Annual and Sustainability Report 2020

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Annual and Sustainability Report 2020 Annual and Sustainability Report 2020 Climate progress. It's happening. Contents Overview Financial information This is Vattenfall ...........................................................................4 Financial performance ............................................................. 91 CEO’s message ............................................................................6 Consolidated accounts ...........................................................98 Important events ...................................................................... 12 Notes to the consolidated accounts ................................. 104 Parent Company accounts .................................................. 136 Strategic direction Notes to the Parent Company accounts .......................... 139 Auditor’s Report ..................................................................... 151 Business model ......................................................................... 14 Our beliefs about the future ....................................................18 Strategy ......................................................................................20 Sustainability notes Targets and target achievement ........................................... 24 Total value creation ............................................................... 156 Materiality analysis ................................................................ 156 Investments Stakeholders .......................................................................... 157 Environmental governance ................................................. 159 Green bond investor report ....................................................27 Reduce climate impact ......................................................... 160 Investment plan ........................................................................28 Protect nature and biodiversity .......................................... 160 Ensure sustainable use of resources ................................ 162 Political and competitive environment Employee health and well-being ........................................ 164 Markets and regulations .........................................................30 Human rights .......................................................................... 166 Competitive landscape ...........................................................33 Sustainable supply chain ..................................................... 167 Integrity .................................................................................... 169 Operating segments Taxes ..........................................................................................170 Operating segment overview ................................................38 GRI Index and supplementary disclosures. ......................171 Operating segments ................................................................40 Vattenfall's application of the TCFD core recommendations ................................................................. 175 Our people Combined Assurance Report ..............................................176 Auditor’s review of green bond ........................................... 177 Our people ..................................................................................62 Risks and risk management More on Vattenfall Five-year overview, sustainability data ............................. 178 Risks and risk management ...................................................64 Quarterly overview ................................................................ 180 Ten-year overview ................................................................. 181 Corporate governance Definitions and calculations of key ratios ......................... 182 Corporate Governance Report .............................................. 74 Facts about Vattenfall’s markets ........................................ 184 Board of Directors .....................................................................84 Glossary ................................................................................... 187 Executive Group Management ..............................................86 Contacts and financial calendar ......................................... 189 AGM proposal ............................................................................88 Administration report and financial statements Statutory sustainability report About the report The 2020 Annual and Sustainability Report for Vattenfall AB (publ) is submitted by the reporting and is inspired by the Integrated Reporting Framework with the ambition Board of Directors and describes the company’s overall targets and strategy as well as that the report will reflect how sustainability is embedded in the overall strategy as well the year’s results. The administration report and accounts are found on pages 4–9, as in the daily work. Vattenfall uses the Annual and Sustainability Report as its 12–13, 64–150 and are assured by our auditors. Pages 14–15, 25–26, 65–69, 79–81, ànd Communication on Progress for the UN Global Compact (UNGC). 