4Th Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013

4th Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013

E-mail: [email protected] Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/armanshahr.openasia Facebook Armanshahr Publishing: https://www.facebook.com/groups/Armanshahr.Publishing Armanshahr Foundation

Armanshahr Foundation is an independent, not for profit citizens organisation based in Kabul and is not affiliated with any economic, political, religious, ethnic groups or governments. The Foundation’s mission is to create proper forums to ensure citizens social demand for democracy, human rights, justice and rule of law and to create through cultural manifestations and publications a broad constituency of well-informed citizens’. Armanshahr Foundation also activelysafeguarding promotes reflectionpeace. and debate inside Afghanistan, trans-regionally and internationally with the goal of ensuring solidarity, progress and

and Heinrich Böll Foundation. This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union the position of the above institutions. The contents of the publication can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting

Some of the items and articles that are published in each issue of “Armanshahr” from other sources are intended to inform our readers, but their contents or positions do not

necessarily reflect Armanshahr’s positions.

Issues 27-28 (Year IV) Armanshahr, a periodical on human rights and civil society

January 2013 Translation and Editing: Khalil Rostamkhani Interviews : Jawad Darwaziyan

DesignAll rights and are Layout: reserved Kabir for Ahmad the publisher. Neshat Circulation: 20,000 E-mail: [email protected] Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/armanshahr.openasia Facebook Armanshahr Publishing: https://www.facebook.com/groups/Armanshahr.Publishing In this issue:

Armanshahr ·

· 15 years Armanshahr,st & 2nd celebrated with Simorgh peace prize awards – Goftegus 100 and 101...... 4 WomenWinners of 1 Simorgh Peace Prize announced...... 6 · · Violence against women is political - Goftegu 98...... 7 · Two women, two poetesses – Goftegu 89 (Badakhshan)...... 10 JusticeWomen’s and peace participation in peace process - Reza Hussaini...... 12 · · · Access to justice and challenges to it - Goftegu 99...... 15 · Justice & rights in Balkh - Goftegu 92...... 17 Justice & rights: 10-year experience; a way for the future - Goftegu 90...... 20 National interests, peace, justice: questions and ambiguities – Interview with HumanAbdulhafiz rights Mansoor...... 22 ·

· Amnesty International: results and achievements of a decade - Interview with · Horia Mosadiq...... 25 Human Rights Watch in Afghanistan, 10 years on - Interview with Heather Barr..28 HumanHuman rights rights violations in Badakhshan - Interview with Wahideddin Arghun...... 32 ·

News...... 34 · Transitional justice CultureCorrelation and arts of peace and transitional justice...... 37 ·

Looting, burning and destruction of the National Museum - Interview with Omara · Khan Massoudi...... 39 · Book & Freedom of Expression in Balkh - Goftegu 91...... 42 · · Publishers in Kabul, what they say and do...... 43 In the context of footnote - Goftegu 95...... 45 The Colonel by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi – two reviews...... 46 Books ·

Armanshahr’s new books...... 48

- Armanshahr/OPEN ASIA Publications...... 50 - Other articles in the Dari version:...... 51 Goftegus 100 and 101 15 years Armanshahr, celebrated with Simorgh peace prize awards A caravan of books leaves; a caravan of affection returns Armanshahr

th took part at the meeting, which was covered The 15 anniversary ofth the establishment More than 100 cultural activists of Tajikistan of Armanshahr Foundation/Open Asia was celebrated in its 100 Goftegu meeting Radioby the Zamaaneh. media in Tajikistan as well as the during which the winners of the first and international media, e.g. BBC, Radio Azadi and second Simorgh peace prize were announced. Furthermore, the Ministry of Culture of The play startedst with “I pray to God for the the Republic of Tajikistan and the National decades of publishing services and cultural grapes to ripen,” a poem by Elias Alawi, a Library of Tajikistan were praised for two winner of the 1 Simorgh Peace Prize. The final sentence of the play created many achievements, respectively. Two thousand questions for the audience: “Perhaps we have books were donated to the National Library. not realised yet that we are the Simorgh, it is The National library of Tajikistan hosted asthe a blessedlaw.” peace of Simorgh that conquers the 15th anniversary of Armanshahr on 7 the hearts; it can be accepted unconditionally SimorghDecember Peace 2012. Caravan During basedthe celebration, on the winning Tajik between peace and war, which kept recurring actors performed a play with the title of the onThe the play stage. concentrated War went, peace on thecame, contrast peace

went and war came. Sometimes: “War ended. 1poems- The script of wasthe based Simorgh on the Peaceworks of Prizepoets from as wellTajikistan, as1 Afghanistana selection and ofIran: poems Attar of by Nishapur, well-known Mehdi Akhavan poets. Saless, Layegh Shir-Ali, Bazar Saber, Golrokhsar Safi Ava, Eskandar Khatlani, Nezam Ghassem, Elias Alawi, Zahra Hosseinzada, Wahid That was the last news they had heard on the Talat, Ebrahim Amini, Seyyed Mehdi Moussavi, Rooholamin Amini, Hamed Rahmati, Amanollah Mirzaei, Mojgan Sadat, Alireza radio. They had returned home in dirty attire/ Labash, Mohammad Ali Siavosh Jonaydi, Zahra Zahedi, Javad nobody waited for them/nobody said hello/ Kelidari, Sanaz Beheshti, Sohrab Sirat, Taymour Barghi, and young nobody opened the door.” However, there was a members of Pierre Jouannon Poetry Workshop. The actors were: Artegh Ghader, Hemmat Khoda Amri Khodayov, Ghanijan Alemov, theirreply: head “They to do answer not wish and to meet answer friends...” your hello/ The Molane Najmeddin Ava, Ghadamshah Nazarov, Guissou Jahangiri, endingheads are of warbent does into notthe meancollars/nobody its conclusion. raises It Rooholamin Amini, Shourangiz Dadashi, Guissou Mohammad Shayova and students of Mirz Torsanzada Industrial College. is the beginning of a cold season during which iog ta cnur te ers i cn be can it hearts; the conquers that Simorgh we are that theSimorgh,is theblessedpeaceof it yet realised not have we “Perhaps play: war, the truth was still the final sentence of the and peace the all grief, and joy the all Despite young and agile rain/ passed therain.” the passed heart/ Ringing my every of mirror washed the washed it it eyes/ window/ and heart my clean washed it grief/ 40-day the awaywashed rain “the and heart,”my in Khorassans thousand a are “There out: cried they whenapart,” falling hands, crazygoing HeavenEarth the the and “without joined and together came geography from the three corners of this great lingual brothers and sisters when especially bitter this, as as not was play the of text whole The was medicineaswell assickness.” was still whispering, don’t say anything, silence flowing.”“Mother is that: forgetWe not should flowing blood is his where blood flowing is myblood your where blood, of void not are war to protect peace:“Don’tthe gutters goout, the with concerned window.”be the must One shut andthewoman was ontheother side of was frame corpses/the two “The filmed watched: be camera must films war The kill?” why okay,but well, the in throwing expected/ brothers of Joseph must betold: “This was not “Drunkenness must spread to objects.” The evil 17 years.” after mother his meet can Ali Mohammad and the bordersdrunk/ get must drunk get must worldshoulders the paupers mostrub/ and streetsdrunk/the stumble/Presidents must wareradicated.be must “Theworldget must of consequences The destination. final the not redressed.be must past the Achievingpeace is release: press a issued also Prize Peace Simorgh The film oftheplay performed inTajikistan. huad o pes n sois f solidarity of stories and poems Armanshahr, of thousands of books 2,000 of caravan The the of days difficult suffering land. most of the people in the Tajikistan by stood had that institution activities. Shedescribed Armanshahr as an spokesweetly yearsArmanshahr’s 15 of about Golrokhsar Safi Ava, mother of the Tajik nation, the and Culture National Library of of Tajikistan. Subsequently, Ministry Ms were the sculptures to awarded special two play, the After accepted unconditionally asalaw.” eot bu te 1 the about report Society Foundationheard inKabul a Civil and Culture the the 2012, at of themeeting participants December 17 On pen, poetryandliterature. a good number of the peopleof inr. hy hn ace a watched then They winners. of honour were awarded to the statutes ofSimorgh andplates Simorgh peace prizes, when the and set up its 101 memories, friendships, and love caravanas a Kabul to of affection, returned and Tajikistan to wentand commonlanguage st meeting with st and2 nd

Armanshahr th 27-28 5 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Armanshahr 27-28 6

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Winners of the 1 Winners of e eevd bu 10 wrs rm the over the world for the 1 from works Persian-languagewriters 1000 poets from and all about received We · Rejection ofwar: violenceandmilitarism social illtreatments · conflicts andwars · the following topics: them to send their works to theSecretariat on to Prize Peace poets and Simorghwriters on 15 the September 2009 asked of call first The day less,butaday more!” the with a year,not a days 2009 365 peace want “We motto in Prize Peace Simorgh the founded ASIAFoundation/OPEN Armanshahr Prize named inr o te 1 the where of Tajikistan, winners in Dushanbe in held was Foundation, marking 15 years of its operation, Goftegu public debate meeting of Armanshahr Category for the poem “Those dark clouds and - grapes to ripen” the for God to pray “I poem the for Category - Winners ofthe1 to theNationalLibrary ofTajikstan. donated were books 2,000 Also significance. its highlight to Tajikistan of Library National services twoin thepast decades and the CultureTajikistanof praisein publishing its of special prizes were awarded to the Ministry of and poems, recited and play a staged artists Tajik meeting, this At announced. were Prize n rdy 7 eebr 02 te 100 the 2012, December 7 Friday, On titles to theSecretariat. who were asked to send in samplesoftheir non-governmentalpublishers inAfghanistan, The 2 Torture: physical, sexual, psychological and psychological sexual, physical,Torture: eyd ed Musv i te rn Poetry Iran the in Moussavi Mehdi Seyyed Victim: victimsoftherecent tumults, la Aai n h Agaitn Poetry Afghanistan the in Alawi Elias nd Simorgh Peace Prize was specified for specified was Prize Peace Simorgh Armanshahr/OPEN ASIA 9 December2012 Press release st Simorgh Peace Prizeare: st st and2 and2 st Simorgh Peace Prize. nd nd Simorgh Peace Simorgh Peace th

OPENASIA http://www.facebook.com/Armanshahr. http://jayezasimorgh.blogfa.com/ [email protected] (FIDH) InternationalFederation for Human Rights progress. Armanshahr Foundation is a memberof the and peace solidarity, achieving of of ideas and dialogueintheregion with thegoal exchange toward working Armanshahr is Foundation citizens. the of consciousness bookspublish to serve theshapingofcollective and initiatives cultural take law; of rule justice and rights, human democracy, to geared appropriate for achieving socialdemands We endeavour to create thefoundations religious, and ethnic group or any government. organisation affiliatedtoanypolitical, not economic, is that citizenship making non-profit Armanshahr Foundation is an independent published soon. The call for the 3 the non-officiallanguages ethnic on spokenlanguages inAfghanistan, inparticular focusing and anthologies poetry - and focusing onthenewgeneration ofwriters - and stories poetry, history research, and critique - Peace Prize are: The winning publishersofthe2 Bastani (Iran), andMr. Javad Kelidari (Iran) Talat Sadigheh Ms. Vahid(Iran), Shojaei Mona Mr.Ms. (Iran), (Iran), Beheshti Amini Sanaz Ms. Ebrahim Mr. (Afghanistan), Ms. Zahra Zahedi (Afghanistan), (Afghanistan), Sirat praised: Mr. SohrabMr. (Afghanistan), (Afghanistan), wereMirzaei Amanollah Hosseinzada Zahra people Ms. 10 Furthermore, Category for thestory “There was thewar” - Category for thestory “Noharmintrying” - these shadows are ominous” TaakPublishing House for storiespublishing Erfan Publishing House for books on literary mn oymk n h Agaitn Story Afghanistan the in Pouyamak Aman Qalam Publishing House forQalam publishing osi Seabii n h Ia Story Iran the in Shekarbeigi Hossein rd Simorgh Peace Prize will be nd Simorgh h 98 The usd te oe te laet xmls of violence againstpolitical women included examples clearest the home, the Outside and otherinstances. rape family degradation, and insults friends, and relatives to visits of prohibition family, the in womenexploiting giving birth, at death health, to access of family,lack the in women women,kidnapping preventingeducation of giving girlsand women to solve disputes, marriage, early and forced girls, the burning of events nationwide: rape,to beating examples death, horrible the of opinion public the informed have media the years, few past the Fortunately,requirement. economic an and in issue, socialandculturalpolitical problem a is women against violence of question The and peace”was alsodistributed. for“Justice Armanshahr title women,war in women’sCouncil and The participation. against women, theConstitution,Peace The speakers discussedviolence such issues as Darwaziyan. Jawad was meeting the of Moderator affairs). women’s in (Specialised Hosseini Reza Karokhi Professor Masouda (Parliamentarian), Ms. were: speakers The was organised in Kabul, on 15 November 2012. Violence against Women inWar andPeace” Armanshahr Foundation,“Political entitled of citizens, the and elite the between bridge Goftegu 98 th otg pbi dbt (7 debate public Goftegu Violence against women ispolitical th er, a year), n dsrcs Gauly wmns iis to visits their relatives were alsoprohibited. women’s Gradually, districts. and to close the girls schools in remote villages was did mujahedin the thing first the Soviets, 1978 when the peoplerosecoup d’état, against the April the After us. support to laws were no there because Afghanistan, of history contemporary the in war of decades and several change system d’états, coup numerous saying: women, “Women received against the greatest harm from violence political forKarokhi,discussed Herat,MP Masouda Ms of theirright to self-determination. deprived were population the of 50% Hence, macromicro and decisions to preventthe war. decades of war, women were never involved in several During them. condemned equally has – force societal have marginalised women. Political short, violence in – violence family for council elections.Rape, honour killing, of Women’s Affairs and allow women to run Ministry the establish to parliament, national statesmen towomen’s accept presence in the pressureforced that Afghanistanand its as “sexual apartheid.” It was only international life.political Some people referred to erathat the of aspects all and womensociety fromthe of omission whose total almost era, the to Taleban led ideology the of experience the market.the labour Afghanistanbehind has left and society politics, from women of omission

Women Armanshahr 27-28 8

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 ufle t ti dt. codn t a Oxfam an proportionreport,the ofworking women to According date. this to fulfilled positions should goto women, ithasnotbeen that 30% of all important and decision-making the National Development Plan has emphasised Tokyoand in conference recent the particular emphasised internationalin all conferences, in their civilrights,and political have been “Even though therights ofwomen, inparticular are more worrying. today women of conditions the Commission, AfghanistanIndependent HumanRights in theparliamentand theestablishmentof of Women’s Affairs, membership of women Ministry the of establishment for community years five with Despiteago. thesupportofinternational even comparison is in situation worse the Nevertheless, conventions. Women andnumerous other international Universal for of Elimination Violence against the to Declaration ofHumanRights, theConvention acceded has Afghanistan strong political strong political of thepeopleis and absence of the ruleoflaw, followed men. human rights organisation organisation mobilisation day despotic been ableto the present- “We women violation of conditions, establish a and public To combat essential.” and have have not mostly the government of Furthermore, family. the unprotected women and paid specialattention to have 54 and 53 Articles houses of theparliament. in women the lower andupper for quotas women andguaranteed paid specialattention to have 82 and 44 Articles men andwomen alike. the right ofthepeople, all has deemed toeducation be 43 Article elected. right to electandbe has deemed the women’s 33 Article discrimination women. between men and rejected any has 22 example, Article For realised. provisions from being has preventedits all insecurity Unfortunately, prevailing the region. in theworld andthe advanced constitutions is oneofthemost Conference,the Bonn which is theoutcome of advanced Constitution, “The current modern and towards negative peace. peace be opentopeace will doubtandwemove shall in specifically and negotiations, otherwise the pervasiveness of clearly quite up brought be to rights women’s the require we that informed. is transparency of clearly aspect important and The the fully i.e. be must it, people in participation for prerequisite contract, awareness of its conditions is a government. Ifwe deempeaceto beasocial even though themedia are incontrol of the are aware oftheconditions oftheopposition, people the of 45% whereas government, the are aware of the conditions anddemands of transparency, is study,recent a Accordingto people the of 28% principle key i.e. awareness of the conditions for peace. first explained: He “The lacks. Afghanistan in process components ofpositive peace,which thepeace are pervasiveness and justice Transparency, structures). fairtowards society the of motion and positive peace(absence of war plusthe worldwide: negative peace (absenceof war) of peace intheandlegalpolitical literature types two are there that argued and process the activeof women participation inthepeace discussed Hosseini Reza speaker,Mr next The mobilisation ofthepeopleisessential. law, strongorganisation political andpublic violation conditions, rightsof human of rule absence ofthe and despotic present-day the Tocombat men. followed mostly have and toable astrong establish organisation political been not have women Wesaying: and women activethe criticising by concluded Karokhi Ms. various pretexts.” the Supreme ithasbeenignored Court, on to woman a appoint to requested frequently been drastically reduced. Even though the president has been has Health and Education, Women’s 18%. to presence in the Ministries of 27-28% Education, Higher from fallen has the politicalaspect.” peace shouldhave asocialaspect inadditionto women isdangerous, whereas we demandthat of presence the why is which process, security the peaceprocess in Afghanistan is a political- also takemust men. However,among place peace and men among place took conflict the Unfortunately, issues. women are marginalised under these the pretext that of significance in thepeaceprocesshighlighthelp will the welfaresecurity.social and participation Their men forthan issueschildcare,such ashealth, womenpragmatic and careviewpoint, more realistic a from 3) justice; social of fulfilment participation of women inthepeaceprocess helps the 2) process; this in part take to womenboth impact and itis their certain right peace and war 1) issues: threeby necessitated However, necessary. reallywomen’s processin thepeace participation is not is presence of women’s the existence i.e. assumptions, the discriminatory indicates indeed process’, in thepeace of women the presence i.e. ‘theneed for question, this said: “Asking this process, he of women in the presence the needfor Referring to be anenduringone.” not shall process peace the justice, of issue the Peace fails to devise a mechanism to deal with of Council High the and of pursued, not is justice question the If Taleban. the under events is inundated withthebitter memories of the women of memory historicalparticular, the In been committed against humanity Afghanistan. have crimes many that know We prosecuted. be must humanity against crimes and justice without peace shallnotbesustainable that The more realistic viewpointcontends prevailingwithin thegovernment.viewpoint the peaceprocess toThat isthe deadlock. a (Conservatives) believe this that topic push will are There twoin thisrelation. viewpoints Thepoliticians justice. is principle key third The process in Afghanistan lacks thiscomponent. its members are women. Therefore, of thepeace 12% i.e. women, nine only includes Peace pervasiveness. However,its theHigh Councilof is peace lasting a of component next “The for women inwarwere andpeace” distributed. Persian and English versions, aswellas “Justice “Prison, prisonersrights” andhuman in two titles of Armanshahr, “For recording in history”, the meeting were broadcast on Aryana TV. New one-third ofwhom were women. Somepartsof More than 70 people had attended this meeting, politics andreligion.” economy, family, institutions, educational as stands forpeace social fair structures such not address issues such but as nationbuilding, “Political said: peace takesthe eliteamong place anditdoes Hosseini Mr peace, political social peace anditsdifferencesabout with In reply to the question of one of the participants approved.” in clergy the the Parliament has prevented it from of being influence “The replied: she of Prohibition for Law againstWomen approved,been hadnot and the why asked was In the question and answer section, Ms Karokhi ahead withreconciliation onthoseterms.” the governmentthe opinionthat go not must of were people the of 90% than More women? right andsocialparticipationof ofpolitical the armed opposition refuse to recognise the or Taleban the if government the from expect you do what was: question Another condition. the talks iftheTalebanrefused to acceptthis demanded thegovernmentthat end must people the of cent per Ninety-one talks? peace recognise the women’s right to education in expect you from thegovernment iftheTaleban do do not what asked: were the people forthe need the participation ofwomen inthepeaceprocess, on Research Group Rights Advocacy Human and the by conducted peace process, he said: anopinion “In poll the from expectations women’s out Pointing Armanshahr th 27-28 9 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Armanshahr 27-28 10

