university. Her research interests include soft power and cultural governance as well as public and cultural diplomacies. This paper reorganizes and rewrites the second chapter of her doctoral dissertation, “Effective Public-Pri- vate Partnerships in Cultural Diplomacy: A Case Study of Germany and South Korea.” The Korean Journal of International Studies Vol.15, No.2 (August 2017), 293-326 http://dx.doi.org/10.14731/kjis.2017.08.15.2.293 Ⓒ 2017 The Korean Journal of International Studies The Korean Journal of International Studies 15-2 | 294 publics. Furthermore, as public opinion has started to have an impact on foreign policy decision-making, publics have been gaining interest in foreign affairs and diplomacy. There has been an emergence of a broader literature in the field of foreign policy and more generalized insights from practitioners and about publics. Today, public diplomacy is hotly contested not only by scholars and practitioners but also by diverse actors from the general public. The term ‘public diplomacy’ has been widely used since the First World War, and it has been referred to as publicly-brokered peace covenants or the propaganda of the Cold War. Education, arts and cultural exchange programs and international broadcasting were the main tools for conducting public diplomacy, and individual governments spent large amounts of money particularly on education and cultural exchange programs up through the end of the Cold War. In the post-9/11 era, definitions of public diplomacy—the so-called ‘new’ public diplomacy—have expressed a strong foreign policy orientation towards mutual understanding, which is reflected in terms such as ‘engagement,’ ‘relationship building’ or ‘two-way communications’ (Melissen 2005). Cultural diplomacy has become a linchpin of public diplomacy with the rise of concern for soft power as globalization—in the sense of connectivity in economic and cultural life around the world—has been growing for several decades (Kim 2011). There is no doubt about the positive contribution of cultural diplomacy to national image, branding, and social cohesion; thus, cultural diplomacy has been regarded as a subset of public diplomacy by many public diplomacy scholars. However, currently there is no compelling research explaining why this is so. Rather, different views on cultural diplomacy and public diplomacy, and the relationship between the two, complicate our precise understanding of what cultural diplomacy means. For example, ‘engagement diplomacy’ embraces neither public diplomacy nor cultural diplomacy, while ‘contemporary diplomacy’ puts them in different domains. From other perspectives, cultural diplomacy is regarded as either the core of public diplomacy or as a subset of public diplomacy, as previously mentioned. This confusion—at least four different views on the linkages of cultural diplomacy and public diplomacy— comes from the lack of theoretical research, and widens the gap between cultural diplomacy in academia and practice. It blurs where to draw the line between ‘culture for the purpose of flourishing cultural assets, values and identities’ and ‘culture as a means of foreign policy and diplomatic activities.’ Given these circumstances, it is imperative to create a proper conceptualization of cultural diplomacy, which requires more in-depth analysis. This study aims to define this relationship, bridging the gap between public diplomacy and cultural diplomacy by contesting cultural diplomacy as a subset Bridging the Theoretical Gap between Public Diplomacy and Cultural Diplomacy | 295 of public diplomacy, thus contributing to the theorizing on cultural diplomacy with the emergence of globalization and the informational age. Fundamental questions have arisen as to what the historical and contemporary aspects of cultural activities were in international relations in conjunction with a state’s foreign policies and diplomacy, and how the growing attention on soft power has contributed to redefining cultural diplomacy in a contemporary context. Public diplomacy has its roots in international relations (IR), starting with the ‘power and diplomacy’ of realist thought, and further developing into the ‘complex interdependence’ and ‘new institutionalism’ of neoliberalism, and the issues of culture and identity dealt with in constructivism. Yet ironically, cultural diplomacy has not been rigorously studied by IR scholars since the end of the Cold War. In addition, recent scholars in the field of cultural diplomacy are multidisciplinary and have quite scattered views on the subject, rather than drawing from traditional IR theories. This study finds that the most profound research has been conducted by international historians, whose studies have affected scholars in a variety of different fields. Therefore, it is worthwhile to explore historians’ points of view on cultural diplomacy, followed by an exploration of perceptions of IR scholars and cultural diplomacy scholars, consecutively. This study does not employ a comparative approach, but attempts to embrace various fields of study to explain why and in what ways cultural diplomacy has been considered as a subset of public diplomacy over time without sufficient theoretical groundings. In exploring these issues, this study begins by examining paradigm shifts in public diplomacy in relation to the theoretical development of public diplomacy, and further explores how soft power and ‘new’ public diplomacy are