156–171 include Vattenfall’s statutory sustainability report according to the Swedish Annual Accounts Act. Vattenfall has been reporting in accordance with the Global Further information about Vattenfall’s operations and sustainability work can be found Reporting Initiative’s (GRI) Guidelines annually since 2003 and for 2019 has applied at: vattenfall.com/sustainability. the GRI Standards, “Core” option. Vattenfall uses the GRI framework as a basis for VATTENFALL ANNUAL AND SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2020 Humanity faces a huge climate challenge that defines our work at Vattenfall. We recognise that we play a leading role in tackling this challenge and are committed to a clear goal – to enable fossil-free living within one generation. To make it happen we will: Phase out remaining fossil-based production according to our clear roadmap Invest heavily in renewable energy as well as develop new technology to aid the energy transition Collaborate with our partners to phase out fossil fuels in sectors like industry and transport by using fossil-free electricity. We recognise that we are just one player among many and openly invite everyone to join us on the journey towards fossil-free living. VATTENFALL ANNUAL AND SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2020 1 Positive progress for the climate is happening It’s happening on land and at sea It’s happening in your neighbourhood We live in a time of change. Driven by this need to tackle climate Heating up your home fossil free is now a reality. In Berlin, for change, the market for renewable energy generation continues to instance, Vattenfall has connected Europe’s largest power-to- grow. For instance, wind power now accounts for 14% of Europe’s heat facility to the district heating grid at its Reuter West power electricity generation. The energy industry is approaching a tip- plant, allowing it to produce and store heat generated from ping point. Today, wind and solar power are the cheapest forms excess electricity from renewable energy sources. This enables of electricity generation, and wind power has become one of the fossil-free heating for up to 360,000 homes in Berlin. most important energy sources for driving decarbonisation. Dur- ing 2020 Vattenfall commissioned 334 MW of renewable energy generation, and over 3 000 MW is under construction. Milestones 2023 → 2024 → 2025 → We provide electric charging for 750 MW of additional, flexible We reduce CO2 intensity 1 billion fossil-free kilometres hydro capacity enables more by >40% from 2017. annually. renewable generation. We generate fossil-free electricity to power 30 million homes. We provide 7 TWh of renewable energy through corporate PPAs. 2 VATTENFALL ANNUAL AND SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2020 It’s happening at completely new places It’s happening while you do what you love At Vattenfall we are committed to electrifying society as a way to Coking coal has been an essential component in steel produc- help turn the tide on climate change. Part of this entails speeding tion for more than a thousand years. A collaboration between up the transition to electric vehicles. Together with our partners steel producer SSAB, mining company LKAB and Vattenfall has we have built one of northern Europe’s largest networks of EV now led to a joint venture: HYBRIT. The goal is to produce fossil- charging stations: InCharge. Today InCharge is established in free steel in 2026. A pilot plant was inaugurated in August where Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands and further markets will tests will be conducted on using fossil-free hydrogen gas in the soon be added. direct reduction of iron ore. If implemented at full scale, HYBRIT has the potential to reduce Sweden’s C02 emissions by 10% and Finland’s by 7%. 2026 → 2030 → 2035 → Our HYBRIT partnership We reduce CO2 intensity We are not done, more produces fossil-free steel. by nearly 70% from 2017. to come … We have completely phased out coal. We operate a bio-carbon capture and storage (bio-CCS) plant. VATTENFALL ANNUAL AND SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2020 3 This is Vattenfall We are one of Europe’s largest producers and retailers of electricity and heat. Vattenfall’s main markets are Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark and the UK. The Group has approximately 20,000 employees. The Parent Company Vattenfall AB is 100%-owned by the Swedish state, and its headquarters are in Solna, Sweden. Heat 1.8 "Collaborating with customers strengthens Grid 3.3 Electricity 14 6.8 million
Recommended publications
  • Condition Measuring and Lifetime Modelling of Disconnectors, Circuit Breakers and Other Electrical Power Transmission Equipment
    Condition measuring and lifetime modelling of disconnectors, circuit breakers and other electrical power transmission equipment PER WESTERLUND Doctoral Thesis Stockholm, Sweden 2017 TRITA-EE 2017:134 KTH Elektroteknisk teori och konstruktion ISSN 1653-5146 Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik ISBN 978-91-7729-543-3 SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av Kungl Tekniska högskolan framläg- ges till offentlig granskning för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen i elektro- och systemteknik måndagen den 23 oktober 2017 klockan 13.15 i Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Kungl Tekniska högskolan, Stockholm. © Per Westerlund, september 2017 Tryck: Universitetsservice US AB Abstract The supply of electricity is important in modern society, so the outages of the electric grid should be few and short, especially for the transmission grid.A summary of the history of the Swedish electrical system is presented. The objective is to be able to plan the maintenance better by following the condition of the equipment. The risk matrix can be used to choose which component to be maintained. The risk matrix is improved by adding a dimension, the uncertainty of the probability. The risk can be reduced along any dimension: better measurements, preventive maintenance or more redundancy. The number of dimensions can be reduced to two by following iso-risk lines calculated for the beta distribution. This thesis lists twenty surveys about circuit breakers and disconnectors, with statistics about the failures and the lifetime. It also presents about forty condition- measuring methods for circuit breakers and disconnectors, mostly applicable to the electric contacts and the mechanical parts. A method for scheduling thermography based on analysis of variance of the current is tried.