Two women, two poetesses: 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Goftegu 89 Caravan of5,000Armanshahr Makhfi Badakhshi Mahjouba Herawi books inBadakhshan &

otg dbt (6 debate Goftegu o ak h arvl f aaa o 5,000 89 of the Caravan Badakhshan, in of books arrival Armanshahr the mark To from behindthechadors and walls.Her life “Makhfi was able to represent unknown women on herworkworksand ofhercontemporaries: based work political and social, literary, and life Makhfi’s on reported Nategh Hassam Ms not has heart grown happy.” sad my but by, gone has “Life all inexile. born, grew up, was educated and wrote poetry, poetry of the two ladies. Makhfi Badakhshi was for women. Thedarkaspects are the in noticeable dark very is Afghanistan of History said: Lalzad, Sadighi Mr moderator, meeting’s The the two poetesses. offered theirinsights into thelife andworkof of ShivayeAbdulmanan writer) and (poet Shargh (director Mr Dinkhahani and Department) Information and Culture Mohammad Mr professor), University Kabul former and Dept Affairs Women’s of (director Nategh Hassam Zofonoun Ms comprising speakers, the Next, poetesses. two the of poetry and life the about Armanshahr Foundation hadproduced in Kabul of adramathat piece thesametitle with beganThe meeting the screeningwith the meeting. half of them women. Themediacoveredlocal attended, people 250 than More Commission. of AfghanistanRightsIndependent Human Informationdivision Department andthelocal and Culture the werecollaborators The 2012. Culture on28 Department’s HallAugust Badakhshan’sat of Badakhshan, capital Mahjouba & Herawi”was organisedFayzabad, in provincial Badakhshi Makhfi Armanshahr poetesses: of citizens, the Foundation,“Twoentitled women, two and elite the th er, big between bridge a year), th hr mn wies pes n researchers read outtheirwritingsandresearch papers.” and poets writers, many where organised a seminar in our Department in 2007, the public in many districts of Badakhshan. We nowis availablepoetry Badakhshi’s “Makhfi to founders of women’s movementAfghanistan.in He arguedthe two that women werethe among seal ofsilenceourfathers.’” the broken have‘We say: they fanaticism, and bullying to response In it. from suffered oppression and about spoke both they apart, far wereHerawi Mahjouba and Badakhshi Makhfi He wenton: “Even though theclassorigins of moral degeneration. through going is generation young Mohammad the when Mr who spokeDepartment, a strange about time, was speaker Dinkhahani, director ofCulture andInformation next The wrote poetry, herbrothers corrected she themfor her.” When Hendi. Makhfi of honour in alias her chose brothers family.Her nurturing was“She borntoand literaturearts an civil servants. againstdespotic rulers, and oppressive governors and up stood always She Badakhshan. in the king,she drew his attention to destruction wentto meether. Instead ofcringingbefore to a meeting, she refused to go. Finally, the king and father brothers in exile. her When the king of summoned her death the witnessed exile; and prison in years 20 than more spent “She education ofwomen for many years.’ about nurtured had I wishes the of fulfilment fortunateam said: ‘I toalive be andwitnessthe has She Badakhshan. in school girls’ see first to the fortunate and was She Ghori Herawi. Mahjouba Mastoureh She, women: million 6-7 among time her in identified well be can displacements andhardships. Three women suffered she sadness; and tragedy of full was freedom andrights.” justice, achieveto are they and end to come to is deprivationavoided, be to is context that of the revive must historical courage repetition ofBadakhshi ifa day present context. the past of Women their review they when value Women of Afghanistan shallgain their human pushed themto deprivationlower and status. consciousness of womenon thepart has He went onto argueof the lack that Makhfi BadakhshiandMahjoubaHerawi.” on freedom and rights inthecontextof poetry: of history Afghanistan,who have offered their thoughts the in women two only have “We Badakhshi: ‘You may noteven getmarried.’ the king has written in the exile order of Makhfi whereby Afghanistan; of women for worst the blood, rage and violence for men, ithas brought brought has history “If said: He Khan. Rahman the progressiveall people oftheeraof Abdur- spoke Shargh the historicalabout despotismplagued that Shivaye Mr speaker, last The life inBadakhshan isindisarray now.” today. Badakhshan in security structureof The moral have not and do girls and permissiveness boys Young corruption. in engage they interested inreading books now. Instead, not are people young The institutions. social rise despite thegrowthof cultural and he said: “Culturaldegeneration isonthe Badakhshan, of people young the Addressing Armanshahr th 27-28 11 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Armanshahr 27-28 12

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 r ifune b te eut o te peace the of results process in the same the way as they are by by conflicts. influenced active are and maximal Women 1) process: peace a the in participation for have to reasons women three the are there Theoretically, their expectations? women, thepeaceprocess?about What are the concerns inparticular of thepeople, the are (justice, What peace pervasiveness)? enduring transparency, an of enjoy features process the peace the Does conflict? and war any of foundations the as marginalisation it preventthe regeneration of deprivation and Will equality? gender discriminatory and rights promoting women’s the by structures political change and social help process will how process be protected?the peace Will are: asked process. be the participationofwomen inthepeace peace to the questions The in presence and symbolic minimal a have women Afghanistan; in trend different a takes however, reality, The in Afghanistan. it will give more legitimacy to the peace process enacting women’storesponseconcerns; a and lead tocan implementation enduring peace an in thepeaceprocess itsproperand legala framework for women’s participation Resolution 1325 of the United Nations provides women’s participationinthepeaceprocess. that Therefore, makes the it allmore importantto focus on well. quite attitude women Taleban’stowards the remembers memory the Taleban, becauseour collective historical with talks in sensitive especially is women of issue the hand, other the On years. deprivation many for experienced has that group represent the they because significance, special Women’s presence inthepeaceprocess is of Reza Hussaini eerhr f h Hmn ihs eerh n Advocacy and Research Rights Human the Consortium of Researcher 1 Women’s participationinpeace process 1

Peace have not defined a process for women’s for process a defined not have Peace thegovernmentfor it, and the High Council of grounds legal Peacethe prepared 2010 of Jirga Loya consultative the and 1325 resolution support women’s participation. Even is though talks mechanisms in theHigh Council ofPeace to peace and trend specific a of absence in the by caused women Marginalising worrying. and the provincial peacecommittees is also low The questionable. of womennumber High inthe was CouncilofPeace quality its but considerable, was Jirga Loya consultative the in participation women’s of quantitative The hierarchy. minorities fail to reach thehigher levels of The glass ceiling indicateswomen that and the governmental departmentsandprivate sector. to refers number of small women andminorities in expression This prejudices. the progress of individuals based on structural whichinvisible meansthe preventing obstacle the in participation peace process, we are facing the‘glass ceiling’, women’s analysing In the in security society. increases response and proper understanding proper This society. the and family the of needs the of understanding security.human special haveand a They life of quality the on more focus They security. and tochild care, education,health, socialwelfare womenmore attach viewpoint, importance social justice. include women in thepeaceprocess to realise women often continues.2) It is essential to 2 3 Ibid. porter.doc, September 2007),18July 2012 (arts.monash.edu.au/psi/news- and-events/apsa/refereed-papers/feminism-and-gender-politics/ Melbourne, University, Monash 1325,” ConferenceResolution paper, APSA September, 24-26 2007, Porter,Assessing Security? What “Women,2 and PeaceElisabeth, When conflicts come to end, violence against violence end, to come conflicts When 3 3) From a pragmatic and realistic h cvl oit ad h pol wo demand who people the and society civil the participation inthepeace process as wellas women’s help to assistance financial giving is that community international The 1) groups: other words,In thegovernmentis facing two High CouncilofPeace. from the negotiations table and key roles in the stay at home. As a result, women are kept away should women that believe they words, other the Talebanthat do not wantthem there. In is process peace the in participation maximal The argument infavour ofrestricting women’s The questioniswhy? process. peace the in participation qualitative enter thetalks.On negotiations table for theTaleban to been deprived of views. They have Peace provides a concerns. Onthe the opportunity opinion andthe symbolic under their views and the otherhand, presence inthe been restricted one hand,their High Council of pretext to offer is agreen light “Women’s role absence atthe community to of patriarchal international the influence their limited to the public and become in thepeace obtain their process has to express support.” interested in their present,it isnot but womenthat are also internationaldonors because itshows to the in thepeaceprocess, women’s participation The government accepts obtain their support. to community to and theinternational offer opinion the public to pretext of Peace provides a Highin the Council their limited presence talks. On the other hand, Talebanto enter the is agreen light for the the negotiationstable one hand, their absence at the On concerns. and views to their express opportunity the of have beendeprived symbolic They views. patriarchal of influence the under become been restricted and peace process has Women’s role inthe power structure. their closeness to the selection depends on committees, women’s the provincialpeace participation. Even in of all the people, in particular the women.of thepeople,inparticular all Pervasiveness of peace meansparticipation also alackoftransparency inthisregard. Afghanistan,the women?particular in There is people the who committed abusesagainst prosecute thepeopleof and justice establish question the mechanism beendevisedis: hasa to feature, second the Regarding emergence ofdiscriminatory structures. provide relative assuranceto preventre-the Their presencecould the negotiationstable at relation to women, must be totally transparent. Therefore, thepeaceprocess,in inparticular Talebanera. the of experiences bitter of full is memory historical their However,ambiguity. Above transparency. women’sall, rights are shrouded infull of lack indicates of That informed properly not the conditions set outfor the negotiations. are people The present trend, however,lacks thosefeatures. focus ontheinterests socialgroups. ofall The comprehensivecan enduringpeacethat featuresthe fundamental positive ofa and are pervasiveness and justice Transparency, women’s rolethe peaceprocessin is restricted. groups closerto eachother,resulta as of which two these bring to trying is government The table. prepared to sitwomen with the negotiations at 2) TheTalebantheir participation. who are not Armanshahr th 27-28 13 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Armanshahr 27-28 14

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 rights shallbeavoided.” human violating deals political any place inatransparent manner and armed opposition groupstake shall give assurancestalks that withthe government ofAfghanistan must peace talksthe Taleban. with “The the in process and demandtransparent transparency of Women are concerned with lack peace process? women’s concerns and expectations from the are What expectations. their demands, concerns and express to men with opportunity equal enjoy must they Therefore, enduring and pervasivean peace. whose isessentialforparticipation participation inthepeaceprocess, of 96% the respondentsdemand women’s that show polls Opinion an to the us solve lead enduring peace. and to society adequate our of be problems not shall issue This traditionaltoattitude suchacomplicated disputes. and differences settle to exchanged and sacrificed are women importantly, More disputes, out. left always are and women and people conflicts young settle that to Jirgas shape or take assemblies the In away. fade women’sas rightsdemocratic and values Council ofPeace underwhich suchissues peace isthetraditionalapproach oftheHigh enduring an of ahead lying problem main The and cultural freedoms. social forprovide should it hand, other the On various socialgroups,the women. inparticular of Afghanistanaddressand thedemandsof people the of opinions of diversity the reflect groups.the peaceprocessmeans that That must the inclusionofdifferent views fromsocial all peace. The other aspect ofpervasiveness is peace process if itisgoingto beapervasive Women musthave anactive presence in the Bonn Conference and women's political participation committee to 4 Joint statement ofthe50%Campaign ofWomen enduring peace.Without an an as factorimportant for achieving justice of realisation the is insist, they which on Afghanistan, Another concern of thewomen of 4 what Resolution 1325alsoemphasises. the agendaofHighof Peace. Council is That women ofAfghanistan,it shouldbeincludedin un.org/events/res_1325e.pdf, 31Oct2000),18July2012. 7 United Nations Security Council, “Resolution 1325,” (http://www. July 2012. 26 2011) Sep. 5 lemma?gclid=COC88dmKt7ECFUp76wodv2QA-Q, A false dilemma” (http://ictj.org/news/peace-versus-justice-false-di 6 International Center for Transitional Justice, “Peace versus Justice: 5 Ibid. country.” whole the in reconciliation and not provideit will a favourableground for peace, justice-centred a not opposition, mean sharing shall of power with thearmed victims of four decades of wars, reconciliation the of rehabilitation well and justice know without that Afghanistan of “Women justice. enduring notberealisedpeace shall without enduring andpervasivebe an peace.An investigatingthe crimes, therenot shall one another. and justice are interdependent and consolidate

6 f utc i dmne b the by demanded is justice If 5 7 Peace In celebration of the International Human 99 International the Victims the Day Armanshahr’sRights and Week, of celebration In general provisions about of fair the some rights are of There the vacuum.harmed a guarantee is there treatment; and justice authorities to hasnot judicial access or of principle of Afghanistan the addressed Constitution “The the government’s inability to fulfilitsobligation. indicates it degradation, with combined If and difficult justice. is justice to and access security government with the them provide allow to some to freedoms sacrificed their and of government a have access “the people formed and said: Allameh victims Dr justice, of to issue the Addressing Kapisa province). Mr Agha Muhammad Kaker (from Tagab district, province)and KapisaNijrabdistrict,(from Jamili the Organisation), (from Law Development International Sahak Abdolhamid Afghanistan), activist rights and researcher), Mashal Afrooz (Integrity Watch (human Moballegh Zia Surobi, Justice of Mission Stabilite de Pole in and Kapisa Ghislain Embassy’s lawyer), French the of charge in Poissonnier, and professor (University Allameh Haydar Gholam Dr were:speakers The December 2012. French Afghanistan Society 9 Open on the Institute and the of hall the with cooperation in Afghanistan the in Institute in held was justice”, the Goftegu 99 th Goftegu public debate, a bridge between a bridge debate, public Goftegu elite and the citizens, entitled “Access to “Access entitled citizens, the and elite Access to justice andchallengesto it To have access to justice, according to Mr judicial and according judges justice, “prosecutors, Poissonnier, to access have To the of majority the people donothave accessto justice.” France, in Even well. as guaranteed. be in Afghanistan; it is a problem in other countries not would However, problem a only not is justice to access rights human people’s exist, not does it If level. international who speaker, the on right human a next is justice to “access said: the was Poissonnier Mr Afghanistan to protect thevictims.” financial is therefore essential to amend the penal laws in emphasise donot have access to medical and psychological care. It Victims unknown. emotional only are compensations and Psychological laws compensation. “The the laws ofAfghanistan. in mentioned been have victims the to statue Court’s Criminal International the by provided remedies 10 the of None verdict. instance first the against appeal may prosecutor the article only 62, Under appeal. to right the of deprived representative astheir in all stages. They have decides even been prosecutor the and justice to “A harmed person is sidelined in regard to access from international standards. far are laws these Therefore, recognised. been the title of harmed person. Their rights have not under victims to referred have they but either, directly been Afghanistanof lawscommon the in emphasised not has principle This persons.

