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Papuan Ethno-Political Conflict: Causes, Contexts, and Policy Implication View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2004-03 Papuan ethno-political conflict: causes, contexts, and policy implication Rahmawati, Arifah Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1634 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS PAPUAN ETHNO-POLITICAL CONFLICT: CAUSES, CONTEXTS, AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS by Arifah Rahmawati March 2004 Thesis Advisor: Douglas Porch Second Reader: Gaye Christoffersen Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED March 2004 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: Papuan Ethno-Political Conflict: Causes, Contexts, 5. FUNDING NUMBERS and Policy Implications 6. AUTHOR(S) Arifah Rahmawati 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION REPORT Monterey, CA 93943-5000 NUMBER 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) This thesis examines causes and contexts of conflict in the Papua province of Indonesia. The Papua conflict is categorized as an ethno-political conflict as groups of Papuan ethnics raise some incompatible issues about the government of Indonesia. They are expressing their political ideas with various actions from rebellion to non-violent political campaigns. The Indonesian government, at the same time, has chosen various policies from counter-insurgency to accommodation. The counter-insurgency policies, however, have escalated the conflict and regenerate more grievances to the Papuans that increase international concerns. Thus, this thesis argues for a peaceful resolution over the Papua conflict through negotiation and accommodation. The thesis also expects the active engagement of the civil society at the local, national, and international levels. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Papua Province, Indonesia, Papua Conflict, Ethno-Political Conflict, 15. NUMBER OF Counter-Insurgency, Accommodation, Civil-Society PAGES 95 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UL NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited PAPUAN ETHNO-POLITICAL CONFLICT: CAUSES, CONTEXTS, AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS Arifah Rahmawati Civilian, Ministry of Education of Indonesia B.A., Gadjah Mada University of Yogyakarta Indonesia, 1992 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (SECURITY BUILDING IN POST- CONFLICT ENVIRONMENT) from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL March 2004 Author: Arifah Rahmawati Approved by: Douglas Porch Thesis Advisor Gaye Christoffersen Second Reader James J. Wirtz Chairman, Department of National Security Affairs iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT This thesis examines causes and contexts of conflict in the Papua province of Indonesia. The Papua conflict is categorized as an ethno-political conflict as groups of Papuan ethnics raise some incompatible issues about the government of Indonesia. They are expressing their political ideas with various actions from rebellion to non-violent political campaigns. The Indonesian government, at the same time, has chosen various policies from counter-insurgency to accommodation. The counter-insurgency policies, however, have escalated the conflict and regenerated more grievances to the Papuans that increase international concerns. Thus, this thesis argues for a peaceful resolution over the Papua conflict through negotiation and accommodation. The thesis also expects the active engagement of the civil society at the local, national, and international levels. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. THE BACKGROUND OF THE PAPUA CONFLICT AND AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK................................................................................1 A. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................1 B. THESIS PURPOSED AND ARGUMENTS..................................................5 C. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE PAPUA CONFLICT AND ITS RESOLUTION................................................................................7 II. MICRO ANALYSIS: PAPUA CONFLICT TRIANGLE......................................15 A. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................15 B. CONTRADICTION ISSUES........................................................................16 1. Economy..............................................................................................16 a. Tailing......................................................................................19 b. Overburden..............................................................................19 c. Mine Closure...........................................................................20 2. Social ...................................................................................................20 3. Political Issues ....................................................................................24 C. ATTITUDINAL ISSUES ..............................................................................26 D. BEHAVIOR ISSUES.....................................................................................27 E. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................30 III. MACRO ANALYSIS: THE CONTEXTS OF PAPUA CONFLICT....................33 A. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................33 B. THE NATIONAL CONTEXT......................................................................35 C. LOCAL (PROVINCIAL) CONTEXT .........................................................40 1. The Salience of Ethno-Cultural Identity..........................................41 2. Incentives for Ethno-Political Action...............................................42 3. Capacity for Ethno-Political Action.................................................43 4. Opportunities and Choices................................................................44 D. THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT .........................................................45 1. Donor Countries.................................................................................46 2. International Organization ...............................................................47 3. International Finance Institutions....................................................48 4. Multinational Corporations ..............................................................48 5. International Non-governmental Organizations (INGOs).............48 E. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................49 IV. DEVELOPING STRATEGIES FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION.....................51 A. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................51 B. PEACEFUL CONFLICT RESOLUTION AS A PROCESS.....................52 C. DEVELOPING STRATEGIES FOR PEACEFUL CONFLICT RESOLUTION...............................................................................................55 1. Relationship and Contradiction Issues ............................................55 2. Actors and Activities..........................................................................59 vii a. Top Leadership........................................................................60 b. Middle-Range Leadership.......................................................60 c. Grassroots Leadership ............................................................61 D. MEDIATION: A NECESSARY THIRD PARTY INTERVENTION......61 1. The Need of Third-Party Intervention.............................................62 2. What Kind of Intervention Can Be Done? ......................................63 3. Who Will Play the Role of the Best Intervener? .............................64 a. The United Nations (UN)........................................................64
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