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Combating Terrorism: Evolving Asian Perspectives Editor: Shruti Pandalai COMBATING TERRORISM Evolving Asian Perspectives COMBATING TERRORISM Evolving Asian Perspectives Editor Shruti Pandalai INSTITUTE FOR DEFENCE STUDIES & ANALYSES NEW DELHI PENTAGON PRESS LLPLLP Combating Terrorism: Evolving Asian Perspectives Editor: Shruti Pandalai First Published in 2019 Copyright © Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi ISBN 978-93-86618-81-8 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without first obtaining written permission of the copyright owner. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, or the Government of India. Published by PENTAGON PRESS LLP 206, Peacock Lane, Shahpur Jat New Delhi-110049 Phones: 011-64706243, 26491568 Telefax: 011-26490600 email: [email protected] website: www.pentagonpress.in In association with Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses No. 1, Development Enclave, New Delhi-110010 Phone: +91-11-26717983 Website: www.idsa.in Printed at Avantika Printers Private Limited. Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgements xiii List of Abbreviations xv List of Tables and Figures xix Introduction xxi India’s Quest for a Global Convention on Combating Terrorism: An Overview of Regional Responses and Recurring Challenges Shruti Pandalai SECTION ONE NORMS AND THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR: CHALLENGES FOR ASIA Special Insight I Keynote Address 3 H.E. Mhd. Hanif Atmar, National Security Advisor, Afghanistan 1 Developing a Common Denominator to Fight Terrorism in Asia 10 Maj. Gen. Mahmud Ali Durrani (Retd.) 2 Geopolitics of Islamic Jihad: The Islamic State—Roots, Savagery and Future 15 Abdel Bari Atwan 3 Invisible Jihad: Challenges for India and Asia 25 Praveen Swami 4 Countering Terrorism in the AfPak 60 Ehsan Monavar 5 Terrorism Industry and its Global Expansion 64 Waiel Awwad vi Combating Terrorism SECTION TWO NEW WAVE OF GLOBAL TERROR: IDEAS, RESOURCES AND TRENDS Special Insight II Hostage Taking as a Tool of Terrorism and Methodology of Negotiations 77 Baker Atyani, Al Arabiya News Bureau Chief , South and East Asia 6 Terror Finance in Kashmir: A Brief Overview 81 Atul Goel 7 Women and Support for Terrorism in Pakistan 87 C. Christine Fair and Ali Hamza 8 Women and Da’esh 104 Lamya Haji Bashar SECTION THREE THE AGE OF INSTANT TERROR: TECHNOLOGY, THE GAME CHANGER 9 Breaking the ISIS Brand: Trajectories into and out of Terrorism and the Social Media Recruitment of ISIS 113 Anne Speckhard 10 Technology and Intelligence in Countering Terrorism: An Intuitive Approach 125 Saikat Datta 11 Online Radicalisation and India 135 Sanjeev Singh 12 Tackling Malicious Profiling Online: The Indian Experience 148 Manjula Sridhar SECTION FOUR REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES: THE WEST ASIA CONUNDRUM UNRAVELLING GEOPOLITICS AND GLOBAL RESPONSE Special Insight III Countering Terrorism in the Maghreb: Implications for Global Security 155 Mustafa El Sagezli, General Manager, Libyan Program for Re-integration and Development Contents vii 13 A Brief Survey of Total Strategic Failure: NATO in West Asia 162 Frank Ledwidge 14 What After Counter Insurgency?: Raiding in Zones of Turmoil 167 Eitan Shamir SECTION FIVE REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES – SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA: THE GROWING SPECTRE OF TERROR 15 Countering Terrorism: Perspectives from Bangladesh 185 Lt. Gen. Chowdhury Hasan Sarwardy (Retd.) 16 The Sri Lankan Defeat of Terrorism: Lessons for Evolving a Regional Response for Combating Terrorism 191 Gen. R.M. Daya Ratnayake (Retd.) 17 A 9/11 for South Asia? 205 Ayesha Siddiqa 18 The Evolving ISIS Threat to Southeast Asia 211 Kumar Ramakrishna SECTION SIX CONSTRUCTING EFFECTIVE COUNTER NARRATIVES: THE NEED FOR A GLOBAL RESPONSE Special Insight IV Crafting a Narrative for Kashmir 229 Lt. Gen. (Retd.) Syed Ata Hasnain, Distinguished Military Veteran and Fellow VIF 19 The Deconstruction of the Jihadist Narrative 237 Adil Rasheed 20 Understanding Sufism to Influence Extremism in Kashmir 241 S.M. Sahai List of Contributors 249 Index 258 Foreword The world’s geo-economic pivot may have shifted to Asia, but terrorism continues to be one of the core impediments in the realisation of the Asian Century. Threats that were earlier contained within national boundaries have now become transnational challenges. While the issues confronting Asia and the global order have multiplied, a cohesive response to them has remained elusive. In an era of protracted uncertainty and instability in global affairs, intensifying social and cultural cleavages driven by the backlash against globalisation, closing of borders as well as heightened nationalism within countries, have