Justice and peace Armanshahr 27-28 16

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 that isfacing problems. Law Family the of amendment the e.g. children, to reform thestrategies concerning women and against fail consistently authorities the Besides, women. discriminate systemically of laws Afghanistan The practice. into put been hardly has the convention Women, against Formsof Discrimination All of Elimination the on the Convention of signing the since elapsed have years 10 against women is another problem: “Even though Mr Moballegh argued that structural discrimination criminalisation.” and lawstoapproach one-sided a is thereresult, a As Court. Supreme the of Council High the in women no are there but cent women, are per judges of Three adults. for prisons in detained are they people, adult for courts investigated by any part of the country, their offences are usually children’snationwide. The not exist will at courts early also and marriages constitute more Forced than 60% are of marriages problems. Children numerous facing disappointment. to leads judicial the process judicial and the of in prolongation sector.“The employees transparency the of of capacity low lack accountability, of absence and organisations judicial of weakness follows: as are children and women of problems significant most the speaker, the to According settled through theinformal courts.” mostly are they but system, formal the through in Afghanistan wish their problems to be resolved people the of 80% that show studies most.various The suffered have who children and women the for particular in decades, four past the in all “Access problem serious a for been has justice to meeting: the addressed Moballegh Zia Mr Next, aid system must bestrengthened.” own rights; the law schools, lawyers and the legal their people demand be to the building capacity receive simplified, must thepolice be laws the educated, cooperate, Government must educated. institutions be must employees of themediacovered it. some and meeting the present at were nationals About 100 citizens and activists as well as foreign and hadsomeachievements. regard this in actions of series a taken has IWA The trials. of process the monitor to people the provide for to is solutions important most the of One justice. about recommendations made has AfghanistanWatch Integrity The said: Afrooz Mr resolving theirproblems through thejirgas. and war corruption, other issues. The people stand courts, a better chance of to access of lack to owing authorities formal through problems the with deal to jirgas. possible not is local it argued: They the discussed Kaker Muhammad Agha and Jamili Messrsspeakers, two other The on thenation’s willpower.” the government needs laws. Laws must be based country affairs and its administer A togovernment a needs implemented? never laws are Why the of justice. to access and complaining law of rule the keepof absence we but laws, than 1,000 more have We laws. lack not do We ago. years have 100 since Afghanistan “Laws in established been said: Sahak Mr speaker, next The obstacles cultural eliminate facing women.” to and children, and women against violence eradicate to action take collective to awareness, raise to corruption, from justice liberate to judiciary, the including state the of levels for meaningful all at women of participation to provide transition, political toa the transition to confine not ofthe Constitution, implementation clear the no except is perspective there circumstances, these Under oppression. double a is That bribes. pay and cannot income any have not women do courts of to go 70% who than more that show Studies harm. most the suffer children and women up, with money. When the question of money comes justice buy can you corruption, is there “When Goftegu 92 activists, journalists, and university professors attended themeeting. university and journalists, activists, rights women’s activists, society civil and rights Human future. the in done’ be should ‘what and the past 10 years to achieve justice in the country in activists rights human of performance the on centred discussions The 2012. September 6 on & Mazar-i-Sharif,in organised “Justice was Balkh” in rights entitled of Foundation, citizens, the Armanshahr and elite the between bridge The 92 The nd Justice &rights Goftegu public debate (6 debate public Goftegu in Balkh th er, a year), ak f nesadn o cvl aus te have they values, civil of understanding of lack of a result as Furthermore, institutions. civil the government facing the problems major the among are structures within warlords of presence andthe in Afghanistan, institutions civil the for internationalthe organise to community support the use of part tostrategy the of on absence opportunities, capacity inthe adequate of absence rights. The human share and justice totheir for quest of process regard in institutions society civil of ahead problems major are “There Afghanistan were deprived ofjustice. that of people Parliamentthe Hence, plan. said the to contrary was by passed General Law the Amnesty get to structure government the within rights human of violators to opportunity a good process offered this institutions from civil movements of civil absence the Unfortunately, forjustice. on based ground a provided Plan Justice and Reconciliation Peace, the However laws. those on relying by movement civil great a organisecouldthatresources society civil for the financial unique and law international and law he went Afghanistan in protections legalwere Afghanistan, “There on: of citizens the of rights andhuman programme justice transitional the roleinstitutions the incivil Discussing of realising situation.” dark the a in plunge will support, Afghanistan in society civil international of withdrawal the that after likely is quite It institutions. these of method operating and procedures goals establishment, the of about questions unanswered many still are there Afghanistan, in society civil upthe to prop countries organisations other international and of rights support generous human of years and 12 “After said: Javad Hayatollah justice Mr institutions, civil, Discussing know what to dointhefuture.” to seek shall We Balkh. in children of image an of women for women during the last 10 years and achievements justice, and rights human achieve rights, national and international opportunities to workingsocietythe civil tothe of achieve human on centre shall meeting this in discussions “The Mazar-i- of saying: by meeting the University, student opened Sharif a Rajabi, Farkhondeh Ms Rights Women’s meeting, the of Moderator of Institute). Assistance (director Ossmani Ms Malali and foundation) Child of (director Ahmadi Nasser Zahra Mr Ms University), Balkh of Institute), (professor Amini Rights Support Human and Afghan Bahman Research the of Nassim (director Hayatollah Javad Mr Mr University), Balkh were: of (professor speakers The Armanshahr th 27-28 17 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Armanshahr 27-28 18

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 h cvl oit i a idpnet pee of protection the sphere with shape take independent that institutions an law. is of second society rule civil the The The of relative absence the of subsystems. was problem lack of and lack independence the diversity was structural years 10 of past the serious in the of problems “One said: Bahman Nassim Mr important steps to betaken inthefuture.” are members their to knowledge activities, civil transferof past as well as failures and shortcomings their capabilities, Reviewing to reform themselves. endeavour first must organisations “These blame. to mainly are institutions civil the social, serious from Hence, cultural, civil and political abnormalities for suffering which justice. for is and existed Afghanistan rights that human opportunities achieving the activities wasted their result, a as base; popular a lack institutions civil the Javad, Mr of opinion the In for there-emergence ofwarlords.” values. Those mistakes have prepared the ground their presence to be in contrast to their traditional to be institutions representatives of foreign institutions and regard these of majority the deem people The Afghanistan. of people the of needs civil and social the wishes of than rather institutions those the to confined been have activities andtheir institutions international the of arms functioning ofthecivil “Political leaders do Furthermore, party, bureaucratic policy- ethnic andreligious led to instability of system andhelped making. Onemore the administrative problem isrelated not trust channels other thansecure to thenature and have occasionally considerations in reports given to higher officials bureaucratic channels. society.” eoe executive have Those become been institutions not obtained. have achievements proportionately tangible spent, but been dollars funds. have of obtain Millions formed to been institutions have civil of Thousands corruption. extensive has for ground prepared the international community support the of The extensive activities. their international performtocommunity the protection of the on financial relied have of Afghanistan; they through people the on popular reliance to structures give shape to unable been on t peet oenet o sses or systems groups from or violating human rights and to punish governments prevent to found be should rights human for guarantees how to as question the up brought and humans moved seriously This WorldWarII. in killed cruelly were people of millions Indeed, century. 20th the in humanity against atrocities gross witnessed we but background, historical long-standing a have rights “Human said: He thoughts. Western and Oriental the in rights human of background the and and rights human national for guarantees the international discussed Amini Nasser Mr nation must form abridge between thetwo.” the and government the between the trust bilateral for respect relations, social of of coexistencecitizens spheres, private people’s the freedoms of protection and for particular in rights, citizen and rights human for support extensive and development, culture to political Attention pessimism. replace shall optimism and realism case in which knowledge, political and growth civil institutions should“The focus on intellectual part oftheactivitiescivilinstitutions. significant a become has rights citizen and rights and activities. The discourse of support for human discussions civil of result a as prepared been has “In the past 10 years, the ground for participation the civilsociety. from expectations undue have occasionally they society. Therefore, civil the of functioning the of people; they do not have problem a proper understanding more the One of expectation and perception problem. the concerns a also is other the on features and culture tribal the and hand one the on features civil and cultural between of the civil society. At the same time, an encounter functioning and nature the torelated more is problem One policy-making. bureaucratic helped led to instability of the administrative system and in considerations religious reports given to higher officials have occasionally and ethnic party, other channels securethan bureaucratic Furthermore, channels. not trust do leaders “Political of politicisation bureaucracy. the is problem other The yet. have not prepared the ground for a modern state created. be organisations not social shall and We democratic society,systems, civil parties political asa taken place, the subsystems and substructures of not has state national As long modern the to transition process. state-nation-building incomplete and unsuccessful the The third was problem as expected. grow not will activities of the law. If there rule of law does not exist, civil the achievements of the past 10 years: 10 years 10 years: 10 past the of achievements the The last speaker, Ms Malali Ossmani, emphasised major problems children are facing.” of the rule of law and economic poverty are other and improve their the conditions. Insecurity, absence years, few not had any plans past to respect the rights of children the have institutions rights human “in and government said: also She children reportedly dieinthewar. of children is also another concern; every day 5-6 casualty in increase The children.for worst place the as Afghanistan identified has report UNICEF in forced used latest the education; fromprevented still and labour are Children change. any Nevertheless, some spheres considerably. have increased not have experienced years birth 6 to at up and alive children keep help that services health hand, other the On education. to access to male childrenof femaleof half and children have children of female education was almost zero. At present, two thirds access to the access had education; children of one-tenth than less ago years 10 it, put she As years. 10 past the improved in have children of conditions the that argued activist, rights child a Ahmadi, Zahra Ms human rights that always defended humanrights. non-governmental international were Red Cross and the International Jurists Association as Amnesty International, the International Committee of the courts. such international organisations Furthermore, with governments and systems the against complaints lodge to citizens approved recognisedand therightsfreedoms and of were conventions international his words, and the established In were courts international entities. the legal authorities independent to international as able before were status citizens a how gain out pointed and generation to third first-generation from rights human examineddevelopmentof further the He them incase ofviolation.” chance for going forward.” 10-year performance. Otherwise, there will be no now, but they seriously need to take stock of their ever than operate more can institutions civil The changed. now have conditions The anything. do to organisations failed those but 2006, and 2005 in easily more discussed be could topics These easily, but sometimes more the action situation take is can complicated. we when times are there However, existed. always justice for quest “The be it brought back on to the agenda can again? He replied: justice how marginalised; transitional been has The process asked: was Javad Mr and Bamianare by far more active.” Herat in institutions civil The issues. popular the touch not do theyTherefore, programmes. their incumbent government and will fail to implement the criticise they if will resources financial their they lose that think They enlightenment. than civil society institutions are seeking profits rather The ideal. are conditions their that believe and whereBalkh, ordinarycitizensin the feel content atmosphere artificial an is “There said: Amini Mr take thoseideasto allpartsofAfghanistan.” should we realise not did group. We particular a to cities, the They confined within and, cities the to themselves activities. their and institutions these with disappointed were people results. the Thus, positive bring to failed and welcomed Their programmes remotein areas were not systematically. developed not have Afghanistan societyinstitutionscivil in JavadMr replied: “The educational seminars anddebates. aprograms, few to sufficed and Kabul and Herat in few years past comparison with the other provinces such as Bamian, in little in Balkh very done institutions have civil the why asked were speakers answerthe question section, and the In withdrawal ofinternational organisations. the after them of become will what clear andit not is problems social are and women economic political, of problems important most The important achievements in the field of legislation. Law and Marriage Law, on the other, Family are Women, our most against for Violence Law of the Prohibition as laws such of existence the and parliament, the cabinet,the onehand on bodies decision-making in women of Presence today. all in role governmental and non-governmental institutions active an have they fortunately but ago, women were not allowed to leave the house, Armanshahr th 27-28 19 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Armanshahr 27-28 20

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Women’s Affairs, the Afghanistan Independent Afghanistan the of Affairs, Ministry Women’s the of establishment the included achievements Other discrimination. banned family,and the of protection and women and men of theequality emphasised which the new Constitution, of passage the after rose and extremism. status Their the bias witnessed captivity, from we liberation years, their and few women for education of development first the “In especially for women. promises years, of full were 10 shortcomings, the last despite “The Badakhshan: in the problems women on of based justice discussed institution who Women for Women Amvaj, the Maryam of Ms director was speakers the of One and solutions. related instruments, its achievements, challenges other and covenants conventions, rights human the as history, its such to the relationship UJ, its of definition topics covering rights,’ human violators of to pursue A mechanism Jurisdiction: ‘Universal of title the with speech a presented Darwaziyan Jawad Later,Mr Sadat. Elka by Armanshahr Ms and Behrouzian Rafii Mr by directed and produced Foundation ‘Eyewitness’ ofthe film screening the with started meeting The on human rights, victimsandjustice. based discussions hear to meeting the attended people young many and activists rights women’s activists, society civil and rights Human 2012. August 29 on Commission Rights Human Independent Afghanistan of hall the Badakhshan, at of capital provincial Fayzabad, in organised was future” the for way a experience; 10-year & rights: “Justice entitled Foundation, between the elite and the citizens, of Armanshahr Goftegu 90 The 90 th Goftegu public debate (6 Justice &rights: 10-year experience; a way for thefuture th year), a bridge has always prevented them from achieving their achieving from them preventedalways has against women, discrimination with inundated is which culture, That life. of aspects all influenced has our society in prevailing culture traditional The teachers. female of lack to owing deprived are they education, in girls of interest great despite the and, facilities in health to access have of women to women for difficult it made have Badakhshan in problems specific conditions improper “The said: she Badakhshan, the On women’s in decrease share.” to led have cabinet the schools, and parliament the women’s in of reduction role girls’ the burning students, female poisoning of courts, informal customary stoning, well as atrocities such as assassinations, violence, as regression and disorder that unfortunate is It and developments made progress in those education, work from and basic rights. benefited also of Prohibition for Violence against Women. Women of Law Badakhshan the of passage the and active women’s parliament the and government the in presence Commission, Rights Human “A long time is needed to combat injustice, to combat needed is time long “A girls are punished,butmenget away somehow. adultery, only of not cases in Even all. are at questioned boys but punished are girls moral instances, In many bars. behind time long a and spend punished be to consequences, dangerous their by face tohave they refuse, they traditionally when and families married are girls Young obstacles. still are marriage and engagement of issues traditional The spouse. a choosing of right basic their achieve to time long must a for endeavour they if young marriage, forced avoid to Thus, dare justice. girls for quest challenges women’s to serious pose on all organisations judicial ideas patriarchal of influence and laws, the implement to failure government, the over that prevails The corruption institutions. justice “Women still face problems with having access to institutions: judicial and justice the criticised She unwanted marriage andsuffer for alife time.” an in live to wish not do Girls voice. their reach to audience an found have women but women, against violence in rise a indicate may instances “Those optimism: of tone a also expressed She achieve liberation. to lately voice their raising been have they Nevertheless,family. the in violence men’s children to their havealways prevented womenfrom objecting to attachment emotional traditions, and their men, prevailing on dependence the economic women’s as such Obstacles the family. in violence from suffer Badakhshan of Women form. practical a taken yet not has it justice, of implementation for hopes new raised has Women against Law Violence of the Prohibition of for passage the though to Even harms greatest women. the bring law of rule absence the of and security of lack poverty, of literacy, level low the as factors such opinion, her In basic rights.” Some publications of Armanshahr Foundation were distributed amongtheparticipants. Armanshahr of publications Some yet. Badakhshan in shape taken not has society civil the that opinion the of were participants Some the truth. disclose not and self-censorship in engage to have journalists that aspect every in powerful so are strongmen The said: governmentHe them. uproot the to of part the lack on of seriousness of result the was Badakhshan in Taleban wasthat theopinion of emergence of the journalist, Badakhshan a Sayhoun, Samiollah Mr of fundamentalism. emergence and the problems economic of strongmen, bullying laws, the implement to bodies of them complained of the failure of government civil of conditions Most Badakhshan. in the media the and institutions of improvement meeting for the opinions and of suggestions criticisms, their voiced participants Subsequently, the values.” women’s and protecting in role achieved important rights an play institutions be human cannot Civil, overnight. change social because Armanshahr th 27-28 21 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Armanshahr 27-28 22

