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The Impact of Feral Goat Herbivory on the Vegetation of Bonaire

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The Impact of Feral Goat Herbivory on the Vegetation of Bonaire The impact of feral goat herbivory on the vegetation of Bonaire An experimental study in the Washington-Slagbaai National park Q.T. Coolen Supervisors: dr. M. Holmgren and dr. P. van Hooft, Resource Ecology Group dr. Dolfi Debrot, drs. John de Freitas The impact of feral goat herbivory on the vegetation of Bonaire Experimental study in the Washington-Slagbaai National park By: Quirijn Coolen Tuesday, 03 November 2015 Msc. Student Forest and Nature Conservation Student nr. 890102161130 MSc. Thesis Resource Ecology REG-80436 Supervisors, Resource Ecology group, Wageningen University: dr. Milena Holmgren, dr. Pim van Hooft Supervisors, IMARES Wageningen UR, CARMABI: dr. Dolfi Debrot, drs. John de Freitas Abstract Feral goats (Capra hircus) are introduced but very successful herbivores found in areas all over the Caribbean island Bonaire. Within the Washington-Slagbaai national park, STINAPA is currently taking measures in order to control the goat population. Research was requested to provide a scientific background on the impact of feral goats in the park. This field experiment included the analysis of 13 areas where goats had been excluded for a period of 8 years. This study revealed the negative impact of feral goats on the vegetation of the Washington-Slagbaai national park. Recovery of the vegetation in the exclosures was found to be significantly higher in comparison with areas accessible for goats. Vegetation rejuvenation within the exclosures increased dramatically for tree species such as Capparis odoratissima, Randia aculeata and Guaiacum officinale. Direct and indirect positive relations with goat presence were observed for Opuntia wentiana and Croton flavens. Keywords: STINAPA; Washington-Slagbaai national park; herbivory impact; Capra hircus; exclosures Acknowledgements This work forms part of a goat eradication campaign headed by dr. A. Debrot for STINAPA and funded by the Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands in support of green developments on Bonaire. I thank IMARES Wageningen UR and Dr. Debrot for making this internship possible and for funding support. I would like to thank my direct Wageningen University supervisors dr. Milena Holmgren and dr. Pim van Hooft for their continuous support, motivation and guidance which helped me solve the issues during my field study, as well as during the writing of this thesis. Furthermore, I would like to thank dr. Dolfi Debrot for the initiation of this research project and for his drive to keep us challenged by new questions and topics within the research. Drs. John de Freitas made available his initial data of the exclosures and control sites he set out and identified many plant specimens for us, for which he earned my greatest thanks. Besides my direct supervisors, I would also like to express my gratitude towards the management team of STINAPA and the rangers of the Washington-Slagbaai National park. A special thanks to Mark Beenakkers and George Cultura Thodé, for their knowledge and personal help during the field study on Bonaire. I would like to give a sincere thanks to my fellow student colleagues Barry van den Ende, Kevin Geurts and Nikkie van Grunsven, who travelled with me to Bonaire. I much enjoyed the close team we formed and think back with joy on our drives through the park and evening barbeques. I would like to specifically thank Barry, who was my roommate on Bonaire and assisted me during my field work where he helped me with his fast acquired knowledge on the native flora of the island. Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Problem statement ............................................................................................................................ 2 Objective ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Research question .......................................................................................................................... 3 Hypothesis .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Methods ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Study area .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Exclosures ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Vegetation .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Data analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 9 Plant groups ................................................................................................................................. 10 Results .................................................................................................................................................. 11 1. Environmental characteristics .................................................................................................. 11 2. Comparison exclosure and control plots .................................................................................. 13 Herbaceous vegetation ................................................................................................................ 16 Shrubs .......................................................................................................................................... 17 Trees ............................................................................................................................................. 17 Cacti.............................................................................................................................................. 20 3. Between plot comparisons ....................................................................................................... 22 4. Differences exclosure and control ............................................................................................ 22 5. Abundance of species ............................................................................................................... 23 Discussion............................................................................................................................................. 26 Between plot comparisons ............................................................................................................... 29 Microsite differences........................................................................................................................ 29 Limitations ........................................................................................................................................ 30 Vegetation structure ........................................................................................................................ 32 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 33 References ........................................................................................................................................... 34 Appendices ........................................................................................................................................... 38 I. Cacti .......................................................................................................................................... 38 II. Plot characteristics ................................................................................................................... 40 III. Species per plot .................................................................................................................... 47 IV. Collection of faeces .............................................................................................................. 50 Introduction Feral goats (Capra hircus) have often been shown to be important contributors to habitat destruction and alteration of species composition. Because goats are generalists and capable of surviving in a wide variety of climates and habitat types, serious effects on the native ecosystem can occur (Campbell & Donlan 2005; Coblentz 1978). Therefore, feral goats are considered pests in many parts of the world (Southwell et al. 1993; Parkes 1990b; Bonsey 2011). Feral goats consume, but also trample native plants and hence modify the plant community, with cascading effects on other herbivores and carnivores. Although goats prefer palatable food sources, they will eat poor quality food if necessary (Coblentz 1977). Consequently, a large density of goats favours non-native species of plants, as native species often have little defence against herbivory (Parker et al. 2006; Oduor et al. 2010) Invasive species, such as feral goats, can even drive local species to extinction (Mooney & Cleland 2001; Coblentz 1978). Small island ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to invasive species as they usually developed without large herbivores and therefore plants normally have no defences against
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