interrelated. Secondly, this study investigates perspectives on cultural diplomacy from international historians, international relations scholars and cultural diplomacy experts to reveal inconsistencies in cultural diplomacy scholarship as a subset of new public diplomacy. Lastly, this study delves into how soft power can be incorporated into public and cultural diplomacies to conceptually and theoretically explain cultural diplomacy in a contemporary context. PARADIGM SHIFT IN PUBLIC DIPLOMACY THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT IN PUBLIC DIPLOMACY Public diplomacy’s multidisciplinary conceptualization has been explored in the fields of communications and international public relations, marketing, foreign policy analysis, and diplomatic studies (Gilboa 2008; Gregory 2008; Melissen The Korean Journal of International Studies 15-2 | 296 2013; Sharp 2013). Despite the vast amount of literature on public diplomacy from diverse disciplines, public diplomacy is also criticized for its lack of a theoretical infrastructure (Entman 2008). The multidisciplinary approaches to public diplomacy all tend to focus on public opinion, which results in communicative dimensions of diplomacy. As Melissen states, “Diplomacy has never been able to neglect public opinion” (Sharp 2013, 194). For this reason, British communication and public relations scholars in the 1950s and 1960s tried to include propaganda under the overarching concept of public relations, which was called “bad apples” by public relations scholars who were insisting that public relations was a form of diplomacy (L’Etang 2009, 609). In line with this scholarly debate, Tuch (1990) argued that public relations should be defined and considered in the context of globalization, and Signitzer and Coombs (1992) further develop the linkage between public relations and public diplomacy. Subsequently, scholars in communication studies contributed to the development of public diplomacy by applying the lens of communication to public diplomacy theory and practices (Leonard 2002; Jönsson and Hall 2003; van Ham 2008; Rasmussen 2009; Pamment 2011; Hayden 2013), or by incorporating national branding concepts
Recommended publications
  • Cultural Diplomacy and the National Interest
    Cultural Diplomacy and The National Interest Cultural Diplomacy and The National Interest: In Search of a 21st-Century Perspective Overview Interest in public and cultural diplomacy, after a long post-Cold War decline, has surged in the last few years. This new focus inside and outside government has two causes: first, the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the perception that the U.S. is losing a war of culture against Islamic extremists; and second, the documented global collapse of positive public sentiment toward the U.S. But the task facing policy leaders – translating interest into action – must accommodate the reality that government cultural work has been diminished in scope even as trade in cultural products and Internet communication has increased the complexity and informal character of cross-cultural communication. The current state of U.S. cultural and public diplomacy has been reviewed by numerous special commissions and elite bodies, ranging from the 9/11 Commission to the RAND Corporation, from Congress’s Governmental Accountability Office (GAO) to the Council on Foreign Relations. Resulting recommendations have emphasized increased funding, better coordination, increased State Department programming, and more private-sector partnership to support programming that the State Department and governmental broadcasting outlets are already producing. However, because cultural work constitutes a long-term, diffuse, and largely immeasurable solution to a pressing problem in an age of quick fixes, the larger concept of cultural diplomacy – defined most broadly as the propagation of American culture and ideals around the world – tends to get short shift in these presentations. In addition, the lion’s share of The Curb Center for Art, American cultural content is conveyed by private-sector film, recording, and Enterprise, and Public Policy at Vanderbilt broadcasting industries, functioning beyond the realm of official policy objectives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Cultural Diplomacy by Brazilian Government Abstract The
    1 Building a new strategy: the use of Cultural Diplomacy by Brazilian Government Abstract The paper will explore the co-relation between diplomacy and culture when States seek for power in the international arena. We postulate that countries with an interest to push the current power structure – and change today’s established order – can try to use cultural assets to enforce their own interests and values at the international arena. Considering that culture becomes an apparatus to achieve power and transform international society, we hypothesize that emerging powers - introduced lately at International Society - could articulate their positions by associating culture and diplomacy – an essential institution of international society. The instrumentalization of culture by Cultural Diplomacy contributes to these countries becoming more reputable in the international environment and tends to re- structure the balance of power. We propose to use the Brazilian case to illustrate our proposition. In this way, the paper will especially work with literature about International Cultural Relations and its intersection with Cultural History. The works of Robert Frank, Pascal Ory and Anaïs Fléchét will offer the main contribution for this argument. Introduction The research presented here intends to be a contribution to International Relations research field, especially by incorporating elements of Cultural History and by reflection on identity issues and on Brazilian international projection in the twenty-first century. Thus, from the study of the Brazilian cultural diplomacy strategies in the beginning of this century – period of major changes in the organization of international relations of Brazil –, we aim to demonstrate how countries considered ‘emerging poles’ (LIMA, 2010) can and make use of mechanisms created by States established in International Society.