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 peace process.peace Why have theparliament, the · to return. security and peace. They do not want the Taleban classical in believe not do masses the media, the from gained have they knowledge the as well as migration and homelessness of experience their leaders are behind the masses of the people. With collective rights. Therefore, and politicalelite and the individual of provision and and peace internal external desire Afghanistan in people the of majority the hand, other the On unions. and parties political minorities, children, and women the to happen will what them for important not and ethnic is the It groups. specific own up their of status political prop to aim groups some have to wish not Administration,present the Under peace. a such do they said they force; by established been had silence graveyardwhere a cannot call it peace. The country was a big prison, butwe reign, noarmed Taleban the was during confrontation armed there to say, stop a They mean confrontation. to peace view not do institutions Civil violence. spiritual and mental inthe seen is it a to stop and physical,institutions civil growthof sometimes, party; political a and group ethnic an of domination the means it to is interpreted mean a stop to armed confrontation; sometimes, peace Sometimes, different. arealso peace of interpretation and Definition political, socialandcultural peace? · parliament andoutsideit. the has within interpretations that contradictory and to interests led national the clarify to national interests. However, are there is no specific resolution prescribes Constitution like the What just Constitution. the frameworkof Afghanistan,the in don’ts and in parliaments in any other country, sets parliamentout the dos The interests? · issue. this for Mansoor Abdulhafiz Mr interviewed We Interview The High Council of Peace is in charge of the of charge in is Peace of Council High The In that case, what are the foundations for foundations the are what case, that In How does the parliament define national define parliament the does How National interests, peace,justice: questions andambiguities We could not impeach them because it was not was it because them impeach not could We respectively.week, last and year last hearing for Salahuddin Rabbani were called to the parliament the other hand, Master Burhanuddin Rabbani and On Peace. of Council High the on are Parliament of members some that means legitimacy Yes,its legitimate? · do nothave any answers yet. it stands within the government. These questions where and policy its decide should who budget, council the whom to should be accountable, clear where it should obtain its not is it that view the of are We peace. building are they say and structure parallel a create can nobody Similarly, forces. military government’s the of framework the forceestablishmilitaryoutside to authorised is Nobody important. are methods and means Good society. and intentions government do not necessarily lead to peace. Their modern a in effective be cannot structures Transitional Jirga. arose because it was born out of a traditional Loya question fundamental The functioning. its about with a specific status so that it can be questioned government the of part as structure, recognised a with and official legitimate, a be should it that High Council of Peace. The parliament demanded concernsestablishment the had about has the of Since its inauguration two years ago, the have parliament activists criticised itandquestioned rights itslegitimacy? human and society civil os h primn hl ti cucl o be to council this hold parliament the Does and theweekly Payam-e Mujahed. newspaper of (the the Islamic Association Mujahed of Afghanistan) the of editor managing mujahedin, the governmentof the in Agency NewsBakhtar the section, cultural their of charge in was Mansoor of Mr House mujahedin of the Islamic Association the of Afghanistan, of the of amember As elections. presidential first the Member in candidate a was is He Kabul. from Representatives Mansoor Mr international forces peace, question of the raise · of women, rights ofchildren andso on. had has rights journalists, of rights protect Parliamentto resolutions tasks. its nor neglected satisfactory it has been neither has Parliament about asaresult ofpressure from MPs. for rape in one of the provinces; that was brought this regard. Last week, we witnessed a public trial the government must take more serious action in thatresolved has House the of assembly general failing to investigate crimes against humanity; the and parliament for the relevant of committees the to laws other The institutions concerned have been summoned legislated have regulations improveto of women. the conditions We Yes. · Was itapproved? violence of elimination for against women. law the have We parliament? of plans related the specific are What justice. of issues, migrants, victims of the war and the issue years concern the rights of the people: women’s · that achievements of were pointed out. destruction of cost the at one not but even person, one to of injury stop life or person the save and Afghanistan the in overseeing and shall support any step that can reduce bloodshed legislation is implementation of laws. Talks must go on and we task Its department. new a establish cannot Parliament could notconvince themajorityofMPs. the significance of the process. Unfortunately, we to owing commissions 18 existing the alongside security and peace of questions the overtake to up set be commission new a that suggested We process? If yes, why did parliament not advance the · persists. problem This it. disband cannot we Therefore, the Commission is not related to the government. Electoral Commission to a meeting yesterday, but Independent the called We session. hearing a to organisation any or anybody call can Parliament they donothave legitimacy? · the government ornot. is not clear if the High Council of Peace is a part of frameworkwhich werethey in operating. clear It A largepart oftheachievements ofthepast 10 Why were they called to a hearing session if Does Parliament have a strategy for peace? Every time that the government and the government the that time Every like are notnegotiable. the and education rights, women’s expression, of freedom like However, negotiations. the to open and are the Cabinet of the in election change system, president, the of type anthem, thenational in a change to example, stop For a fighting. and talks of pretext over the under deal them to prepared is Nobody suppressed. to be citizens of in rights the and enshrined Constitution the freedoms 2) the ago. allow years will 10 Nobody to red return to to Afghanistan prepared two is let Nobody 1) are opinion: my of in there lines whole the However, represent to Afghanistan. pretend not do I the mujahedinforces react? will how peace, or war conclusion, joint a reach · process undertheseconditions. peace the join not would They Taleban. the for within the country. These things are budgetclearly encouraging annual our of quarter one even The international Wehavenot do strong a army; we cannotcollect years. 10 community has decided to pull out of after Afghanistan. insecure regions more make to position a in are Taleban the that the and no doubt is government there the forces, international of failure the to As the with Talebanare sporadic, irrelevantinconsistent. and talks regarding policies Government all. at mentioned been not the had which Taleban, with talks the were concerned shortcomings of major One they irrelevant. policy, of because lines basic as were not recognised They unanimously. them rejected parliament the the years, 10 after parliament to submitted were policies of the government general not the When clear. are and peace reconciliation on government policies that times efforts. We have said many not peace the with convinced I’m Unfortunately, plans underway? or are there areother international forces failed government and the the Have reason? launch the is What attacks. Taleban extensive the Assuming that the Taleban and the government challenges.” and complications recognise the We must of dictators. same methods justice or by the the nameof somebody in to shoot is notpossible in afair trial.It can beheard The restrictions in thiscase. are laws “There Armanshahr th 27-28 23 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Armanshahr 27-28 24

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 certain number of people? For example, look at look example, For people? of number certain a only or punished be should perpetrators All 2) begin from? 30years ago? Why? in regard to transitional justice: 1) when should it clarified be however, should points, Two justice. transitional of pretext the on it do not must We that. did also Taleban the traitors, and being Marxists of pretext the under people some killed of pretext mujahedin the imperialist, and reactionary being the on people some killed Marxists distinguish The should justice. political and justice human between we but else, it something would justice transitional or called is it if Itis important because not sin. more it, committing from them from prevent benefit criminals Even justice. would to opposed is Nobody it? view you do how solution; a and demand social · efficient and good interpretations of religion. from offer different to have We Taleban. much the of viewpoint not the are Kabul in many ulema of Speeches Talebanism. is Afghanistan in discourse religious predominant The Council. stop we cannot that Afghanistan Ulema All Talebanism an creating by times many said have I issue asamotivation. ethnic the is there Besides, occupied. is country of think people freedom and independence. Some They think that their people. the of some of national sovereignty have influenced the thinking and independence freedom, of Interpretations In my belief, the religious issue is more significant. Afghanistan that has enhanced the other factors? in wars the of cause fundamental the is what is: question The well. issues. as factors side be mayor ideological There supremacy atother ethnic times factors, economic sometimes them, cause factors religious Sometimes nation. each Causes of war are different in each country and for · How willwars to come to anendthen? Yes, nodoubt. · forced to defend themselves. are people the languages, and groups ethnic to rights anygive not do schools, the close women, harass they When like. the and media the need doesnot That policy Taleban responses. instigate attitude The and rise. to Taleban people the the Taleban, forced the against rise not did people The them. mobilise to anybody need not do they and themselves defend will people The Does that mean that the mujahedin will resist? Justice has always been referred to as both a both as to referred been always has Justice the rulers. from influence takeless and useful more be may courts international The exceptions. no be must There 2) from? begin they will when 1) ICC: the Wehave twoconditions only for every not court, They will take the initiative if they find it necessary. international court. the call to necessary not is It Court investigating Afghanistan? · the recognise complications andchallenges. must We dictators. of methods same the by or justice of name the in somebody shoot to possible not is It trial. fair a in heard be can restrictions The case. this in laws are There the to them bring negotiation table? to possible it is then How detention. of years several had after tried been prisoners not political many that stated it was which in year, last prison Charkhi Pul-e the · intentions and even offendersfrom ill wouldbenefit. is free justice transitional would if harmed nobody be that times many said have We is notindependent. Itispolitical. Council of Peace? That is because the Commission High the of head the as appointed was he when list, justice transitional the on is name Rabbani’s Master that say to statement a issue not it did criminals? If the Commission is independent, why the of list the on not names 10 their years.areWhy past the during people many officers so killed American have The now? statements issue not they do why independent, are they If now? justice frequentlywas Why not raised. it is raised the Americans came first, the issue of transitional When project. humanitarian a not issue, political Commission Rights should have done that. At that Human time, I said this is a Independent The will strongly cooperate withit. we case, that In investigated. be must are, where they matter no here, problems created who anybe exceptions.list?There shouldn’t Anybody the on not Thatcher Afghanistan) and stingers to the gave (they Brzezinski Reagan, Presidents US Why Secretary-General,theCuellar, list? UN Perezde then are on not most crimes, officers Pakistani the Whyare the list? the on not Gorbachev and Milosevic committed who officers, Russian the areWhy list? the Talebanon the not are Why too? Taleban the and Communists the or tried be mujahedin the only Should list. the Are you in favour of the International Criminal You published a report on the conditions of conditions the on report a published You and international human rights standards in standards many cases. rights human international and laws the of violations clear were which forces, international the by detainees and prisoners of increased the figures of with civilian casualties and illegal treatment concerned also were We laws. the of violation facilitated that of impunity promotion their and Afghanistan of international to forces attitude the Taleban, the for transitional on focused justice, mainly transfer of detainees to we prisons, impunity 2007, in example,For then. since changed has focus Our report. that in criticised were they because report, our with was annoyed Migration for Organisation UN Faryab.The Nangarhar,and Helmand, Balkh many Qandahar, Herat, in in e.g. time; problems the at provinces severe the Taleban. facing of were They fall the after the displaced and warsones civil the internally during displaced have the been who those both concerned (IDP), people issue displaced other The political tool. a women’sas the issue using interestedwere in donors Many received. well was which justice, to access Women’s on report a published We home. from away running and women against to violence as such went cases certain in discrimination to they subjected were they When organisations, judicial institutions. those women against in discrimination systematic of prevalence the was issue important other The time judges didnotenjoy higher education. same the At understanding. own their onthe of basis ruled the judges courts, most in time, police, thesystemjudicial and legislation. At the the of revival (Italy,the with help to research our of countries donor Germany and the US) were motivated as a result Most international community. the in by accepted system generally were judicial the recommendations and reportsAfghanistan. Our and on national prisons the work police, of its revival focused and mainly restructuring the It member team. a its was I of and 2002 in Afghanistan in first office its International established Amnesty focused oninAfghanistan inthepast 10years? · Interview ht ois a Ansy International Amnesty has topics What Amnesty International: results and achievements ofadecade conflicting parties for commission of war crimes. that the investigate all and request our accept we hope will court but yet, a response received positive not have We Afghanistan. in date this to place taking are which crimes, war the to examine court criminal international the on years,twopasthave we frequentlythe called In civilians andtargeting civilian facilities. called on them in our statements to avoid killing always have we but Taleban, the with relations Since 2007, we have not been able to have direct and casualties. international those of figures the the reduce to forces domestic with work advocacy initiated have we casualties, civilian Regarding in thecold areas ofAfghanistan before winter. living are who ones the and people such to aid for Returning getting on workingareMigrants. Atpresent,we Ministry the with in collaboration policy formulates which president, deputy second the by headed commission a establish to government the prompted and abroad and Afghanistan in publicity of lot a received report That crisis. described ahumanitarian we as which conditions their in 2012, to Afghanistan February in in IDP on report rights. a ofwomen’s published We violation and conflict the to parties all by caused casualties civilian IDP, issues: three on focused have we 2009, Since human rights andhumanitarian law. we underlined human rights abuses, violation of the Taleban against civilians. In all those reports, concerned violations and human rights abuses of report subsequent our Therefore, Taleban. the to subjected were violence by the international forces as well as by people time, same the At International’s Researcher for Afghanistan, answered our Horia Mosadiq,Amnesty questions for thisissue.

Human Rights Armanshahr 27-28 26

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 laws such as the Press Code, Election Law, the Law new laws; non-standard or discriminatory many reforms judicial amended a that established been has law,commission or theology been in has degree bachelor’s a It hold must police. judges that established the within also reforms many been have There 2002. in with conditions comparison different quite in is judiciary the Today, time. the at problems many were There restructuring of the judiciary? · showed that neither of them had been successful. affairsstatecritical of and fragileand displayeda Our report education. against attacks regarding progress’ slow and promises ‘failed on chapter a in community international the and the government of achievements and failures the assessed we which Afghanistan, in in intervention military of years 10 the mark to report a published We throwing andsecuritythreats against students? · in other countries etc. of attitudes Afghans discriminatory Pakistan, detention in Afghans, of execution charges, drug on Iran in Afghans of arrests the on focused have countries other in researchers action accordingly. For example, our sections and taken have issues such with concerned sections other Our Afghanistan. only concerns work My · What have you donefor themigrants abroad? such any to attend problems onanemergency basis. to part took UNAMA and Refugees for foreign Commissioner High UN embassies, concerned, andnon- institutions the governmental governmental of some Affairs, Independent Women’sof Ministry Commission, AfghanistanRights Human the which working in a group, of establishment the proposed We activists. the threatento opportunity takethe to Ifthe believe 2014. government is criticised, the authorities are likely We after worsen will Afghanistan. conditions their leave should the they is that problem, agencies security the security of suggestion only serious a encounters somebody defenders.When women’srights and the High Commissioner tothe UN Afghanistan,help human rights activists of and UNAMA community, government international the trying get are We to people. these help cannot We help to doing you them? are What have taken abroad. refuge activists of those Some activists. · You have talked about defending human rights ae o rpre o sho brig, acid burnings, school on reported you Have ht a yu aheeet eadn the regarding achievement your was What rights after 12 years; improving or worsening? · accountable for theiractions. of the Taleban’s barbarism. They have never been of the belief that impunity has led to the increase are agenda. We its on justice transitional include proposedtoit ConferenceBonn askedand 2 toit human Lately,stand. to we allowed be not should violating rights of accused were that who people emphasised we elections, and presidential parliamentary the During interviews. our in it on emphasis of lot a placed have We justice. Therefore, we have always believed in transitional future so long as we have not dealt with the past. secure a have not shall we that emphasised and Loya Jirga Constitutional all the to of letter representatives open an sent we approved, being the of reign Communists to 2001. When the Constitution was the since the wars, civil about the of reports period research written have We What aboutthetimebefore it? · transitional justice process. the of part a is Afghanistan investigate to Court The fact that we call on the International Criminal referred to theissue.Why? International’s Amnesty but statements in thepast oneyearhave rarely society, the of · nobody hadpaidattention tothem. Afghanistan,but of parts most in problem a was grave,were IDP very of it conditions because the 2009, in example, For violation. rights human a not been a solution for it and we consider it to be extensive an in area,been reported not has yet, on there has place takes people, of lot a to harm causes which issue, an is issue pressing A · How doyou identify apressing issue? important issues. deal cannot pressing the choose Wemainly issue. every with We issues. then missing and other on choose working are AIHRC and UNAMA Watch, Rights Human e.g. organisations, rights human other topics what see to check first We · How doyou chooseyour topics? into has thrown question the strongmen independence of the judicial system. the of influence the and organisations judicial the in seen still is Discrimination expectation. our from far still is However,systemenacted. this been have others and Women against Violence of Elimination for Transitional justice covers a large cross-section u te C cvr a iie pro o time. of period limited a covers ICC the But How do you assess the situation of human of situation the assess you do How the governmental and regional levels. However,levels. regional and governmental the involved and politicalcompromises dealings in at they are because parliament, the in confidence much have not do We up. speak to people the role, for platform proper important a provided have an press free plays awareness However, escape. societal or death your to lead will it up, speak you If Taleban. the and commanders local groups, armed the of influence arestill the under the provinces but Kabul, in conditions neighbouring the better in in is expression of Surely,states.freedom even unprecedented which expression is of freedom have We their voice. raise and informed more are 1960s. people or The 1970s the even or 1990s and 1980s Afghanistandirection. different today is the from that in go to wish not however,do people, The our all efforts upheld, ofthepast 10 years shallbelast. not are commitments those If Afghanistan. towards obligations their to adhere a to them lobby will enteringWe is. it than situation worse from Afghanistan prevent to work the governments fail to do it, we will do advocacy governments; if the of task the executive. is That We achievements. of cannot prevent loss losing them, because the we’re not about the worried are we activities; our about worried not are We and results? · this date. to gained have we what retain may we justice system, competent and independent an police, strong create to itself commits government the If dangerous. certainly is future the case, that In the borders in the face of problems from cannotoutside. and independent implement justice, the Army not is not able to defend is judiciary the accountable and do not uphold the basic rights of the citizens, not are police Our yet. happened not has that unfortunately but improve, could situation the accountable, be and enhanced are If the legislative and law enforcement institutions their withdrawing forces andthenserver theirrelations. after support their will reduce countries those that possible is It 2025. to continue projects Afghanistan the but 2015, of conclusion the Tokyoat in conferenceend made It countries? could well those be so. Even the financial commitments of commitments political the to end an also mean that Does Afghanistan. of out pull forces military the when 2014, after or happen will what is improving on depends It it think. we than say to moreambiguous is situation This deteriorating. difficult very is It What will happen to the 10-year achievements of thebox. I’m out will come sure things other thattime this boxes. ballot the of out came ‘slippers’ election, last the In ones. previous the than better be to promise not do elections coming The out. left be to are they time asa this Complaints but time, last Electoral Commission the two foreigners, in gesture, symbolic were There elections. forthcoming the about optimistic not I’m justice. we have for struggle the of field the in alone alwaysbeen However, elections. Jirga Loya the in elections parliamentary did we what to similar elections presidential and the in them stopped have would we time, that at us with cooperated were on the way and they did happen. If they had and bad news. We realised that big compromises anypost.”toelected be torightshock a was This a have they convicted, are they Until convicted. “they have been accused, but they have not been However,the head of the European Union Mission rights told election. me: for human standing to prevent from violators a mechanisms weshould find inthe that argued the candidates and elections of previous some criticised We comparison withthepast two elections? · this leadsto sacrificingthe women. that them convince to succeeded not have We system. justice informal the to credence give to of our international colleagues are making efforts some that is concern Our woman. struckthe had policeman a that reported even was It revealed. police commander of Jaghori did not wish it to be the and governor the Sabera, Ms of flogging the of case the In it. reject nor confirm neither can I has authorisedthem.What isyour opinion? the government is informed of these cases and · system. which do not come to the attention of the justice are arrested, but there are more important cases, culprits the and press the by reported are which arefortunatethese SupremeCourt, cases, the of Talebanthe and wordsmember the a reign.In of wars civil the customaryof period the The of us remind kind. courts this of cases in more been responded, frequently particular in the past few weeks have when there have We Always. recently. Have you responded? · parliament by then. efficient and accountable an have will we hope I There have been quite a few customary courts What is your view about the next election in election next the about view your is What One of the culprits said in an interview that interview an in said culprits the of One Armanshahr th 27-28 27 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Armanshahr 27-28 28