    [Show full text]
  • Sweden 2000 Review INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
    SuèdeA prepaFT 4/09/00 13:12 Page 1 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY Energy Policies of IEA Countries Sweden 2000 Review INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY Energy Policies of IEA Countries Sweden 2000 Review INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY ORGANISATION FOR 9, rue de la Fédération, ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION 75739 Paris, cedex 15, France AND DEVELOPMENT The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in autonomous body which was established in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into November 1974 within the framework of the force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development (OECD) to implement an international shall promote policies designed: energy programme. • To achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of It carries out a comprehensive programme of living in Member countries, while maintaining energy co-operation among twenty-four* of the financial stability, and thus to contribute to the OECD’s twenty-nine Member countries. The basic development of the world economy; aims of the IEA are: • To contribute to sound economic expansion in • To maintain and improve systems for coping Member as well as non-member countries in the with oil supply disruptions; process of economic development; and • To promote rational energy policies in a global • To contribute to the expansion of world trade on context through co-operative relations with non- a multilateral, non-discriminatory
    [Show full text]
  • Management at Nuclear Power Plants
    Cov-ISOE 2004 6069 5/10/05 15:53 Page 1 Radiation Protection AIEA IAEA Occupational Exposure Management at Nuclear Power Plants OECD Nuclear Energy Agency International Atomic Energy Agency Fourth ISOE ISOE European Symposium Lyon, France INFORMATION SYSTEM ON OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE 24-26 March 2004 NUCLEAR•ENERGY•AGENCY Radioactive Waste Management Occupational Exposure Management at Nuclear Power Plants Fourth ISOE European Workshop Lyon, France 24-26 March 2004 Organised by the European Commission and the European Technical Centre (CEPN) © OECD 2005 NEA No. 6069 NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual and Sustainability Report 2018
    Annual and Sustainability Report 2018 Fossil-free living within one generation The future is fossil free At Vattenfall we exist to help our customers power their lives in ever climate smarter ways. The goal is to be free from fossil fuels within one generation. Contents Overview Our people Non-financial information 2 This is Vattenfall 58 Our people 153 Materiality analysis 4 The year in numbers 154 Stakeholders Risks and risk management 6 CEO’s message 155 Social information 62 Risks and risk management 8 Important events 160 Environmental information 10 Targets and target Corporate governance 164 GRI Index achievement 70 Corporate Governance Report 168 Combined Assurance Report 12 Market trends 80 Board of Directors 168 Auditor’s statement 82 Executive Group Management Business model More on Vattenfall 84 AGM proposal 14 Business model 170 Five-year overview, sustainability data Strategic direction Financial information 171 Quarterly overview 18 Strategy 86 Financial performance 173 Ten-year overview 22 Investment plan 93 Consolidated accounts 99 Notes to the consolidated 174 Definitions and calculations Markets and regulations accounts of key ratios 24 Markets and regulations 133 Parent Company accounts 176 Facts about Vattenfall’s 136 Notes to the Parent Company markets Operating segments accounts Glossary 30 Operating segment overview 148 Audit Report 32 Operating segments 179 Glossary 54 Research & Development 181 Contacts and financial calendar About the report The 2018 Annual and Sustainability Report for Vattenfall AB (publ) is submitted by the by the Integrated Reporting Framework with the ambition that the report will reflect how Board of Directors and describes the company’s overall targets and strategy as well as sustainability is embedded in the overall strategy as well as in the daily work.