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Study-Abroad Students in Cultural Diplomacy: Toward an International Education As Soft Action Madalina Akli, Ph.D
    International Research and Review: Journal of Phi Beta Delta Volume 2, Issue 1, Fall 2012 Honor Society for International Scholars ISSN: 2167-8669 Publication URL: http://www.phibetadelta.org/publications.php The Role of Study-Abroad Students in Cultural Diplomacy: Toward an International Education as Soft Action Madalina Akli, Ph.D. Rice University Abstract This paper argues that study-abroad students should be at the center of cultural diplomacy. It recognizes that students can engage in soft action to establish intercultural dialogue. They develop and sustain relationships with people from host countries through cultural immersion and education. Study-abroad students are encouraged to proactively claim their cultural diplomacy role, and thereby cause a shift from formal soft power, traditionally concentrated in embassies and the diplomatic corps, to informal soft action in daily life abroad. With the recent development of a plethora of study-abroad opportunities, soft power can be re-configured by students and educators who cross national borders. Consequently, they are the potential agents of a paradigm shift regarding cultural diplomacy and international education: they are today’s new unofficial cultural diplomats. Key words: international education, study abroad, student cultural ambassadors, cultural diplomacy, soft action A Brief Historical Overview of U.S. International Education: A Diversity of Rationales and Purposes From a historical perspective, the development of international education from 1945 to 1970, although dynamic,
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution
    Cultural Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution Introduction In his poem, The Second Coming (1919), William Butler Yeats captured the moment we are now experiencing: Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity. As we see the deterioration of the institutions created and fostered after the Second World War to create a climate in which peace and prosperity could flourish in Europe and beyond, it is important to understand the role played by diplomacy in securing the stability and strengthening the shared values of freedom and democracy that have marked this era for the nations of the world. It is most instructive to read the Inaugural Address of President John F. Kennedy, in which he encouraged Americans not only to do good things for their own country, but to do good things in the world. The creation of the Peace Corps is an example of the kind of spirit that put young American volunteers into some of the poorest nations in an effort to improve the standard of living for people around the globe. We knew we were leaders; we knew that we had many political and economic and social advantages. There was an impetus to share this wealth. Generosity, not greed, was the motivation of that generation. Of course, this did not begin with Kennedy. It was preceded by the Marshall Plan, one of the only times in history that the conqueror decided to rebuild the country of the vanquished foe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Potential for an Eu Supracapitalism
    THE POTENTIAL FOR AN EU SUPRACAPITALISM By DAVID JENKINS A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY The Department of Politics and International Studies School of Government and Society College of Social Sciences University of Birmingham September 2015 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract This research set out to establish whether the supranational management by the European Central Bank (ECB) of the monetary policy and exchange rate policy of the 12 European Union (EU) member states adopting the euro single currency, could be considered as a precursor to the development of a one-size-fits-all model of EU capitalism. In doing so, eight typologies of EU national capitalisms were constructed from the broad range of literature of types or varieties of capitalism, and were employed to test the performance of their economies between 1986 and 2006. Using a broad range of macroeconomic variable indicators over a period that began with Single European Act (SEA) and coursed through seven years past the launch of the euro in 1999, levels of influence of the ECB and euro as institutions on the performance of the selected capitalism groups were measured in order to establish the extent to which the ECB as a genuine supranational body would be able to both complete the planned transmission to full EU economic and monetary union as a basis for future EU political union.