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 governments about. we are issue trying to fightan with the donorsis about, with the this So more. much see to we need but progress some the see Taleban of to and government end the after progress expected of have lot should a we where areas the of one and country this in violations rights human because we see this as one of the most important first one is the situation of women in Afghanistan, years.The 10 last the overwork our in againand choose two issues that I think have come up again any issue you can imagine, but I think I’m going to on lot, workeda have weyears, 10 last the in So recommendations we make inthe report. lot of advocacy and try to get people to adopt the weproducea reports, when wedo toreport and investigationin-depth do toyear each and topics two or one choose we addition, In rights. human problemfora is think we which up, coming issue UN an like is there when quickly organisations respond to try we and with relationships NGOs, is local our what with monitor media, we through is happening mainly do we What have avery specific progress. Welikethis. things havetoprovide trainingor to country,this beto in happens that everything monitor cannot priority our staff, small this With people. two are weAfghanistan in and Congo in people five or China in people five or four have we example, Forcountry. each in small very are operations our but world, the around countries At this point Human Rights Watch is working in 90 then it expanded to work in all parts of the world. and Watch Helsinki as established originally was It 1960s. the since existed has Human It Watch. about Rights bit little a you telling start can I · issue. this for questions our answered Watch, Rights Human of researcher AfghanistanBarr, Heather Interview Human Rights Watch inAfghanistan, 10 years on What were your priorities in the past 10 years? fhn oenet s at f h transitional the of part as government Afghan the by done be should which project, big is very a This years. 100 last the over or years 30 last the over happened that everything investigate to responsibility our being as it see wouldn’t we So, released. be should Report Mapping AIHRC the how us about yesterday seen TV Tolou have in mayspeaking justice you transitional example a For for process. call to is we what done mostly have past, the In at present. looking the of on terms focused more is work Our the events priorto that period? · local policeprogramme. are becomingempowered againby theAfghan warlords being as history a have who people the of many how and police local Afghan about was wrote waswomen on beforethe one and that we report last the example, now.For happening are that things also but punished been not and have happened which have not been investigated crimes Afghanistan,different in years 30-35 past the over go you If impunity. is issue second The You only consider the past 30 years. Why not Why years. 30 past the consider Youonly seven years asalawyer with years. Shehasalsoworked Afghanistan for more than in Africa for UNDPfor two been working for HRW in Ms. Heather Barrisfrom Afghanistan, sheworked a year. Before coming to Alaska, USA. Shehas prisoners intheUS. l te vdne gis hm bu te abuses the about him against evidence the all On the issue of Assadollah Khalid, we’ve reviewed cases? many cases owing to theextensivebacklog of done investigate to system’s failure justice you the about have what Furthermore, director? · of theMinistry ofInterior jails. some and facilities NDS the in happening is that the torture about talk other and and try UNAMA to organisations with lot a worked we and NDS head to Khalid Assadollah of appointment the opposed organisation Our practice. to this end try to hard fought we so visit, to came who ordered these invasive searches of all the women had prison Charkhi generalPul-e chargethe of in that learned we March In torture. of likelihood women about is women about report This ways. We have looked at the issue of prisoners in several · What abouttheprisoners? involved can make adifference? Watchbeing Rights Human that likelihood the is are affected by this human rights violation? What people many How violated? be to right a there ourselves to the questioned. We ask ourselves: Is When we decide we are going to work on, we ask work. fourwastedyearsis of It anything. mean doesn’t Rights by it released, not Human is report this report if But Commission. Independent this Afghanistan of creation the has the that thing is important happened very a that mean I justice process. Why did you oppose the appointment of NDS of appointment the oppose you did Why animals.” treat themlike validity. They no medical doing have that they are of women examinations instance, valid. For which isnot evidence, using physical are “They of Interiorof increases the controlthe Ministry the of under prisons the having that believe we Interior,because of Ministry the to Justice of Ministry the transferfrom prisons of in the were opposed We Bagram. of who number children the about government US the with concerns raised have we visit this after and March in prison Bagram to went in many of these cases. We imprisonment ofwomen wrongful the is think we what at looked so have we Zena, or home from awayrunning for prison in hy r dig ae o eia vldt. They validity. treat themlike medical animals. no have doing are they that women of examinations instance, not For valid. is which evidence, physical using are They is notactuallyevidence butsomeone’s opinion. person;is abad my wife woman,is abad which really not guy this is says somebody example, For which evidence. evidence, using are They present. being lawyer no with arrested are they confession is usually taken are from people as police soon as The case. relyingalmostconfession.everya in case on This any to applied be could system justice moral the about findings about the but cases, specifically is report The away». run to had «I report, this in system justice the in these about concerned weaknesses the justice about lot Wetalkedproblems.a very criminal are the we in system, problems of terms In of thesethingsisappointed. accused been has carefullybeforewho someone a allegationsof lot theyinvestigated be and should been any have there with that believe charged we but or crimes, abuses these of convicted any been for never has he that understand past. We the in committing of accused is he that carefully about how we can do advocacy in everything. They give usinformation, they “I shouldalsoaddthat itisvery important everything. We can’t doourwork without hand, ifyou go to Washington DCandyou a way that we eachuseourown strength. work we shoulddo.We askthemto think the relations we have withAfghan NGOs. Sometimes if you are trying to change an this,’ thenitiseasierfor usto dothat, so want to tell Clinton,’ Hillary dothis, as to how we work withthelocal NGOs. a partnertalking aboutit.Ontheother issue, thelast thingyou shouldhave is tell uswhat we shouldfocus on,what I don’twant to make itsoundlike we are working onourown, orwe know We rely onAfghan organisations for we have to work together.” Armanshahr th 27-28 29 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Armanshahr 27-28 30

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 justice system is very prejudiced against women. prejudiced very justice system is than based on bribes. We should ratheralso say that evidencethe on based decisions their make and judges prosecution police, little that very confidence have people that system justice the in corruption with problems many so are There fhn euiy ocs o e ikd o better to linked be to forces security Afghan the for funding for calling statement, a out put we NATOsummit, the Before casualties. civilian about advocacy do to chance a as this use to try we and organisations society civil the with has ISAF that meetings the to usually once month go every we casualties, civilian of issue the On on education, butthis was some years back. attacks about before report a did We response. Afghan government the peoplewhoare justice are enemies very different from been criticisingthe along withthem.’” regardless oftheir are alsocriticising since 2001for the of eachotherand “We don’taccept 2001. We can get the Taleban have you must choose now saying: ‘Oh, powerful people background. We US very strongly kinder; they are fact that theUS has pushedthe changed much; that peaceand they are much one. We have to work with n te have then an appropriate poisonings and school with happened really has what out figure the to try to government on called and talked with the media have We poisoning. of evidence even no physical is there Takhar, though in arrested been who have very people about these were concerned poisonings. We about school media the with talked have we education, On right. somewhat, you’re much, not but been these issues on have involved We displaced people? well astheinternally and as casualties civilian education to attention little paid · the man. believe always they her, beat he because left she says she and adultery committed he says thathas she a manofsomething, accuses woman a or a woman ofsomething accuses man a If h hs h HRW the has Why and deputy minister of interior said that running that said interior of minister deputy and of justice minister the where committee, rights human Wolesythe bythe Jirga[Parliament]held in meeting a was there ago, half a and month a Now we continue to follow this issue. For example deputy headofEUandpeoplelike this. the with ambassador, US the ISAF,with of head to there deputy the with also wentmetWe report. the explain We house. SRSG’s the at is a week every There happens that ambassadors internationals. all of meeting with also met We spokesman AimalFaizi. director had a debate on the BBC with Presidential executive Our us. with meet to refused they but Interior of Ministry the with meet to asked We service providers that are the working with women in with prison. meeting a had human We there. was with meeting Armanshahr from someone a think I NGOs. rights had We and AIHRC. Justice, Chief the of Justice, Minister Affairs, arranged meetings with the Ministry of Women’s We report. the of recommendations the follow tothem ask sharereportand wethe should with thought we who people different with meetings arrangedWe issue. this about write to them ask to media international and media Afghan the to we presented the report. Weand did therea lot of media outreach of lot a had We Hotel. Serena at conference press a held We Afghanistan. to came world whole the for Watch Rights Human of director executive the time, that At out March. in put we which crime, moral about one this was out put we that report last example,the For international levels? · displaced are people within Afghanistan after they are deported. many because people, displaced internally with connections strong has work This Iran. in migrants on report a had We refugees. Afghan of situation the about research some on organisations working been have we But, other it. duplicate not and of work the will that complement on work to subjects choose to try we about IDPs that came out in the spring. Of course, as youknow, Amnesty International people, big a did report displaced internally of issue the On things relating to civilian casualties. of examples some are Those mandate. ISAF of renewal the about think, I week, this out come other organisations to put out a letter that should forces. We security have also collaborated the with Oxfam forand accountability for mechanisms How do you do advocacy at national and national at advocacy do you do How two keep pushingevery day. have We released. been not far so has it if even written, was Report Mapping this It isa that success notimplemented. was it if even justice, transitional for made was plan this that success a is it think I mean, I know. don’t I together? us about this issue. What success have we had all of talking particular, been have in who Netherlands the like community, international the in about people some are talking There again. over and been over issue this have that organisations many so are there that know you impunity, On we take thecredit for this. fail. But, in Human Rights Watch, we wouldn’t say we sometimes succeed, we sometimes together international us of all so well, as on working other are organisations and organisations Afghan many so that issues are these because this, did we that issues the work on, we can’t say of that we changed things, we all mean worse I get slowly. things more make to is for hope can you the same challenge. Sometimes you feel the most maybethink yourorganisationI yourimpact. has organisation doing advocacy, it is hard to measurerights human any for think I honestly. lot, a Not achievements inregard to impunity? · sacrifice will rights. that agreement any oppose We be should forgotten as part of the peace process. past the in done were that things justice for that idea the oppose We idea? this oppose can Who negotiations.peace of idea the Weoppose don’t We can get alongwiththem.’ 2001. from different very are they kinder; much are they much; changed have Taleban the ‘Oh, now saying: are who people the criticising also are We background. their of regardless people powerful with work to government Afghan the pushed has US the that fact strongly the for US very 2001 since the criticising been have are We justice and peace enemies of each other and you must that choose one. accept don’t We justice? from peace separate to attempts are there that now position your is What impunity? to regard · that? Idon’tthinkwe you got change agood answer. will How people. arresting still are from awayhome is not a crime. That running is great, but your police that said you said: we and we this, went to meet with the After deputy minister of interior crime. a not is home from away You reported on women, but did you have any ae o se ay mat f or ok in work your of impact any seen you Have to dothat, sowe have to work together. us for easier is this,’Clinton,’it this, then this, do Hillary tell to want youWashington toand go a DC is have should you partner talking about it. thing On the other hand, if you last the issue, an change to trying are you if Sometimes strength. own our use each we that way cana in advocacy do we how about carefully think to them ask We do. should we work what on, focus should we us what tell they information, us give They everything. for organisations Afghan on rely We work without the relations our we have with Afghan do NGOs. can’t We everything. know we or to make it sound like we are working on our own, want don’t I NGOs. local the with work we how to as important very is it that add also should I different way a choose will they maybe that voting Then nothing. means think they and election this watch people if Afghan election this after happen will even this institution? I worry so much about what apart take be should fairer. Why little a it made that body one the was Commission Complaints the Electoral but fair, not still was election The the election,hejust wanted to it to bethere. won who care didn’t Canada, from guy a is who Commission, Complaints Electoral the of head the was who man the I think elections. the after that Commission the I think for respect of lot a had people exception. one was Commission Complaints Electoral the But involved elections. these were in that institutions the of most of impression good a have didn’t people end the In Afghanistan. for damaging very were elections these about felt people way the and 2010 2009 and in I elections the significant. in happened what very think, is Electoral Commission the on Complaints that foreigners have are demanding should they opposition political and parliament the the both intheir that see To foreigners country. having of tired are People popular.not today,Afghanistan areforeigners In election? foreigners in electoral commissions in the next · and that improvement could disappear. been have should there than improvement less been has there think I 2001. since improvement thereI think has beensomeimportant conditions after 10 years? · What is your assessment of the human rights human the of assessment your is What o d yu iw h dtret oe of role deterrent the view you do How Armanshahr th 27-28 31 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Armanshahr 27-28 32

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Interview e oio 1 hmn ihs nldn the including of freedom rights expression, of freedom life, to human right 17 monitor We achieved inthepast. are concerned maintainingwith progressesa series of we Unfortunately, districts. some in by the rights imposed Taleban on the people and their civil restrictions and political with combines been have concerns security and mines attacks, Suicide increased. have since concerns Security 2006. changed not have things Unfortunately, well asinBadakhshan. as nationwide elections in participation people’s and parties political media, laws, press regardto We also witnessed progress and developments in 2006. to established, was office AIHRC the when 2003, from improving was situation tohuman the rights, relation in Specifically support. and activists monitoring has issues: rights two on Human mainly concentrated Badakhshan problems. specific districts, its semi-urban and ofurban anumber people, an 1 million and estimated villages 2000 divisions, admin 28 With the administration. after provisional the of establishment raised were concepts rights Human drug homelessness, people. the plagued haveproblems other and insecurity, smuggling war, massacre, plunder, lawlessness, Injustice, fields. cultural and social political, in crisis with plagued been has country our decades, three past the In of Badakhshanat present? · Head ofthelocal officeof Afghanistan Interview withWahideddin Arghun What is your human rights-centred perspective Independent HumanRights Commission inBadakhshan

Human rights inBadakhshan oet ad cnmc rbes Tee r a are There problems. economic and poverty of use make also insurgents The districts. the in commanders security of operations of the of inefficiency some the by caused are region the in the its of of implementation fordiscontentreasons other Some punishments. the implementation and sharia the Islamic demands development also in opposition The reasons. imbalance those of one is projects The are there measures. reasons: internal government’sdiscontentedwith are who people also are There countries suchasPakistan. Some neighbours. location. significant people talk about Afghanistan’s a the interference asthe of has neighbouring Badakhshan of well as reasons interference domestic are There districts in the last few years. What is the reason? the past, but they have created insecurity is some · improve thesituation. taken to be will measures that hope and officials security the with reached understanding of degree some have We restricted. been have rights Tagab Warduj, as such Kasham,Shahr-e Borozg others,people’sand the districts some in that and means This insurgents. areas the of number those rising the in law of rule the of absence in good some districts andwe are not concerned withthe is situation security The children. and women including casualties, civilian 1,000 than more been have of there that quarter show year the first the in nationwide studies Our · How doyou seethesecuritysituation? extensive problems insomeotherareas. root. taking from mayThings improve areas,theresome but are in rights human prevent that shortcomings are There etc. housing education, movement, freedom of assembly, right to health, We did not see the Taleban in Badakhshan in Badakhshan Talebanin the see not did We fiil ae nbe o e b. n some villages government In by. get Warduj, to e.g. unable are officials districts, some In but alsoinsomeotherdistricts aswell. Badakhshan in only not case the is That state.” the within state “a as them described have We in only not rightsrelatedhuman otherswell.in as but issues interfere strongmen The Exactly. departments operate. various the howdetermine to and departments · the urbanculture. Thepopulation isontherise. with familiar not are town the to come recently havewho manypeople hand the other of the On city.small a is Fayzabad.It of centre the at cases and in the past one month, when we recorded six displaced. yearcurrent the in rise were the on been have Crimes people of number A it. prove to unable were forces security the to the it but Taleban, affiliated and were Warduj they casualties that two rumoured the was only in were government There area. the and forces international the of operations joint the during casualties civilian fewer were thereFortunately, security, personal property rights, freedom ofmovement. violence, physical or refusal expenses pay beating, to i.e. women, against occurred Most cases of violence that we recorded last year much aswe hadexpected themto. rights concepts. They have not however grown as human and experience, and ideas our transmit us help they Nevertheless, media. print six and stations radio local four channel, television local one only have We cities. large with comparable not is Badakhshan in media the of presence The nationwide. channels television private 34 and are 500 newspapers, more than 200 radioThere respect.stations this in us help media the though increased and violence hamper our access to such insecurity reports, even Sometimes, last exceed may year’s. year [solar] the of end the at number total the means which violations, rights the past few months we have recorded in 35 cases of human However, employment. education, security, personal live, to right housing, to right health, to right the concern they cases, some In women. against violence and and violence physical domestic concern which of most year, violations last rights human 105 recorded had We others? · only take shelter withintheranks oftheTaleban. can They crimes. of accusations facing are who opposition the of ranks the in people of number The strongmen are said to rule in governmentin rule to said strongmenare The hc hmn ihs r voae mr than more violated are rights human Which ob te oenet o as n implement laws to strengthen the valuable achievements. and pass to government the lobby and on advocacy concentrate must institutions rights human The worried. are People 2014. in responsibilities security concern of transition serious the about also lead to is may There changes. which major later new years have two We past. elections the evaluate to have We · What are your prioritiesinBadakhshan? lead to injustice. that problems are unemployment and poverty hand, other democracy. the interpretation of On down upside an offer Westernthey phenomena; are institutions these if as institutions civil the of advocatesReligiouspropagate negativea picture distance. the of result a as organisations judicial and they do not have access to urban centres and know about many things, in particular about laws not do people The problem. another is structure own affiliates. Corruption withinthe government expanding. is employ people. Some state people tried to employ the their to areas different within in invest groupsParliamentary state the of structure The worse. getting is Unfortunately,it · What can beexpected inthefuture? with theirperformance. satisfied not are people people the services, their about the and farmers the ask to were you if but Badakhshan, in reduction 10 organisations drugs for working are people There the optimistic. not that are show plans development of human rights situation. However, our assessments in improvement an it call can we constructed, is roada or clinic a or school a when whole, the On has notbeenachieved. progress roads, have not do they In remote where areas, plans. renovation and construction the from benefited not have areas remote the they have of Some achievement. considerable a but made not Badakhshan, in reconstruction in engaged institutions experienced. 40 than have more are There people which areas aresome the of of expression freedom elections, in road education, people’sparticipation departments, government health, of women’s rights, citizen in construction, presence conditions The developments.positive some to led yearshas 10 past the in there and here done been has What rights activitiesofthepast 10 years? · Kasham isalsofacing thesameproblem. law.Tagabof rule no is there Bozorg,Shahr-e of How much long-term impacts will the human the will impacts long-term much How Armanshahr th 27-28 33 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Human rights violations news