all served to complicate matters further. The arc of terrorism now encompasses Europe as much as it does the whole of Asia. As India has reiterated time and again in various fora, terrorism remains the most pervasive and serious challenge to international security. Developing a serious global response to the scourge of terrorism is imperative, but is seemingly difficult to achieve. Even though, in principle, there is a global consensus on combating terrorism, we remain bogged down by conflicting definitions of what constitutes terrorism. Geopolitical constraints have prevented concerted action. On the other hand, with time, terrorist outfits have evolved and exploited sophisticated means of technology, tools of communication and complicated webs of finance to fund their nefarious activities. Terrorist groups recruit globally and strike across national boundaries, yet nations have adopted a fragmented approach in meeting this challenge. India seeks a more coherent approach on the part of the entire international community through its advocacy of an early conclusion of a Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT). This book Combating Terrorism: Evolving Asian Perspectives is an anthology of essays that explores the inconsistencies in the global war on terror, and brings together diverse perspectives from academia, practitioners and civil society from Asia. Based on the deliberations of the 19th Asian Security Conference, IDSA’s flagship security event, this book captures the wide-ranging debates on regional efforts in countering terrorism, including first person accounts of from the heart of conflict zones in Syria, Libya, Iraq and Afghanistan. The book begins with an exploration of India’s efforts to revive the push for the adoption of the CCIT, first x Combating Terrorism submitted by India as a proposal in the UN General Assembly over two decades ago. While India’s efforts have received support from the global community that lives increasingly in the shadow of terrorism, consensus on the language has remained elusive. It is for this reason that India, through the Convention, has sought to identify an acceptable definition of terrorism that would be acceptable to all 193 members of the UNGA. The aim is to ban all terror groups and shut down terror camps regardless of their objectives, to prosecute all terrorists under special laws, and to make cross-border terrorism an extraditable offence worldwide. To build an Asian consensus on the issue, India has also consistently suggested that violent extremism needs to be delinked from religion, ethnicity or identity. Recognising the transnational nature of terrorism today, India has been pushing for a global regime on terrorism that reinforces notions of assigning responsibility and accountability. The role of Asia in this discourse is central. With seven out of the top ten countries with the highest impact from terrorism being from Asia, and four of the five deadliest terror outfits in the world also found in Asia, the initiative of a global response, understandably, has to come from nations within Asia. A strong regional example from Asia will exert more pressure globally to adopt a cohesive framework and join hands to fight all terrorist activities. Ironically, it is in Asia, where countries which acknowledge the scourge of terrorism on the word stage, have in reality shied away from pushing for a more global response to the threat owing to geopolitical pressures, affiliations and rivalries. For India in particular, Asia is critical. India’s ties with other Asian countries go back several centuries. India is dependent on other Asian countries for more than 60 per cent of its oil and gas imports. India’s trade with its immediate and extended neighbours amounts to more than US$ 200 billion. The growth and prosperity of the region, over the years, has become interdependent and India cannot afford to distance itself from events in other Asian countries. Not only do acts of terror challenge the very ethos of democracy and secularism, it also impedes economic growth and development, as evident in many countries. The economic and opportunity costs arising from terrorism globally have increased approximately eleven-fold during the last 15 years and now stand at a staggering US$ 52 billion. (Global Terrorism Index 2018) It is within this larger framework, that the authors in this book endeavour to navigate the conceptual challenges encountered in countering terrorism, identifying the ideologies and drivers fuelling the transnational resurgence of extremist violence and examining how technology is changing the nature of conflict from South West Asia, to South Asia and South East Asia. Most importantly, they debate the Foreword xi absence of counter-narratives
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