    [Show full text]
  • Narrative Traditions in Western Foreign Policy Analysis
    A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/91976 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Losing Turkey? Narrative traditions in Western foreign policy analysis by Johanna Tuulia Vuorelma A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Politics and International Studies University of Warwick, Department of Politics and International Studies November 2016 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ___________________________________________________________ 6 Declaration _________________________________________________________________ 8 Abstract ___________________________________________________________________ 9 Chapter 1 – Introduction ______________________________________________________ 10 Research question _________________________________________________________ 33 Research statement and contribution ___________________________________________ 33 Thesis structure ___________________________________________________________ 38 Chapter 2 – The idea of the West _______________________________________________ 40 Introduction _____________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Music As a Cultural Diplomacy Between Israel and Turkey (2008-2016)
    DOI: 10.7816/idil-06-32-04 idil, 2017, Cilt 6, Sayı 32, Volume 6, Issue 32 MUSIC AS A CULTURAL DIPLOMACY BETWEEN ISRAEL AND TURKEY (2008-2016) Mehtap DEMİR1 ÖZ The objective of this research is to explore how musical and cultural diplomacy have influenced political relationships between Turkey and Israel. Cultural diplomacy encompasses the exchange of ideas and information for the purpose of promoting mutually benefiting understanding between different cultural groups. Music diplomacy is the use of songs to promote respect, cooperation and understanding. The article emphasizes how Israel and Turkey have benefited from the power of music and cultural exchanges to maintain friendly ties when they have the lowest level of connection in terms of diplomatic relations. In the diplomatic crisis of two countries in 2010, the musicians, from both countries, took on the roles of peace ambassador and helped to soothe the masses through concerts. Using the constructivist theory of international relations, this article argues for promotion of culture and music as crucial diplomatic instruments for improving cooperation and communication between countries. In this context, it is very crucial to raise the highest possible levels of musical and cultural diplomacy between Israel and Turkey and to find ways to respect each other's cultural uniqueness. The topic of this article has been probed through the historical and critical method of musicology in the interdisciplinary context, including politics, international relations and cultural studies. Keywords: Israel, Turkey, Cultural Diplomacy, Music, International Relations Demir, Mehtap. "Music as a Cultural Diplomacy between Israel and Turkey (2008-2016)". idil 6.32 (2017): 1225-1240.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Cultural Diplomacy on Public Perception in Asia
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 8-2018 The Effects of Cultural Diplomacy on Public Perception in Asia Joseph R. Johnson Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Johnson, Joseph R., "The Effects of Cultural Diplomacy on Public Perception in Asia" (2018). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 7257. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7257 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECTS OF CULTURAL DIPLOMACY ON PUBLIC PERCEPTION IN ASIA by Joseph R. Johnson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Political Science Approved: ______________________ ____________________ Yesola Kweon, Ph.D. Anna Pechenkina, Ph.D. Major Professor Committee Member ______________________ ____________________ So-Jung Lim, Ph.D. Mark R. McLellan, Ph.D. Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2018 ii Copyright © Joseph Johnson 2018 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT The Effects of Cultural Diplomacy on Public Perception in Asia by Joseph R. Johnson Utah State University, 2018 Major Professor: Yesola Kweon Department: Political Science How does exposure to foreign cultures affect public opinion? Many states rely on cultural diplomacy programs to improve their national image abroad. Some scholars, however, argue that cultural exports can lead to nationalist backlashes of negative opinion that outweigh their positive effects.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 US Cultural Diplomacy
    U.S. Cultural Diplomacy: Where Are We Now? Five Papers Published by the Center for Arts and Culture Executive Summary The portrayal overseas of American democracy, values and culture is at an all-time low. According to one poll after another, perceptions around the world about America continue to sink. 1 If American values are misunderstood, or even poorly understood, by the rest of the world, what are our leaders and public institutions doing about it? The Center for Arts and Culture commissioned five papers in the spring of 2003 to explore varying aspects of the contemporary state of U.S. cultural diplomacy, which has been defined as “the exchange of ideas, information, art, and other aspects of culture among nations and their people in order to foster mutual understanding.”2 Paradoxically, official support for exchanges of people and culture has decreased by nearly 20 percent from 1992 to 2002. Yet at the same time, we are asking more of the apparatus of public diplomacy to rectify the U.S. image abroad. In Cultural Diplomacy and the United States Government: A Survey, Milton Cummings traces the origins of cultural diplomacy beginning in the 1930s, in response to Nazi cultural propaganda in Latin America, through an urgent period of growth during World War II, and on to a more vigorously institutionalized phase of cultural diplomacy during the 40 years of the Cold War. Programs exported in the name of diplomacy initially focused on art exhibits, and soon expanded to embrace educational, library and museum exchanges, especially with former belligerent nations. “Between 1945 and 1954, more than 12,000 Germans and 2,000 Americans participated in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Diplomacy and Dance: Israel's Batsheva Dance Company
