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Word-Final /L/ in the Lyrics of British Popular Songs Shinji Sato

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Word-Final /L/ in the Lyrics of British Popular Songs Shinji Sato 63 Word-final /l/ in the lyrics of British popular songs Shinji Sato 1. 1 Introduction Lateral approximant /l/ in the English language is known to possess a variant, apart from what is called clear [l] and dark (velarised) [ɫ], which omits the tongue-tip contact with the alveolar ridge, in other words a vocalic variant. This phenomena is sometimes referred to as L-Vocalization.(Wells p.258) Findings concerning the proportions of velarised variant and vocalic one must be of interest to the students of the language in question. However, my past study (Sato 2005) indicated that distinguishing velarised variant from its vocalic counterpart with accuracy is extremely difficult and involves some problems. 1.2 Methodology A different approach has been taken in this study to investigate this issue, which is to examine the rhymes containing word-final /l/s. For example, if such pairs as tool – too and all - saw are meant for a rhyme just as pairs like tool – fool and all - call, it may indicate a vocalic variant for the /l/s in the former pairs. It might even signify zero realization, or the disappearance of phoneme /l/. At least it might imply that in the speaker’s mind the presence of those /l/s is not strong enough to compel him or her to supply words containing /l/s. Thus it may give some insight to the state of /l/ in the speaker’s mind. In other words, it is, in a sense, a study of the phonemic level in that it investigates whether /l/ in some context in some lexical items may have ceased to exist in some speakers’ mind, in contrast to the study of the variants on the 64 phonetic level actually realized by the speakers. The lyrics of popular songs are chosen for the materials for analysis as they generally contain rhymes which are suitable and convenient for such analysis. In addition, those rhymes are, needless to say, usually accompanied by the actual realization, that is, by singing, and the recorded materials are readily available for analysis. Thus, two levels of analysis are possible. However, the study of recorded sounds has not been done in this particular study. Hopefully it will be carried out in the following studies. 1.3 Material The lyrics of the popular songs whose writers were born from the 1940s to the 1990s are examined. These are divided into five age groups, i. e. those born in the 1) 1940s 2)1950s 3)1960s 4)1970s 5)1980s and 90s.When the members of a band belong to different groups they are assigned to the one to which its main songwriter belongs. 724 songs of 50 artists (43 bands and seven solo singers) were analyzed. From the number of the songs included in the CDs or DVDs, the ones written by the others, that is to say, not by the songwriter(s) in question are appropriately excluded. 1.4 A note on the rhyme Apart from what is called ‘true rhyme’ or ‘perfect rhyme,’ for which the last stressed vowel and all the following sounds in the pair of words must be identical, there are a number of different types of rhyme. Among which, ‘assonance,’ which is the matching of vowels as in lake – gate, may have relevance to this study. For such a pair as fool – too may be meant for a true rhyme with a possible vocalic variant, or may be intended for assonance. Without confirming the writer’s intention such distinction with certainty would be impossible. Therefore in this study such rhymes and all the other rhymes are included as ‘the rhymes which might possibly reflect the influence of L-Vocalization.’ 65 Not all the rhymes examined in this study have one to one relation, that is to say, one lexical item may have more than one words which are meant to rhyme, e.g. all, call – law, cool – you, do etc.. this may have some influence on the figures shown in this study. 2. Analysis of the lyrics Under each artist’s name, following the title of the album and the number of the songs analyzed, the state of /l/ - /l/ rhyme is given. The description ‘all /l/ - /l/’ means that all the /l/ - /l/ rhymes found in the lyrics have the usual /l/ and /l/ structure as in all and hall. ‘Mostly /l/ - /l/’ means that one pair lacking /l/ in one word as in all and saw was found; and ‘generally /l/ - /l/’ indicates that more than one pair with this structure were detected. 