    [Show full text]
  • Network Development Plan 2016 – 2025
    NOVEMBER 2015 NETWORK DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2016 – 2025 A Ten-Year Plan for the Swedish National Grid. SVENSKA KRAFTNÄT Our society is dependent on electricity. Svenska kraftnät is responsible for ensuring that Sweden has a safe, environmentally sound and cost-effective transmission system for electricity – today and in the future. We achieve this in the short term by monitoring the electrical system around the clock, and in the long term by building new power lines to meet tomorrow’s electricity needs. Cover photo Tomas Ärlemo Org. Nr 202100-4284 SVENSKA KRAFTNÄT Box 1200 172 24 Sundbyberg Sweden Sturegatan 1 Tel +46 10-475 80 00 Fax +46 10-475 89 50 www.svk.se/en PREFACE The board of Svenska kraftnät decided in April 2013 on a long-term plan document for the development of the Swedish National Grid. Long-term plan 2025 described the challenges for Svenska kraftnät in the 10 to 15 years term. The purpose was, among other things, to increase the transparency of Svenska kraftnät’s planning and to provide an opportunity for the various stakeholders in the electricity market to influence it. Until then, the national network planning mainly consisted of the three-year investment and financing plans that Svenska kraftnät annually provide to the Government. These plans are, however, primarily a description of how investments already decided are expected to turn out over the next three financial years. They do not give an account of the Administration’s long-term priorities and the grounds for them. A certain network planning is conducted also at Nordic level in order to identify grid reinforcements with specific benefit for the whole of the Nordic electricity market.
    [Show full text]
  • The Energy Sector in Sweden
    THE ENERGY SECTOR IN SWEDEN FLANDERS INVESTMENT & TRADE MARKET SURVEY /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// THE ENERGY SECTOR IN SWEDEN Introduction to the market March 2020 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com TABLE OF CONTENT: 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 2. The Swedish energy market ................................................................................................................................................... 4 3. Different types of renewable sources ............................................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Hydropower 6 3.2 Bioenergy 6 3.3 Nuclear power 7 3.4 Solar power 7 3.5 Wind power 8 3.6 Other sources 9 3.6.1 Wave power 9 3.6.2 Heat pumps 9 3.6.3 Body heat 9 4. Role of the government ........................................................................................................................................................... 10 4.1 carbon taxation 10 4.2 Green electricity certification 11 4.3 The Swedish Energy Agency 11 5. Long term goals ............................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Media Kit 2021 INTRODUCTION
    www.nsenergybusiness.com www.windpower-international.com media kit 2021 INTRODUCTION www.windpower-international.com Who are we, what we do.. Wind is one of the fastest-growing power sources in the world, as energy systems shift towards clean, renewable forms of generation. More than 60 GW of new capacity was installed globally in 2019 – a 20% POWERED BY 170 YEARS OF ENERGY INDUSTRY EXPERTISE annual increase – and although the pandemic has slowed the pace of this trajectory, wind has remained resilient during the crisis and record growth is Progressive Media International presents to you World Wind Technology as part expected over the next five years. of a larger portfolio including Nuclear Engineering International, Modern Power Systems, International Water Power & Dam Construction, World Expro and World As more and more countries around the world target emissions reduction Mining Frontiers. – including key growth markets of China, Europe and the US under a new administration – the sector is poised for a bright future. Now is the time for suppliers establish themselves in this dynamic market as a wave of new projects and upgrades is announced and governments accelerate their clean-energy ambitions over the coming decade. World Wind Technology will provide key executives, who have the power to make purchasing decisions, with unique analysis and data combined with contributions from leading industry analysts, practitioners and thought leaders. Our unique and powerful database of readers includes qualified senior management and executive decision makers, who have the authority to buy the products and services they need in order to capitalise on the opportunities in the market.