Violations of human rights occur in Afghanistan every day. We report the most important items for information of our readers and “for recording in history.” Women · 52 killings of women recorded in 1st four months 17 July 2012 – Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission has recorded 52 killings of women in the first four months of the solar year, 42 cases of which were described as honour killings and the total exceeded by 20 cases in comparison with the corresponding period of last year. Human rights violations http://da.azadiradio.org/content/article/24647379.html · Women’s rights activists protest execution of Najiba 11 July 2012 – Execution of Najiba in the Parwan · 3500 cases of violence recorded against province by armed men, brought scores of women in 1st six months women’s rights activists on to the Kabul streets, 25 November 2012 – To mark the International who demanded punishment of the perpetrators. The protesters criticised the judicial authorities, the local officials and the Council of Ulama for failure to fulfil their responsibilities. Sima Samar, president of the AIHRC, who joined the protesters, said: “Culture of impunity” is the reason for the ongoing cycle of violence against women in Afghanistan. 20 July 2012 – A study by the Women’s Affairs Committee of the Wolesy Jirga (Parliament) of Afghanistan shows that Najiba had been detained in a Taleban base for three months. Fowzia Koofi, head of the Women’s Affairs, Civil Society and Human Rights Committee of the Day for the Elimination of Violence against Wolesy Jirga said at the sitting of the Parliament: Women, Ministry of Women’s Affairs reported “Najiba had been forced to marry six months that 3,500 cases of violence had occurred ago and had escaped two months later.” against women in the first six months of the solar year. Minister Hassan Banu Ghazanfar said http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/afghanistan/2012/07/120711_k01_ there was not an increase in the number of the kabul_women_demo.shtml cases in comparison with last year, but harsher violence had been recorded. At the same time, http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,16131680,00.html police in the north-eastern province Badakhshan reported that a woman had been killed by her · Director of the Laghman province Women’s husband. Affairs Department killed in explosion http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/afghanistan/2012/11/121125_k02-afg- 10 December 2012 – The local authorities in women-violences.shtml Laghman province in eastern Afghanistan said 4 uy 02 Soepro o te oie in police the of Spokesperson – 2012 July 14 · MPand20others killedinwedding http://www.aihrc.org.af/fa/press-release court-rape.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/afghanistan/2012/11/121112_k02-herat raped by two persons two days ago. being after Herat in killed was person young old women’s rights activists were present. A 13-year- and civil as well as lawyersdefendant’s the and governor’s spokesperson said The the trial daughter.was open to the young public his raping for in West of Afghanistan sentenced to death a man Herat in court appeals The – 2012 November 12 daughter · laghman-women-head-killed. http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/afghanistan/2012/07/120713_k02- a magnetic bombon13July. after her predecessor Ms Hanifa Safi was killed by the explosion. Ms in Sadighi had taken injured over the been post also had civilians other 11 that The car. her in spokesperson planted the bomb in a of killed explosion was Sadighi, Najia Affairs Women’s Department, local the of director the that six JuneinLogar. on were NATO forces the of operations children, night in killed and women all 17 civilians, Furthermore, other Kandahar. in attacks suicide successive of result a reports, as killed were media civilians 22 June 7 to According province. Logar the in city Alam Pul-e in forcesNATO the of operations night the and Kandahar in attacks suicide of result a as civilians 40 about of killing 7 June 2012 - The AIHRC strongly condemned the · AIHRC condemns thekillingof40civilians Man sentenced to death in Herat for raping his f h gvro o Lgmn said Laghman of governor the of Armed opposition shtml - casualties have increased 28% in the third in were killedand1590were injured. 28% civilian quarter. the reportedthe During civilians 967 period, increased that have indicates casualties December 14 on published report UN new A – 2012 December 15 samangani-killed.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/afghanistan/2012/07/120714_k02- attack. He added that 42 civilians had been suicide injured in the a daughter. former’s the of of wedding result the in attack a as killed were others 20 and Samangan, of Directorate Security National the of head Khan, Mohammad Gen Samangani Khan Ahmad MP that said Afghanistan northern mine. a hit them of were one firewoodcollecting when the governor of Nangarhar told the BBC that the girls of spokesperson The – 2012 December 17 girls andinjuriesto others · report.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/afghanistan/2012/12/121214_mar_un_ · Civiliancasualties ontherisein3 Mine explosion in eastern Afghanistan kills 10 rd quarter Armanshahr th 27-28 35 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Armanshahr 27-28 36

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 ht he pol hd id Te au police Kabul The died. had people three that reported sources Student – 2012 November 24 University dormitory · the UNandEU. from protests prompted and executions 2004 in of executed were people number Several Afghanistan. in the fallen had 2001, in regime the Taleban of fall the After soon. executed to be due were convicts other eight that BBC the told Office General’sProsecutor the at source A 16people last of executed night. were whom of orders eight yesterday, execution the signed Mr Karzai the sentences. stop death of to implementation Karzai the Hamid President on condemned and called in Afghanistan Union persons eight Watch of European execution Rights the Human – and 2012 November 21 for courts by convicted murder, rape andkidnapping. people 12 of orders execution signed had Karzai Hamid that President Service Persian BBC the told anonymous, Presidential the to wished remain of who Palace, office press the in source A – 2012 November 20 · Eight executed; 12execution orders signed nangarhar_blast.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/afghanistan/2012/12/121217_mgh_ afghan-executions-reactions.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/afghanistan/2012/11/121120_k02- afghan-exections.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/afghanistan/2012/11/121120_k02- One killed and 14 injured in clashes at Kabul at clashes in injured 14 and killed One Death Penalty Other News universities of the capital for 10 days, even the Kabul universities. 10 for though examinations were in capital progress in some of the of universities the all close to University Kabul the at meeting extraordinary an during decided MPs of number transport, and a and Directorate, Security National education the of head higher interior, ministers The others.of 14 of injury and person one of death the to led had Universitydormitory Kabul the at students between clashes that said journalists-vionlences-2012.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/afghanistan/2012/12/121225_k02- killed andnineothers hadbeeninjured. Mujib been had journalists two that 2012. December 25 on in Afghanistan Khalwatgar,Watch,Media reportersof told head in journalists against occurred had violence of cases 69 that WatchreportedMedia The – 2012 December 25 in 2012 · mar_ashora_university_clashes.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/afghanistan/2012/11/121124_ 69 cases of violence against Afghan journalists AchievingCorrelation an enduring peaceof peace and a peaceful and transition transitional from conflictMohammad in justice Afghanistan Hossein Hasrat

4. Agents and supporters of transitional justice 5. Decisions and implications resulting from transitional justice project (Elster, 2004, pp. 78- 80) Transitional justice in Afghanistan, just like other countries that have experienced or are experiencing conflict, is not a mere discourse about law, human rights or politics. The public will to accept transitional justice, cooperation of Mohammad Hossein Hasrat Acting the victims, ordinary citizens, key stakeholders of officer, Research & Policy Unit, the conflict, political activists, peace and human Afghanistan Independent Human rights activists as well as civil society institutions Transational Justice Rights Commission (AIHRC) are key factors to achieve success. The term transitional justice, just like peace, In the meantime, truth commissions, national has many applications even in Afghanistan. studies and other measures to document However, a superficial view of the two terms the abuses, crimes and gross violations of has kept them in an abstract framework. human rights can guarantee the success of the Transitional justice is a concept that deals transitional justice program.1 Implementation with the societies and countries after conflict, of the transitional justice program requires in conflict, or in transition from conflict. The attention to historical, political and social question is what mechanisms can help establish conditions of various states and societies, as justice in societies that have experienced or are the two examples of the former Yugoslavia and experiencing conflict. In this regard, transitional South Africa clearly demonstrate. The South justice includes a wider spread spectrum of African Truth and Reconciliation Commission mechanisms through which the voices of the was established to provide justice and transition victims, families and friends of the victims and through the legacy of violence in that country. other citizens who have suffered violence can be However, in former Yugoslavia, an international heard and ultimately justice be provided. In the tribunal was established to investigate the meantime, criminal justice, retaliatory justice crimes and violent actions of the ousted regime. and other forms of justice implemented by the Both were established, indeed, to achieve a justice system closely overlap with transitional single goal (Berghof Foundation , 2012). justice, but dealing with a bloody and violent The goal of engaging in transitional justice is to past does not necessarily mean adopting a achieve a positive and enduring peace. A positive penal or retaliatory approach to perpetrators of peace is not synonymous with absence of war violence and crimes. and existence of ceasefire. On the contrary, in Implementation of transitional justice programs the Galtungian approach, peace means provision in Afghanistan, although resembling the of justice, focus on human rights, expansion of programs in other countries and societies the culture of nonviolence and meeting human encompass differences and challenges in requirements. The concept of ‘positive peace’ practice, which have rarely been dealt with. The is an idea of Johan Galtung, the Norwegian topics that have not been paid much attention thinker. Justice occupies a high status in both to in studies include mainly the following: positive peace and negative peace. Positive peace emphasises, above all, the realisation of Status of justice as a general concept in the 1. human rights, justice, development, peaceful transitional justice process relations, expanding the culture of nonviolence 2. Institution of justice in the transitional justice and tolerance. Enduring and real peace shall not process exist through indifference to those concepts. Indeed, to have positive peace, justice must 3. The balance or the sphere of implementation of transitional justice 1 These are emphases that this writer has made in the draft of a book on peace training for the Policy Research Centre Armanshahr 27-28 38

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 abuses, basic needs of the citizens, the unfair the citizens, the of needs basic abuses, not pay do any peace attention to of justice, name past human the rights in way under efforts the the contrary, On in Afghanistan. peace and achieve positive conflict from transition to project effective an formulate to exist not does will the that showed clearly failure the failed, ultimately the Mission UN the through and Commission Independent Rights Human prepared Afghanistan the been of collaboration had that Plan Even though the Justice, Peace and Reconciliation 2005). to prevent the resumption of try conflict between them(A.Fast, and parties conflicting between achieve, stationed to are forces peacekeeping seek its when resembles i.e. peacekeepers Afghanistan UN the in what sought peace The violations. and breaches rights human past the positive for investigation of and rights prepare human justice, peace, to efforts any witnessed and rarely have we Hence, confrontation. direct toviolence and end an tofighting stop parties conflicting the convincing putting to are inconfined Afghanistan peace achieve to efforts All conflict andviolence(Barash, 2002,pp.6-7). of continuation avoid and agreement ceasefire a sign parties conflicting the that requires peace Negative place. in ceasefire temporary a is there war the contrary, this and state of affairs only violence indicates that On peace. existenceof as deemed be not organisedshould of absence that show of scholars relations international hand, findings and peace the other On oftenbeen unity. national have and interests national to opposition in rights deemed human systematic of of violations talking and violence, structural of victims for it seeking and justice of Speaking positive peace. a enduring an achieving for requirements the to attention paid ever hardly have talks peace and building peace of field the in made investments and plans peace the all howeverAfghanistan, In all, above organisednaked, violence. and of active absence requires, peace negative However, justice. minimum of prevalence the emphasises war,also of absence means simply which peace, Negative peace. positive for as ground the provide allshall well to as acceptable order citizens a political the creating of needs cultural and attending to the basic needs basic the attending to and political Furthermore, have taken shape. should relations social economic, justice-centred and and violence abolished been have must structuralviolence cultural achieved, been have society. every in groups human and humans by violence insurgencyand for reason first the is needs basic of deprived being in war,i.e. or to engage peace humans motivates that factor key a and humans of scholars of peace and conflict regard as nonnegotiable requirements psychologistsand which term, technical a is Needs Human Basic 2 2 and social, political social, and Oxford University Press . • Ruti G. Teitel, (2000) Transitional Justice, Oxford: 05.pdf http:// http://www.eolss.net: www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C11/E1-10-04- 2012, 3 security. and August, Peace (2005) Fast, A. Larissa • Cambridge: Perspective, Cambridge University press . Historical in Justice • Jon Elster, (2004) Closing the Books : Transitional Conflict and Peace studies (2002) ,London:Sage Publications, Inc. Barash, P. David • (2007) Routledge. Oxon: Galtung, studies. conflict and Johan Peace of and Handbook Webel Charles • for Operations GmbH. 20 notions : Foundation Berghof Berlin: practice, and theory Transformation Conflict on Glossary Berghof (2012) , Foundation Berghof • References: disintegration. economic and social political, total and violence fledged fully war,present the from country this in save surely will conflict that triangle a current form Afghanistan the from transition to plan conflict, and working out ofthe an efficient and effective identification and classification precise a rights and justice in the context of peace building, regionalinternationaland factors. Finally, human domestic, to the addition in identified be should decades three than more the during conflict the of continuation and dynamism The conflict. of the and reasons roots the identify to failure the to related directly is Afghanistan in peace facing deadlock regard,the this In peace. enduring and positive achieving in roleimportant plays an also conflict the peace. of factors and roots their Identifying enduring and positive of requirements and the justice) transitional the particular (in justice to attention of challenges, lack is which of important fundamental most and structural the that say between efforts to achieve peace in Afghanistan clearly are facing can relationship we organic justice, and the peace of view In that pursue otherplansandobjectives. to groups support political and moral and help their give to services, public and order security, minimum gain to aim who people, the prompts towards groups that them claim to provide for leads those needs. This needs human basic the of the citizens depriving that means ofthe This citizens. and requirements needs justifiable and attention legitimatefailuresof the lack their to is decade clearly show us that one of the reasons for The numerous efforts through the more than one relations. cultural and economic social, political, n 92 te oenet f Afghanistan of government government French the with protocol the a signed 1922, In at thetime. building, which present was known as the Mayor’s the Office to it moved Habibullah government reigning of reign the 1931, In the looted. was museum the Kalakani, in 1938, In Palace. Baghcheh Kuti Royal the to moved then was It manuscripts and other cultural items until 1925. handicrafts,collected embroideries, it and Khan Restaurant in 1919 during the reign of Amanullah Garden’sBaber establishedatwas museum The and how diditdevelop? · of Kabul for thisissue. Museum National the and Museums Directorof We have interviewed Mr Omara Khan Massoudi, oe cre mauig 0 qae ers in metres appreciation ofhisservices. square 70 measuring carpet woven President’s The Netherlands. 90-year-olda hand- precious him awarded Office the Klaus Prince from of recipientprize the is He over. took them to the museum after the new administration the fear of their destruction or theft. He returned formuseum’s employees the of houses or house own his to articles the he of number Taleban,large a moved the of reign the and wars civil the for 34 years, where he is now the director. During Mr Massoudi has worked in the National Museum Cultural crimes When was the National Museum established Museum National the was When Looting, burninganddestruction Looting, of theNationalMuseum we have resumed it again. When we complete we When again. it resumed have we we 2004, stopped but owing to certain articles, technical In problems and the document wars. to civil decided we the during looted were total the of 70% i.e. articles, 70,000 than More which periods? · in thebasement whentherocket hit. back We went hid building the atwere who people The Archives. home. and book National the signed the occasionally or Culture Information of and Ministry the at working were museum the of employees The years. two for contacts any have not wars did we and severed was the when because know,erupted,contactour Nationalthe with Museum not do We · Whichgroup fired the rocket? collected duringtheadministration ofDrNajib. been had that articles exhibition the destroyed The rocket damage. irreplaceable an suffered culture our and destroyed were carpets the of some and windows show the All the burnt. objects of some and building the of hitthe storey that upper a rocket of a result as fire caught museum the 1993, May In looted. were objects political the of 70% and damages greatest the the suffered Museum National inparticular the Kabul, of between south-west in in 1992, wars erupted organisations the When the region andtheworld. had been recognised as a prestigious museum in Museum National the 1992, Byarchaeology. of National from a museum the of anthropology to the museum and Museum. government At that time, the museum was changed French the discovered were shared on equal terms between the objects the 1923, Since specialists. Afghan with surveying started collaborationin digging and archaeologicalsites and Afghanistan came to archaeologists French the which under How many articles were looted and from and looted were articles many How