2.1 The musicians born in the 1940s 2.1.1. The Beatles Members: John Lennon (1940-80), Ringo Starr (1940- ), Paul McCartney (1943- ), George Harrison (1943-2001) The title of the album: The Beatles 1 (2000) The number of songs analyzed: 27 /l/ - /l/ rhyme: all /l/ - /l/ 2.1.2 The Rolling Stones Members: Mick Jagger (1943- ), Keith Richards (1943- ) and others The title of the album: A Bigger Bang (2005) The number of the songs analyzed: 16 /l/ - /l/ rhyme: all /l/ - /l/ 66 2.1.3 The Kinks Members: Ray Davies (1944- ) (main songwriter), Dave Davies (1947- ) and others The title of the album: The Kink Kontroversy (1965) The number of songs analyzed: 13 /l/ - /l/ rhyme: found (one example only) The example of the rhyme which might possibly reflect the influence of L-Vocalization: Times will be hard, rain will fall And you'll feel mighty low (‘The World Keeps Going Round’) 2.1.4 Led Zeppelin Members: Jimmy Page (1944- ), Robert Plant (1948- ) and others The title of the album: Led Zeppelin II (1969) The number of the songs analyzed: 8 /l/ - /l/ rhyme: generally /l/ - /l/ The examples of the rhymes which might possibly reflect the influence of L-Vocalization: If the sun refused to shine, I would still be loving you. If the mountains should crumble to the sea, there would still be you and me. Kind woman, I give you my all, Kind woman, nothing more. (‘Thank You’) 67 I went to sleep last night, I work as hard as I can I bring home my money, you take my money, give it to another man I should have quite you, baby-a, oh, such a long time ago I wouldn't be here with all my troubles Down on this killin' floor (‘The Lemon Song ’) 2.1.5 Deep Purple Members: Richie Blackmore (1945- ), Ian Gillan (1945- ) and others The title of the album: The Compact Disc Anthology (Disc 1) (1998) The number of the songs analyzed: 12 /l/ - /l/ rhyme: all /l/ - /l/ 2.1.6 Eric Clapton (1945- ) The title of the album: The Cream of Eric Clapton (1987) The number of the songs analyzed: 8 /l/ - /l/ rhyme: all /l/ - /l/ 2.1.7 The Who Members: Pete Townshend (1945- ) (main songwriter) and others The title of the album: My generation – The Very Best of the Who (1996) The number of songs analyzed: 20 /l/ - /l/ rhyme: mostly /l/ - /l/ The example of the rhyme which might possibly reflect the influence of L-Vocalization: The change, it had to come We knew it all along 68 We were liberated from the fold, that’s all The world looks just the same And history ain’t blamed ‘Cause the banners all were flown in the last war (‘Won’t Get Fooled Again’) 2.1.8 David Bowie: (1947 - ) The title of the album: The Video Collection (1993) (Side 1) The number of the songs analyzed: 14 /l/ - /l/ rhyme: generally /l/ - /l/ The examples of the rhymes which might possibly reflect the influence of L-Vocalization: This is Major Tom to ground control I’m stepping through the door And I’m floating in a most peculiar way And the stars look very different today (‘Space Oddity’) The jean genie lives on his back The jean genie loves chimney stacks He’s outrageous, he screams and he bawls Jean genie let yourself go! (‘The Jean Genie ’) Sailors fighting in a dance hall Oh man! look at those cavemen go It’s the freakiest show (‘Life on Mars?’) 69 2.1.9 Elton John (1947 - ) (with Bernie Taupin b.1950) The title of the album: The Very Best of Elton John (1990) The number of the songs analyzed: 27 /l/ - /l/ rhyme: mostly /l/ - /l/ The example of the rhyme which might possibly reflect the influence of L-Vocalization: And its no sacrifice Just a simple word Its two hearts living In two separate worlds (‘Sacrifice’) 2.1.10 The Small Faces Members: Steve Marriott (1947 - 1991), Ronnie Lane (1946 - 1997) and others The title of the album: Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake (1968) The number of songs analyzed: 12 /l/ - /l/ rhyme: all /l/ - /l/ 2.2. The musicians born in the 1950s 2.2.1 The Police Members: Sting (1951- ) and others The title of the album: The Very Best of Sting and the Police (1997) The number of the songs analyzed: 18 /l/ - /l/ rhyme: all /l/ - /l/ 2.2.2 The Clash Members: Joe Strummer (1952 – 2002), Mick Jones (1955- ) and others 70 The title of the album: The Essential Clash (2003) The number of songs analyzed: 38 /l/ - /l/ rhyme: generally /l/ - /l/ The examples of the rhymes which might possibly reflect the influence of L-Vocalization: Yankee dollar talk To the dictators of the world In fact it's giving orders An' they can't afford to miss a word (‘I'm So Bored With the U.S.A.’) Ring! Ring! It's 7:00 A.M.! Move y'self to go again Cold water in the face Brings you back to this awful place Knuckle merchants and you bankers, too Must get up an' learn those rules (‘The Magnificent Seven’) The panorama of the city is wrong In fact the city seems to be gone! Burning rubber and smoke in my eyes There's a flat burning junkheap For twenty square miles! (‘Stop The World’) You wanna play mind-crazed banjo 71 On the druggy-drag ragtime u.s.a.? In parkland international Hah! junkiedom u.s.a.
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