    [Show full text]
  • South Kyle Wind Farm Project
    South Kyle Wind Farm Project Newsletter Summer 2020 Pen y Cymoedd Wind Farm Powering Ahead: Construction to start soon on South Kyle Wind Farm Hello and welcome to the first edition of the South Kyle Wind Farm Newsletter from Vattenfall. Located around 5km from Dalmellington, South Kyle Wind Farm will be one of the country’s most significant renewable energy projects of recent years and construction on site is expected to start soon. Within three years South Kyle Wind Farm will be generating enough fossil-free electricity to power the equivalent of 170,000 homes – enough for almost every home in East Ayrshire, South Ayrshire and Dumfries and Galloway combined!* But besides power, we also want South Kyle to generate opportunities for local business, apprenticeships and skills development, local communities and the environment. So, we’d like to introduce ourselves, let you know a little more about our plans, and explain how you can keep up to date and provide feedback. Thank you for reading this first edition of our newsletter. We hope you find it useful, and if you have any questions please get in touch. To view a larger map please go to: https://group. Carol Kane, vattenfall.com/uk/what-we-do/our-projects/south-kyle- Regional Liaison Officer – South West Scotland wind-farm *Data from www.renewableuk.com/page/UKWEDExplained Pen y Cymoedd Wind Farm Introducing Vattenfall Vattenfall is proud to be building South Kyle Wind Farm. For more than 100 years, we have powered industry We are proud to be developing South Kyle Wind Farm, and supplied electricity to peoples’ homes, and we now and in so doing make a significant contribution towards employ more than 20,000 people across Europe and Scotland’s energy and carbon emissions targets.
    [Show full text]
  • There Is a Beis Office Focused on Getting the Big Six To
    theenergyst.com June/July 2017 New leaf: Nissan Storage wars: Triad raid: “There is a Beis ofice focused on 07 signals intent 30 Battery storage 44 Firms form getting the Big Six to invest. They to become energy to be overthrown by queue to condemn services business energy storage? regulator’s rate cut should all be fired. ” p28 INSIDE THIS ISSUE 50 HVAC Delivering high efficiencies 28 and outputs in the shrinking footprints of today’s plant is the Demand- challenge. Remeha thinks its side latest development addresses Response precisely that UK Power Reserve CEO Tim Emrich says incentivising large new gas 46 plant will drive up business bills and that the Big Lighting Six “dinosaurs” Making LEDS smarter – should be allowed Integrating controls into LED to die of natural lamps multiplies the energy market causes efficiencies 30 44 Policy & Energy Storage Legislation There are quick bucks to be Ofgem’s move to cut payments made from battery storage, but made to distribution connected in three or four years, many small generators is likely to assets will be in the bin, reckons push up prices and harm future redT chief Scott McGregor investment, says ESTA 20 Extending domestic Gas & price controls may Electricity Following Brexit and the leave SMEs as the election, what is in store squeezed middle for business energy users? theenergyst.com June/July 2017 New leaf: Nissan Storage wars: Triad raid: “There is a Beis ofice focused on 07 signals intent 30 Battery storage 44 Firms form getting the Big Six to invest. They to become energy to be overthrown by queue to condemn should all be fired.
    [Show full text]
  • Swedish Nuclear Power Policy
    The Research Project Energy Opinion in Sweden Department of Political Science University of Gothenburg Per Hedberg Sören Holmberg April 2008 Swedish Nuclear Power Policy A Compilation of Public Record Material History Nuclear Power “In Sweden, nuclear technology started in 1947, when AB Atomenergi was constituted to carry out a development programme decided by the Parliament. As a result, the first research reactor went critical in 1954. This was followed by the first prototype nuclear power plant (PHWR) Ågesta located to a rock cavern in a suburb of Stockholm. The Ågesta reactor was mainly used for district heating and operated from 1964 until 1974, when it was permanently shut down. The first commercial nuclear power plant Oskarshamn 1 was commissioned in 1972 and was followed by another eleven units sited at Barsebäck, Oskarshamn Ringhals and Forsmark in the time period up to 1985. The twelve commercial reactors constructed in Sweden comprise 9 BWRs (ASEA-ATOM design) and 3 PWRs (Westinghouse design). As a result of political decisions, the twin BWR units Barsebäck 1 and 2 were finally shut down in 1999 and 2005 respectively. In 2004, Studsvik Nuclear decided to permanently shut down the two research reactors (R2 and R2–0) at the Studsvik site. They were closed in June 2005. The decision was taken on economical grounds, the licences had recently been extended until 2014, subject to certain conditions. The reactors were mainly used for commercial materials testing purposes, isotope production, neutron source for research purposes, medical applications and higher education. They are currently under decommissioning.” (From DS 2007:30:11-12) “Nuclear policy was the major domestic policy issue during the mid and late1970s.