Cultur and arts Armanshahr 27-28 40

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 damaged as a result of the war. The artefacts in artefacts war.The the of result a e.g. as damaged museums, provincial were Mazar,which and Nangarhar,Ghazni the from of artefacts some transferred from had we war, the Before museum previously. the seen had who those particular in cried, later Everybody was crying. Even the people who came been shattered and there were holes in the walls. windows, gatesthe doors and had the depots of had storey ceiling, the arrived, the upper we When morning. by burnt and Museum the National hit had rocket a that elaborated They me. shocked news That history.” their burying now are they now, to up Afghanistan children of their buried people have “The 1993: May 12 on BBC the from heard I when forget never shall I were beingdestroyed. the National Museum was burning or the articles · safe places where they still remain. two to Museum National the from articles valuable and unique of number a moved we concerned, authorities the by endorsed which was 1989, in took employees museum’s the from. I’m happy that as a result of a decision that originated articles those periods which tell to us know for difficult hopefully is it present, At remained. will has what we documentation, our Telldaysyourthe about usof memories when · salvage many works. to managed employees museum’s The objects. 2500-2700 destroyed Taleban others. The to some possible restore not is It have objects. 300 than more We managed torestore reconstruct them. to plans worksthere and are sharia. the images of those have we Islamic Fortunately, the that they were saying against sculptures the destroyed They 2002. remainingin objects the of destruction the was Taleban the under museum the befell that catastrophe other The · What aboutthereign oftheTaleban? and there was thesame story inotherprovinces. the destroyed, destroyed was Ghazni totally in Museum Sardar Tapeh was Hada at museum immovable destroyed.The wereprovinces other The National Museum smuggled to other looted, they were keep someofthe “We donothave the objectswere to Pakistan and Mr Naseerullah number objects other Pakistani statesmen also in thehouseof countries from objects. When exact figures. mainly taken Baber. Some There area there.” f h ojcs We te bet wr looted, they were mainly taken were to Pakistan objects and smuggled the When objects. the of some keep also statesmen Baber.Pakistani other Some Naseerullah Mr of house the in objects We do not have exact figures. There are a number are inPakistan? · Pakistani the ambassador of to in Kabul, but they did submitted not respond. was request same The conventions. UNESCO to party state a is Pakistan as Afghanistan, to belong that objects the return to government our with cooperateto time, the at interior of minister Pakistan’s was Baber, who Naseerullah Mr asked had letter The for writingtheletter? reason the was WhatAfghanistan. of out taken objects the return to them asked and ago years a few officials Pakistani the of some to letter a · 2007. since works 9000 than more retrieved have We illegally.Afghanistan of out taken been had that we have been able to retrieve some of the 2007, objects Since list. the from results good achieved Interpol have We objects. the the of to pictures with together provided was and languages different into translated was It list. short very a States. United is the It assistance of financial and collaborationOctoberin 2005 in the council with The list was prepared as a Red List for Afghanistan was thelist prepared? Was itacomplete list? the of list works that disappeared a from this museum. How of published Council have International They Museums. the of member a is The ministerinformationThe of culture wrote and How many objects of the National Museum National the of objects many How the present conditions. under country the of parts all to access have to responsible for preventing it, but it is not possible is ministry The provinces. insecure the of some Museum in Kabul, but there are illegal diggings in There have not been any incidents in the National years? · of theauthorities to take seriousmeasures. objects will not remain safe. It is the responsibility are always concerned. If the war erupts again, the we which with problem security a have also We underway. is work the and year last building standard new a to construct decided Culture and of Information Ministry The system. heating a extinguishing and system,a fire system, lighting a camera, circuit closed thermometer, building, standard a have not does museum The many. are There · What are thecurrent threats to themuseum? and identify theoriginalsand foundforgeries. were they where We have as well as in Afghanistan here them percent. they document We risk. or three However, the accepted it. two about constitute doubt no There’s among them? · the Britishborder policeandairports. by returned been have objects year,current843 the In 2009. from in States United others the and some Denmark and were Britain objects from 2000 returned than More Norway. from transferred were of Buddhists the Anumber of manuscripts Museum. the of reconstruction after artefacts the returned they and Bubendorf had Bucherer in Exile in Paul from Museum Afghanistan The Mr.established objects 2007. 1400 in than Switzerland more received We European countries? · to save theremaining works. was priority our and destruction of verge the on the objectsthatremained had werethe depots in of 30% WeThe cases. many in one square museum. atstarted the in objects those have to not meaningless is it because again, them document documentsour burnt fire.the in We are trying to They had been documented, but a large number of past? · to othercountries from there. Had those objects not been documented in the Whatdid you achieve from your contacts with Is it true that there are a number of forgeries of number a are there that true it Is ae n ojcs en tln n h ps 10 past the in stolen been objects any Have Armanshahr th 27-28 41 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Armanshahr 27-28 42

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Goftegu debate (6 debate Goftegu o ak h arvl f aaa o 3,000 of 91 Caravan the Mazar-i-Sharif, of in arrival books Armanshahr the mark To Goftegu 91 The bitter feeling came from the fact that the books had been plundered during the mujahedin fact the from came feeling bitter The a book sale, where I bought more than 100 titles. was there Mazar-i-Sharifand around going was I Once memories. bitter and sweet have “I books: TaghiMr Vahedi about reminiscences offered his to booklovers. or institutions non-governmental political and cultural educational, to and affiliated governmental either are thepublic various They to Balkh. 50 in in addition of library excess in libraries are operating there that disclosed He book maintenance isreviving again.” and writing reading, of culture “Fortunately,the librarians ofthegreat libraries inthisland. acclaimed internationally scholars, e.g. Avicenna of Balkh, were assigned as great of number “A in the region where books were written and read. bears witness that Balkh was one of the first lands History writing. and reading book of culture rich has and culture since the old times. There has been a “Balkh civilisation of cradle a said: as status high a occupied Khaligh Mohammad Saleh topic of‘Books andFreedom ofExpression.’ the discussed University, Balkh of student and Vahedi, writer, and Ms. Farkhondeh Rajabi, writer contemporary Bakhtari, a MasterAfif poet, Taghi Department, Information and Culture Balkh’s of director and writer Khaligh, Mohammad Saleh more literature, culture andsociety.” rights, has published human on books of publishing copies 100,000 than and Armanshahr cultural activities. society, inhuman civil involved rights, mainly is Foundation The province. Herat the in office in an has located it and Kabul are offices central Its ago. years six operating started “ArmanshahrFoundation said: Jawad Darwaziyan, from Armanshahr Foundation, students, attended. and professors university including women, and the men 250 than More of 2012. September 5 University on city Sina Ibn-e in organised was Expression” of Freedom to Book “From entitled elite and the citizens, of Armanshahr Foundation, Book &Freedom ofExpression inBalkh Caravan of3,000Armanshahr books&Debate th year), a bridge between the between bridge a year), st

opportunities to teach humanitarian values. humanitarian Communications bringpower.” teach to opportunities more are there communications, of age the “In emphasised: Bakhtari Afif Mr speaker, last The books.” reading and writing to regard in crisis deep a “There is shesaid: andhigher tasks, their fulfil education to education of ministries field of certain the in involved failure the out Pointing supply market for cultural products.” and demand a of absence of result a as process slow a However,knowledge.is producingthat in role a greater played the have should as universities, such centres, specialised the of “Some lost theiraudiencefor various reasons. have libraries Those Balkh. in are which of three have are 71 public that libraries in the “There whole of Afghanistan, books: factors writing and reading are undermined illiteracy and poverty toreading, attention pay to universities failure the of the that argued Rajabi Farkhondeh Ms ideas; anybody whodiditwould go to prison.” their express to anybody allowed never They governments. despotic of shadow strong it change the is factor third The cannot do. we what of regardless we and been advance has in through decided go we whatever that think majority overwhelming byboth The readers. and writers to books attitude fatalistic a is reason think further about their collective destiny. not The second could They themselves. save to seek to everybody forced which poverty, widespread and chronic the is books reading and writing in growth the of failure the for reasons the of One replace themtoday. valuable. However, they were all lost and I cannot city, I had 200 pages of memoirs, which I deemed this in rule their Talebanestablished the “When them hadbeendestroyed. Five years later, when we took them out, some of books. those bury and titles 1000 with library a of a library. Under the Taleban, we had to disband stamp the anarchy.had bought I that Everybook for us and for the buyers.” Afghanistan,in cheaper be published wouldthey a were books our If publish time. long a takes to it and book permit a obtain to got have “We too: Iran in problems facing were they said He should bebrought to justice; to no avail.” wereceiveshould coststhe perpetratorsthe and to us. Even a parliamentary committee ruled that listened nobody but matter, the pursue did We years ago. We had spent $33,000 on those books. few a river the into books our of number large a is not adequate security and facilities. They threw there because Afghanistan, to offices central our moved not have we Nevertheless, well. as here government came to office, we started doing work good in Afghanistan, but after the the transitional “We started our work when the situation was not Its director, Mr Mohammad Hassan Shariati, says: about Afghanistan. mostly also writersare other from published has authored by Afghan writers. The books that Erfan Afghanistan, been have of books those of law.Most and culture literature contemporary and classical Afghanistan, of history studies, Afghan on in titles 170 than more published has It Iran. established in was house migration and is still carrying out a part of its work publishing Erfan The first publisher I went to was Erfan at Dehbouri. other publishers have relatively better locations. facing Howeversome sunshine. rain or from wind, risks are they where Omumi, Bagh Pol-e and in the city. Some of them have kiosks at Juye Sher other some ofthebookshops; they are theworst shops to went and I mind, in situation this Bearing newspapers media. channels, on reading television and publishing book of discussion little is There publishers. There are professional few in disarray. very still is tradition, long its despite Afghanistan, in business publishing The Publishers in Kabul, whatPublishers inKabul, they say and do Atour ofbookshopsinKabul and thebookmarket ispromising.” 100 books a day now. This situation has improved sell even couldn’t two or three books, said: we but we are first, selling about Shariati at here reading, came we of “When trend rising the On another publisher.” by published and edited book a of reprinting the authorised has nobody But said: We book.’ this print to allowed is ‘Every publisher said: minister the Culture, and Information of Ministry the of Commission Violations Media the to complained butanother weWhen it. sold and it copiesof made publisher quality, good with centuries’ five us a lot of work to publish ‘Afghanistan in the past took It poetry it. sold and Khalili Khalilollah of collection the copied they ago, years few A here. prices low at them Pakistansell in and books the of copies quality low make publishers “Certain said: law, he specific a of absence the Criticising Jawad Darwaziyan Armanshahr th 27-28 43 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Armanshahr 27-28 44

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 them inPol-e BaghOmoumi.” of some and mountain the below dirt and mud of part worst of midst the in kiosks terrible and small in the Kabul, at located are “Bookshops are notpublished inAfghanistan. books that impression the under still are media many cases, but some of the civil institutions and in fairs book tocoverage given have media “The are printed inIran, Pakistan books andTurkey. Most abroad. costs printing than to culture higher is Kabul in is paid book a of cost finished however. The attention No Afghanistan. from publishers and writers by in published been published were have now sold books the that of However,50% Iran. mainly books were in readers interested the years, previous “In has That published. improved thesituation ofthebookmarket. them get must they that forbooks manytheir years withheld had realised who writers hand, other the On buyers. our of few most constitute they past and increased universities the private and “In state schools, of number situation: the years, current the On written are about the books interests of if the been regional threats states.” face will not we but have censored, government “The the hesaid: about books censorship, of question the On “go andsolve your problem amongyourselves.” Ministry of Information and Culture, they will say: don’t know what to do with them. If we go to the and we report the perpetrator to the police, they or copied are books publisher our When publishers. between and writer between problems to general and is vague. There Justice is no authority of to attend Ministry the of law ‘copyright’ The Afghanistan. in publisher and the translator writer, for copyright no is There further: went He and hasbecome more academic.” law,of literature, economics politicaland science has expandedSince 2001, publishing in the fields ideas. any produce not did they other, but each which the leftist and rightist writers wrote developments against new the concerned 2001 before book publishing in the past 10 years: “Most books Ahmad of situation the Sher of assessment this made Saeedi, director, house’s publishing The university textbooks andworks publishes ofuniversity professors. mainly it literature but culture, sociology, and economics, politics, law, books its since of 2010. Its line of mostwork extends to humanities, published has but Pakistan, Peshawar, in work its started It 1997. since titles 400 about published has house publishing Saeed and Qandahar. Jalalabad e.g. Herat, provinces, in other offices established has Maywand Kabul, in operate only publishers other many While date. this to titles 600 published has and wasestablished1989 It in people. writing the among name well-knowna is Next, I went to Maywand publishing house, which director; they say heisaway orat aseminar.” hedoesn’t say have time. We go to the office of the publications they culture; of of minister and information office the to go We problem. a have we when go to whom to know not do “We and were years now sellingthemat one go. few past the in one by one them bought had who people from books of bags 10 bought people would get rid of. In the past 10 days, I have readers. book Books are forheavy and they are the first things that worries caused has 2014 of prospect “The future: the with concerned is He officials government have come to buybooks.” high-ranking three only Administration, this of inception the since ever procuredwe which However,books,for them. of lists with other came frequently and officials government directors Ministers, books. bought and bookshops the to Minister,came Prime e.g. officials, People’sParty, high-ranking Democratic the of Administration the Under students. retireesand are readers Most books money. with have not do do to books; something who with have who do “Those those to nothing reading: have money of have conditions the On government. the from encouragement no received they but ranked Iran first among foreign publishers in in the current year, publishers Afghan The work. of quality better a activeoffer and government more the than now are but publishers regimes, independent previous the under government years. two past the by the published were booksbooks most Furthermore, in 3000 to of up gone run has it but 1000, print and 400 between the ranged previously him, to According poetry, novels, psychology, sociologyandpoliticsbooks. are rest the and Afghanistan of history the about them of 130 titles, 177 published has It 2003. since manner serious a in publishing in engaged has it but 1993, has existencesince in been house publishing The scripts. handwritten old and newspapers magazines, books, sells he where Sher Juye at kiosk a has house, publishing the of director Amiri, Wasim Amiri. is publishers reputedthe of One publishers. and shops kiosks, I go to Juye Sher. There are a large number of book Goftegu 95 last the in fallen have orders the but countries; various from orders many received We abroad. who lived people the particular more in books, more bought books people Taleban, banned the Under our frequently. buy would People abroad. operated we when Taleban the under censorship awkward faced “we censorship: On Some others have hadupto 40editions.” copies. 10,000 to up of runs print with published been have books our of Some publishing. a with encounter on we went and assets family our sold we problem, time Every supporters. nothave any did we period, this through All titles. science and culture, ethics, literature, published Wealso vacuum. the fill to books history more and published we people, the displacement among identity of loss internal war, civil the after However, books. history Nasir of publisher not were publishing house, started publishing Afghanistan.in Wepeak its at was war the when “we says: the Abdurrahman, of Director h tpc f h 95 the was of - topic the footnote - Panevis Arabnejad, introduction, Ramin of footnote”, of first context the and of critique reading poetry anthology the “In which many commentators believe to be one of one be to believecommentators many which h 95 The andsocial cultural issues are discussed. various and the critiqued which are recited and film, poems Then, short critique. a participants screening by begin They writers. and poets young by attended are on Mondays in the past 18 months. The meetings office Herat the at place taking been have which meetings, Critique” “Simorgh are meetings. them other Among and festivals cultural classes, the field of human rights, organised book reading alsoheld in issues international has and national on It meetings and Herat. Kabul in operation 7-year its during books of copies 100,000 than more printed brief had foundation the that his indicated In he Foundation, meeting. Armanshahr about the introduction of poet moderator a of apoem and Ramez, Rashed by anthology the recital from with opened meeting The and poets young 40 cultural activists attended. than more which 2012, office of Armanshahr Foundation on 5 November of Herat the in held Foundation. It was Armanshahr citizens, the and elite the between bridge a th Goftegu was concerned with Panevis, with concerned was Goftegu th Goftegu debate (7 debate Goftegu In thecontext offootnote th year), other forms ofPersian poetry inAfghanistan. with comparison in audience larger a has form this and years few past the in sonnet to return Amiri werethat of theopinion there has been a today.However, VahedyarAfsaneh Foroozanand and free verse is the predominant form of poetry before as flourishing as not arePersian poetry of forms traditional the that argued Sarab Esmaeil poet and leaves astronger impactontheaudience. the of power mental visionary increasing the transitional forms of Persian poetry helps the in music the thus, aspect; ‘visionary’ its is poetry of feature important most the that opinion contended different a of Supporters content. the on focusing from them preventing listener,thus the mesmerises and poet the createsforhurdles one of Proponents opinion poetry.believed that the music in classical forms Persian of forms poetry as well about as music in discussion modern and transitional free was there Subsequently, same timemodernlanguage. the at and fluid simple, a had anthology the that wereunanimous all They downs. and ups its and the poetry of Mr Arabnejad from different angles discussed each They anthology. the of critiques their readout Nazari(poet) Akbar Ali and writer) and (poet Vahedyar Afsaneh writer), Amini and Rooholamin (poet meeting, the At years. few past the in published anthologies important the than allothertopics. books on history and studies of Afghanistan more for grown has demand that say publishers Many However, that isnotthecase now.” problems. any create would the nobody that certain under we imported books from Iran orPakistan, we were shortcomings the When encouraged.were booksellers mujahedin, all “Despite week oreven 15days. toremainedup one bases atborderthe the in or have books our the issue and Directorate Security the taken to have We times. the many at border stopped been have cargoes book “Our replacement. a with us provide not did they but order, court privateproperty before contraryit, possessing to on some of our taxproblems. costs are They even demolished our high paper, postal and on books of importation taxes “High problems: On few years.” Armanshahr th 27-28 45 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Armanshahr 27-28 46