    Cultural Diplomacy and Dance: Israel’s Batsheva Dance Company by Allison Badar Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Departmental Honors in the School for Classical & Contemporary Dance Texas Christian University Fort Worth, Texas 2 May 2016 ii Cultural Diplomacy and Dance: Israel’s Batsheva Dance Company Project Approved: Supervising Professor: Jessica Zeller, M.F.A., Ph.D. School for Classical & Contemporary Dance James M. Scott, Ph.D. Department of Political Science Susan Douglas Roberts, M.F.A. School for Classical & Contemporary Dance iii ABSTRACT Since Israel became an independent state in 1948, the country needed to foster a cultural identity and establish a greater scope of allies with countries outside of the Middle East. Using the United States as a model for dance as cultural diplomacy, the Israeli government has sponsored dance companies to travel abroad to foster more positive international relations. Dance provides an abstract but powerful force in disseminating cultural ideals to the rest of the world, so Israel identified and supported the Batsheva Dance Company on many international tours. However, the Batsheva dance company denies that any of its work carries political attributes. Using an embodied, multi-modal research approach, I explore whether or not the Batsheva Dance Company’s dancing, Gaga Movement Language, can carry cultural and political influence. Dance is a cultural phenomenon, and thus the findings of this research point to the inherent politics and culture of movement within a dance style. Because of this Batsheva and Gaga Movement Language is not immune to the politics of the country, and is therefore a powerful force in both creating relationships abroad and disseminating true Israeli culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Diplomacy in Europe
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 102 067 SO 008 107 AUTHOR Haigh, Anthony TITLE Cultural Diplomacy in Europe. INSTITUTION Council for Cultural Cooperation, Strasbourg (France). PUB DATE 74 NOTE 223p. AVAILABLE FROM Manhattan Publishing Co., 225 Lafayette Street, New York, New York 10012 ($9.50) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC Not Available from EDRS. PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS *Cultural Exchange; Cultural Interrelationships; *Diplomatic History; European History; Exchange Programs; Foreign Countries; Foreign Policy; *Foreign Relations; *Intercultural Programs; *International Education; Political Science IDENTIFIERS *Europe; France; Germany; Italy; United Kingdom ABSTRACT The evolution of European government activities in the sphere of international cultural relations is examined. Section 1 describes the period between World War I and World War II when European governments tried to enhance their prestige and policies by means of cultural propaganda. Section 2 analyzes the period during World War II when the cohabitation of several exiled governments in the United Kingdom led to the impetus and development of both bilateral and collective forms of cultural diplomacy. The third section deals with the cultural diplomacy of specific countries including France, Italy, the Federal German Republic, and the United Kingdom. French cultural diplomacy is presented at the model, and an attempt is made to show how the other three countries vary from that model. Section 4 examines the collective experiences of three groups of countries in the field of cultural diplomacy. Attention is first given to the largely homogeneous group of five Nordic countries, which evolved a practice of collective cultural diplomacy among themselves. By way of contrast, the seven countries of the Western European Union including Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Luxembourg, the Federal German Republic, and Italy exhibit a system of collective cultural cooperation worked out to implement a clause of a treaty after World War II.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychopower of Cultural Diplomacy in the Information
    ‘Psychopower’ of Cultural Diplomacy in the Information Age Natalia Grincheva April 2013 Figueroa Press Los Angeles ‘PSYCHOPOWER’ OF CULTURAL DIPLOMACY IN THE INFORMATION AGE Natalia Grincheva Published by FIGUEROA PRESS 840 Childs Way, 3rd Floor Los Angeles, CA 90089 Phone: (213) 743-4800 Fax: (213) 743-4804 www.figueroapress.com Figueroa Press is a division of the USC Bookstore Copyright © 2013 all rights reserved Notice of Rights All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmit- ted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the author, care of Figueroa Press. Notice of Liability The information in this book is distributed on an “As is” basis, without warranty. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, neither the author nor Figueroa nor the USC Bookstore shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by any text contained in this book. Figueroa Press and the USC Bookstore are trademarks of the University of Southern California ISBN 13: 978-0-18-215589-7 ISBN 10: 0-18-215589-7 For general inquiries or to request additional copies of this paper please contact: USC Center on Public Diplomacy at the Annenberg School University of Southern California 3502 Watt Way, G4 Los Angeles, CA 90089-0281 Tel: (213) 821-2078; Fax: (213) 821-0774 [email protected] www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy CPD Perspectives is a periodic publication by the USC Center on Public Diplomacy, and highlights scholarship intended to stimulate critical thinking about the study and practice of public diplomacy.
    [Show full text]