    [Show full text]
  • Radioactive Waste Management Programmes In
    RADIOACTIVE WASTE AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES IN OECD/NEA MEMBER COUNTRIES SWEDEN [2010] NATIONAL NUCLEAR ENERGY CONTEXT Commercial utilisation of nuclear power in Sweden started in 1972 and as of 2010 ten nuclear power units supply electricity to the grid. In 2008, nuclear power generated 61,3 TWh of electricity, 42% of the total electricity generated in Sweden. Electricity supply by sources 2008 (158,7 TWh) (Source: Statistics Sweden) SOURCES, TYPES AND QUANTITIES OF WASTE Nuclear waste in arises from 12 commercial nuclear power plants at Barsebäck1, Forsmark, Oskarshamn and Ringhals and from research activities, mainly from Studsvik. Other radioactive wastes, so called small user waste, arise from a number of facilities using radioisotopes in medical, research and industrial applications. The long-term planning for the waste management programme is based on a reference scenario where the reactors in Ringhals and Forsmark are assumed to have an operating time of 50 years and OKG’s reactors 60 years. The quantity of spent fuel to be disposed of amounts to about 12,000 tonnes of uranium (counted as uranium). The total volume of decommissioning waste for all nuclear power plants as well as from research and demonstration facilities is estimated to 160 000 m3. 1 The two units in Barsebäck were permanently shut down 1999 and 2005 1(5) The LILW programme is aimed at disposing of all the low- and intermediate-level operational and decommissioning waste from the Swedish nuclear power programme. The reference scenario gives rise to a total of about 212 000 m3 of short-lived waste and about 8 700 m3 of long-lived waste from the nuclear power plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Balancing Supply and Demand in an Electricity System - the Case of Sweden
    DEGREE PROJECT IN THE FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND THE MAIN FIELD OF STUDY INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2018 Balancing Supply and Demand in an Electricity System - the Case of Sweden OSKAR MARED VICTOR PERSSON KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Balancing Supply and Demand in an Electricity System - the Case of Sweden Oskar Mared Victor Persson Master of Science Thesis TRITA-ITM-EX 2018:406 KTH Industrial Engineering and Management Industrial Management SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM Balansera produktion och konsumtion i ett elsystem – en studie av Sverige Oskar Mared Victor Persson Examensarbete TRITA-ITM-EX 2018:406 KTH Industriell teknik och management Industriell ekonomi och organisation SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM Master of Science Thesis TRITA-ITM-EX 2018:406 Balancing Supply and Demand in an Electricity System - the Case of Sweden Oskar Mared Victor Persson Approved Examiner Supervisor 2018-05-28 Cali Nuur Thomas Sandberg Commissioner Contact person Mälarenergi AB Ulf Andersson Abstract In an electrical system there needs to be a constant balance between supply and demand of electricity and this is measured by the frequency in the grid. Due to the increasing awareness of climate change, more renewable energy resources have been introduced in the Swedish electricity system. This is, however, not solely positive since renewable energy sources are often of intermittent character which entails more imbalances between supply and demand. In addition, statistics and data show that the deviation in the frequency in the Nordic system has increased during the latest years. Thus, in this thesis, the issues regarding the frequency have been addressed by examining the demand for frequency control in the Swedish electricity system and what balancing efforts that can be carried out on a local level to contribute to a better balanced system.
    [Show full text]