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 vroe vn eoey neetd n rn read Iran in interested remotely even everyone time about It’s end. an to come had manuscript the with tinkering of decades that after Dowlatabadi deemed had in Germany, published first was It Iran. in language» original its in appeared afterword informs us that The Colonel has «never historical and political figures. His equally precious Persianmythology,or to textplace-names the in reference single a omit not does glossary, which Patterdale is to be commended for his immaculate is ametaphor for theIran that might have been. he novel this In Atatürk. own its to got ever Iran This scrupulous reformer was probably the (1892- closest Pesyan 1921), a hero Khan even to current Iranian nationalists. Taqi Mohammad historical a figure, on draws Colonel The the accurate. of historically character very is about it allegory novel: little the very is there fable, a For to portray a society ravaged by a warped morality. exploits Dowlatabadi that pairing uncomfortable to the streets looking to lynch their jailers. It is an take mobs violent when cellar his in hides Amir whom Javid, Khezr interrogator former his and Amir involving those than war bloodshed senseless Iran-Iraq this of the telling more are scenes in No (1980-1988). «martyred» is while factions, another leftist various to belonging for three action: in killed or executed are children five colonel’s its the of Four of children». own its words ate the in tale, translator, the Tom Patterdale, of is how «the revolution Colonel The turned into avulture’s talons». struggling had which fist, «left this in chicks newly-hatched are like generations new the and executions follow, down universitiesshut are the regime outstrips its predecessor’s brutality. Public hopes are soon quashed, however, when the new exile and Ayatollah Khomeini’s return. Everyone’s into departure Shah’s the following mayhem of weeks the in released soon are son and Father student who belongsto theIranian a Communist Party. Amir, son, eldest his as prison same the in himself finds he rank, his of Stripped wife. adulterous his murderedShah’sarmy, has the in officer career a «Colonel», relatively modernised Islamic revolution in our hands. The idealistic and informativehavepassionateand this the of fable catalogue. We are, in the meantime, fortunate to for the moment unlikely perhaps to feature in any publisher’s is pages 3000 Kelidar, than epic more at 10-volume which his for Iran in known Independent:The Dowlatabadi Mahmoud bestis The Colonel by MahmoudDowlatabadi although no one in the family inspired him to do to him inspired family interests,the in one no although main his and been always working have reading” “thinking, says Dowlatabadi Mr while music to working inthedesert,” hesays. listen to him for father my for transistorradioa ever. buy and workwanted to I writer.Never a become to decided never had “I and praised by Iranians ofallwalks oflife. a prominent author whose novels are widely read by stricken village drought and poverty. a Never did he see a in future as living a earn family the third marriage, threeelder his stepbrotherswith to do menial jobs in the city, hishelping as father’s teenager of home left he son first The his warmth, honesty andcandid talk. with he surprises But or sulky. intimidating first at appear can writer the eyebrows, grey bushy and eyesfeatures,craggy blue piercingwith Slim and willnever ignore them.” background historical own my have “I high-rise. decorated apartment on the country21st floor of a own Tehran neatly my his in says, language,”he Persian of the and smell and scent the with writer a am I that thinking been always have “I simplistic. than rather lyrical, and complex is that language ruralpoor,the Iranian of life,thatof especially in picture realist detailed, a drawsDowlatabadi Mr reflected Iranian identity. genuinely verses have Shahnameh, 60,000 epic Ferdowsi’s of the like novels, Dowlatabadi’s Mr poet, Iranian towering the with common In big landowners norwell-off. been neither had into family Dowlatabadi’s born Mr Ferdowsi, were unlike although Both peasants, of nation. families Iranian figures the literary to many dedicated has that land Khorasanregion north-easternin Iran, thesame the from comes Dowlatabadi Mr Ferdowsi, Like as the chronicler ofIranian identity. and regarded language Persian the widely of preserver the poet tenth-century Ferdowsi, of son the literary a is he some, for But Iran’scontemporarynovelist.prominent as most Financial Times: Many see Mahmoud Dowlatabadi html reviews/the-colonel-by-mahmoud-dowlatabadi-2365087. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/ 4 October 2011;By André Naffis-Sahely this novel. ------husband’s disappearance is a bitter portrait of portrait bitter a is disappearance husband’s Its Soluch. portrayalruralpoor her a with womanof dealing Missing is – English into translated be to first his and – work much-praised Another “epic ofdecline.” earned high acclaim, described by one critic to as an relocated has and novel 10-volume The Khorasan. Sabzevar,in home their from 3000-page displaced are who The family Kurdish nomadic a Kelidar. depicts saga his for novel Iranians among monumental known best is he But children’s and stories. scripts film plays, stories, short 30 novels, than more written has while Dowlatabadi Mr his twenties school, theatre a private in at acting studying to write starting After it willtake you smoothly.” says. he darkness,” enter,“Beforeyouin, get you of scary,it’sonce but heart the into walking like is “Writing a nerves. his tame pours to coffee of cup and kitchen the to heads he Restless, time before starting each to write.” fear the surmount to have I know. I job frightening most the is Writing dreadful. is writing because “That’s says. he writing,” than write which means I devote more time to reading don’t I wheneverread awakeand nightsam at “I At the age of71,heisstill an avid reader. no regret. has he which about decision a school, high finish even didn’t He man. self-educated a him made has which reading, and for love his language to history Persian literature, modern and Iran’sbroadknowledgeof oweshis He so. classic July 24,2012;By Monavar KhalajinTehran “He was so towering that none could ignore him.” says. he Ferdowsi,” like figures literary many its historical the well- know background of the Persian world language, its culture … and the all of and people read language, Persian the and country this of writer the am I that obvious “It’s languages. other into translated widely not are because novels is his it about that out asked rules he being But regularly. it despite question mind, the his let not occupy does he says writer The wonder why hehasyet to winaNobelPrize. many where Iran, in popular remain works His says. he happen,” this make can nothing but people the and me between a veil put to try gentlemen [officials] “These kindly. him treated not regimehas the changes But government. make the by to requested willing understanding, and flexiblealways been has Dowlatabadi sayshe Mr years. four past the for government Iranian the from permit a publishing awaiting been have novels his of another and book This Persian. original its beforein English wasand published Germanit in Iranian 1979 the about revolution, became his first novel book to be published a Colonel, The says. [completely]”,he me not and me of shadow “a from teaching at the university. The work portrays Bygone Days of the Old Folks, after hethree-volume was banned the book, important” “most his is says he what wrote He active. remain to best his does novelist the restrictions, such of face the In was bannedlast month. novels his of publisher the and censorship,faced university teaching his postthe inmid-1980s,hehas of Deprived him. purge to tried has Islamic regime Iran’s how of talks he interview, the of cigarette fifth the out puts smoker heavy the As “most outstanding heroes ofmy novels.” Dowlatabadi says, explaining why women are the bravery,modesty,”beauty,and acts, audacity Mr teenageand that period Iadmired for their childhood my during women many seen have “I to theirmalecounterparts. footing equal on standing as them regarded and women, of alertness and bravery repeatedly the who depicted Ferdowsi, they of as works books, the his in in did role big a take Women and poverty. injustice authoritarianism, corruption, political b306-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2DejTscBI http://www .ft.com/cms/s/0/12b4e3f6-d564-11e1- Armanshahr th 27-28 47 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Books hpe 4 otis h U Gnrl Assembly General UN the contains 4 Chapter and others. parents and its impact on the children worldwide standards international women,and imprisoned the imprisonment of on prison articles women’s Herat, on in report a report, Watch Rights Human a introduction to an includes and the on Afghanistan interview in women imprisoned of an problems with begins 3 Chapter on thedeath penalty inIran.» International,» introduction «An and a to report 2011-Amnesty Afghanistan in Penalty «Death that penalty,» «Countries death the retained or abolished have Afghanistan,» at glimpse a a includes and Against «Convention with Torture the of review Afghanistan in prisoners of torture on report UN 2011 October with begins penalty, and death 2, Torture Chapter articles. as well as others and Parliament of Members of consists officials, activists, Afghanistan, rights human with interviews chapter, first The on prisonandhumanrights. reading Further literature,and Prison and Ideas issues, International prisoners, and prisons on law International prison, and women penalty, death has TortureAfghanistan,and chapters: seven edition Persian The Persian editions. separate English two and in rights» human prisoners and «Prison, of title the with appeared has recently 12-13 issue double asia“ “Politis · Prison,prisoners andhumanrights Armanshahr’s newbooks f rsnr; ntd tts te lc hl of hole black the States: United prisoners; of injustice; of Bush Administration and mistreatment the 10 years – includes Guantánamo articles: following chapter issues’ ‘International Form of Any Detention orImprisonment.” under Persons All of the forProtection Principles of “Body and Prisoners” of Treatment the Prisoners,” for Rules of Minimum Treatment “Standard the for on«Basic 1990 Principles 14 December of declaration opld Kai Rsakai n Jawad and Rostamkhani Khalil Compiled: 12-13 asia Politis rights, human and prisoners Prison, human rights, NATO, transitional justice etc. to relation and their policies US education, role of the and issue women’s rights, human as issues in such covering appeared issues have series 11 this now, to Up books. seriesof Armanshahr ofa title the general is asia“ “Politis rights. Several English-original items human have been left out. and prison on reading Further and literature, Prison International, prison, and Afghanistan,Torturepenalty,death women and chapters: following the has edition English The chapter rights. final The human and prison Prison.’on sources reading provides the of Birth The Punish: and Foucault’s‘Discipline of review a as well as prisoner a of memoirs brief a prisoners, reviews of three containsbooks by or about Guantánamo chapter literature’ Prison and ‘Ideas Prisons inThailand2011. torture; in trade States: United Guantanamo; Print run:1,000 First edition:Autumn2012 Cover design and page layout: Rooholamin Amini Published: ArmanshahrPublications Compiled: Jawad Darwaziyan Narrations ofvictimsonedecade (1980s) For recording inhistory regional andinternational war. the warAfghanistan in a hodgepodgeis the of government on all those issues and its view that past the few years,the Afghanistanof theopinion and during threatened or injured killed, been have who victims, media and journalists against violence peace, and war of midst the in and justice, the present conditions in Afghanistan important issues: War in Afghanistan, examined relationship of peace have which interviews, the compiled has Foundation) Armanshahr of officer rights (human Darvwaziyan Jawad Mr. spokesperson ofthePresident). (deputy Herawi Mr. Siamak and AfghanistanWatch), Media of Denmark), (head Towhidi (researcher, Institute, Sadiqullah Mr. Studies Maleksetiz Rights Human Mr. Researcher), Afghanistan International’s Rights & Amnesty activist Human rights (human Mosadiq Horia Ms. Commission), Independent Department, Afghanistan Violations Rights Human the of interviews with Mr. Farid Hamidi (Commissioner five contains and pages 107 has book new The appeared inprint recently. that Publications Armanshahr of series silence» the break «Let’s the in title new a is decade) a Forrecording historyin (narrations of victims by · For recording inhistory Print run:1,000 First edition:2012 Cover design and page layout: Rooholamin Amini Published: ArmanshahrPublications Editors: Guissou Jahangiri and Khalil Rostamkhani Darwaziyan Armanshahr th 27-28 49 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Armanshahr 27-28 50

4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013 Demands from the Future President, 2009; Let’s 2009; Women’sPresident, Future the from AfghanistanDemands Campaign: 50% The 22. Goftegu series 2009, Solutions; and Causes System? Education Religious astraygone Afghanistan’shas Whatin 21. Higher New and Jamaleddin Thinking; 2009,Goftegu series Sayyed 20. Correlation? 2009, Goftegu series or Confrontation Modernism, and Tradition 19. Jahangiri, Guissou 2009; Let’s for break thesilenceseries by by women compiled Afghanistan), poems of anthology national/international (An Peace Celebrate Women 18. or anArtificial Process? 2007,Goftegu series Movement National A Women’sMovement: 17. it), 2007,Goftegu series know don’t wefeminists(Perhaps All Weare 16. Goftegu series 2007, Globalization, of Interpretations Two 15. to Produce Elites? 2007,Goftegu series 14. Do Afghanistan Universities have the Capacity Let’s break thesilenceseries 2007 and Baradaran, Monireh Truth Commissions, of Justice Experience Oblivion, Against 13. issues, 2007,Goftegu series Political and Cultural on Immigration of Century of Quarter a of Impact and IncursionCultural 12. International Society, Goftegu series Civil 2007, Realities, Local of and Experiences Search In 11. Countries, 2007,Goftegu series Multi-ethnic in Justice Social and Democracy 10. and Press inAfghanistan, 2007,Goftegu series Media Expression, of Freedom of Challenges 9. Goftegu 2007, Thought, series of Schools other and Governance of Systems Islam, in Justice Social 8. 2006, Goftegu series Justice, and Truth Seeking in Citizens of Role 7. 2006, Goftegu series society? the and government the vis-à-vis rights 6. Who is a citizen? What are their obligations and of International Poetry, 2006,Goftegu series 5. In praise of Ahmad Shamlou, Living Conscience 4. Poems for Peace (Tajik editioninCyrillic),2003 3. Caravan ofLight (for young readership); 2003 Afghanistan (Ananthology ofpoems);2003 DemocracyCaravanin PoetryforPeaceand 2. of trilingual poems and edition), 2003 writings of (anthology Poemsforone Afghanistan and Thousand One 1. Armanshahr/OPEN ASIA Publications 2 Te fhnsa Wmns 0 Campaign 50% Women’s Afghanistan The 42. to mechanisms Khalil Rostamkhani, 2010,(Politis asia6-7) Editor violators, Jurisdiction, rights human prosecute Universal 41. Amini, Rooholamin Cigarette, 2010, Simorgh series 21st the To 40. 2010, Let’s break thesilenceseries Carlens, Delphine and Jahangiri Guissou Editors Justice, and Truth of Search In Afghanistan: 39. Goftegu series 2010, version) of international(English Afghanistan, in presence a decade of evaluation An 38. 2010, version) Goftegu series (Dari Afghanistan, in of international presence a decade of evaluation An 37. Goftegu series 2010, Expression, of Freedom to Book From 2010, 36. Afghanistan, in EconomyGoftegu series Market 35. Peace Prize); 2010,Let’s break thesilenceseries 34. Simorgh’s Feather (Selected poems of Simorgh asia 4-5) (Politis 2010 Dadashi, Shourangiz and Guissou Jahangiri Editors Participation Education, of Political Role Women: of and Discrimination 33. series Simorgh 2010, Orwell, George Farm, Animal 32. in Afghanistan; 2010, Goftegu series Parliament Critical First a of to Evaluation Parliament of Structure From 31. Transitional silence series Justice, for Victims Justice Coordination Group, 2010; Let’s break the of Voice 30. Rostamkhani, 2010,(Politis asia3) Khalil and Jahangiri Guissou Editors Empires, of Decline and Democracy NATO, to Exceptions 29. Amini; 2010;Let’s break thesilenceseries Rooholamin Here, Time Abandoned an is It 28. Justice Women: with Rendered Dialogue or One Step Back? 2009, Goftegu series tothe National 27. Victims for Borders, 2009;Let’s break thesilenceseries Guide without Reporters Court, Practical Criminal International A 26. 2009, Goftegu series PeopleWant?do What doing? ProvincialCouncil the is WhatYouth ProvincialCouncil; 25. the and 2009; Let’s break thesilenceseries Peace); for Poems of Anthology (An Simorgh 24. 2009 (Politis asia1-2) USPolicy, and Editors Guissou Jahangiri and Rights Khalil Rostamkhani, Human of Violations 23. break thesilenceseries (Politis asia10-11) 2011, Jahangiri, Guissou and Darwaziyan SeyyedJawad Editors democracy, and Federalism 61. 2011, Goftegu series HeratWahidBadgeis,Badakhshan, and Qassemi, 60. Zeer o Bam, a Study of Traditional Music from 2011, (Politis asia8-9) toZ, A Editors Guissou Jahangiri and Khalil Rostamkhani, Justice, Transitional of Handbook A 59. in Afghanistan, 2011,Goftegu series history contemporary of years 60 Re-visiting 58. Peace Prize, 2011,Simorgh series 57. “Simorgh Stories”, Selected Stories of Simorgh without readers books, 2011,Goftegu series readers, without Writers 56. Summer 2011,Goftegu series illiteracy,to war war,from to Forensicilliteracy From 55. of Role the and Science, Physicians for HumanRights, 2011 Seeking Truth 54. and Peace War the silenceseries in break Let’s 2011, Women contributions), (international for Justice 53. Pouyan, eye-witness Rasoul (an 1989), 2011, Let’s break thesilenceseries Herat Ruins war, War of of account Review A 52. 2011, Let’s break thesilenceseries interviews with victims and political personalities), 51. The Past Enlightens the Future (a collection of 2011 (Politis asia4-5) Edition, 2nd Dadashi, Shourangiz and Guissou Jahangiri Editors Participation Education, of Political Role Women: of and Discrimination 50. Simorgh series 2011, Dastgirzada, Nekhat Homeira poems), of (collection Fifty Years in Said be Can Nothing 49. 2011, Memory, Collective Goftegu series our Revisiting 48. and Fear Between Doubt, 2011,Goftegu series World a people, Young 47. 2nd Edition, 2011,Let’s break thesilenceseries Baradaran, Monireh and Truth Commissions, of Justice Experience Oblivion, Against 46. Rostamkhani, 2ndEdition, 2011,(Politis-asia 3) Khalil and Jahangiri Guissou Editors Empires, of Decline and Democracy NATO, to Exceptions 45. 2nd Edition, 2011,(Politis asia1-2) USPolicy, and Editors Guissou Jahangiri and Asef Rights Khalil Rostamkhani, Human of Violations Mohammad 44. by Rahmani, 2010,Simorgh series Photographs Amini, Rooholamin Jahangiri, Guissou Afghanistan), in peace for English photographs and (an poems of Birdsanthology Wise Thirty the Simorgh, 43. series silence the break Let’s 2010; Winter Pamphlet, civil society), 28issues,(Year IV) 74. Armanshahr (a periodical of human rights and Persian translation, 2012 and English original in Foundation; Armanshahr and Rights Human for Federation International reconciliation in Afghanistan, need a joint report of the The Crossroads: a for arights-centred approachto peace and at Rights Human 73. asia 12-13)plusanEnglish-language edition (Politiscollaboration Jawad Darwaziyan, 2012, of with Rostamkhani, Khalil and Jahangiri Guissou Editors rights, human and prisoners Prison, 72. silence the break Let’sseries 2012, decade), one of victims (narratives of history Bradbury, recordingin For 71. Douglas Ray 451, translated by AliShi’a Ali,2012,Simorgh series Fahrenheit 70. 2012, Children &Young People series hlrn n Aoecns 21, 2 2011, Adolescents, and for Rights Children Human of Declaration Universal 69. Master of Calligraphy Simorgh series Love, of Najibullah Anwari; gilded by Mehdi Banaei, 2012, Flames 68. 67. 1984,George Orwell, 2012;Simorgh series Mujib Tajikistan, series of of review a MehrdadBehroozand Simorgh2012, Zabihullah, poetry rain; in the by contemporary women passed Ringing of 66. conditions of review Afghanistan andTajikistan, 2012,Goftegu series A 65. 2012, Children &Young Peoplede Saint-Exupéry, series Antoine Prince, Little The 64. 2012, justice, social and Goftegu series system Political 63. & Children 2011, Young People series Adolescents, and for Rights Children Human of Declaration Universal 62. · version: Dari http://mondediplo.com/2012/10/11afghanistan the Parenti; in · articles Other National Day of Victims Group for International Human Rights Day and · Committee for International Human Rights Day Women’s ParticipationPolitical and Campaign · World Philosophy Day Statement of Transitional Justice Coordination Joint statement of Afghanistan Women’s 50% A brief report on 97 on report brief A u Dd h Lgt Sa O? y Christian By On? Stay Lights The Did But th Goftegu marking the marking Goftegu nd Edition, Armanshahr th 27-28 51 4 Year, Issues 27-28, January 2013