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Catherine of

“Katherine ” redirects here. For the 2014 of the best pagan philosophers and to dispute with film, see Katherine of Alexandria (film). her, hoping that they would refute her pro-Christian ar- guments, but Catherine won the debate. Several of her , also known as Saint adversaries, conquered by her eloquence, declared them- selves and were at once put to death.[6] Catherine of the Wheel and The Great Saint Catherine (Greek: ἡ Ἁγία Αἰκατερίνα ἡ Μεγαλο- μάρτυς) is, according to tradition, a Christian saint and , who was martyred in the early 4th century at the 1.1 and martyrdom hands of the pagan emperor . According to her , she was both a princess and a noted scholar, who became a Christian around the age of fourteen, and converted hundreds of people to . Over 1,100 years following her martyrdom, St. identified Catherine as one of the who appeared to her and counselled her.[3] The Orthodox Church venerates her as a , and celebrates her feast day on 24 or 25 November (de- pending on the local tradition). In the she is traditionally revered as one of the . In 1969 the Catholic Church removed her feast day from the ;[4] however, she continued to be commemorated in the Roman Martyrol- ogy on .[5] In 2002, her feast was restored to the General Roman Calendar as an optional memorial.

1 Life

According to the traditional narrative, Catherine was the beautiful daughter of the pagan King Costus and Queen Sabinella, who governed Alexandria. Her superior intel- ligence combined with diligent study left her exceedingly well-versed in all the arts and sciences, and in philosophy. Having decided to remain a virgin all her life, she an- nounced that she would only marry someone who sur- of Saint Catherine of Alexandria, with scenes from her mar- passed her in beauty, intelligence, wealth, and dignity. tyrdom. This has been interpreted as an early foreshadowing of her eventual discovery of Christ. “His beauty was more Catherine was then scourged and imprisoned, during radiant than the shining of the sun, His wisdom governed which time over 200 people came to see her, including all creation, His riches were spread throughout all the [1] Maxentius’ wife, the Empress; all converted to Christian- world.” Though raised a pagan, she became an ardent ity and were subsequently martyred.[7] Upon the failure Christian in her teenage years, having received a vision of Maxentius to make Catherine yield by way of torture, in which the Blessed Virgin Mary gave her to Christ in he tried to win the beautiful and wise princess over by mystical marriage. proposing marriage. The saint refused, declaring that her As a young adult, she visited her contemporary, the spouse was Christ, to whom she had consecrated Roman Emperor Maxentius, and attempted to convince her . The furious emperor condemned Catherine him of the moral error in persecuting Christians for not to death on the spiked , but, at her touch, worshipping idols. The emperor arranged for a plethora this instrument of torture was miraculously destroyed.[6]

1 2 3 MEDIEVAL CULT

Maxentius finally had her beheaded. comes from the writer, , who wrote around the year 320, that the Emperor had ordered a young Christian woman, , to come to his palace 1.2 Burial to become his mistress, and when she refused, he had her punished, by having her banished, and her estates A tradition dating to about 800 states that angels carried confiscated.[12] her corpse to ,[8] where, in the 6th century, the Eastern Emperor Justinian had established what is The earliest surviving account of St. Catherine’s life now Saint Catherine’s Monastery in (which is in comes over 500 years after the traditional date of her fact dedicated to the Transfiguration). The main church martyrdom, in the monologium attributed to Emperor was built between 548 and 565, and the monastery be- Basil I (866), although the rediscovery of her relics at Saint Catherine’s Monastery at the foot of Mount Sinai came a major site for devotees of Cather- [13] ine and the other relics and sacred sites there. Saint was about 800, and presumably implies an existing cult Catherine’s Monastery survives, and is a famous reposi- at that date (the common name of the monastery devel- tory of early Christian art, architecture and illuminated oped after the discovery). The monastery was built by manuscripts that remains open to tourists and visiting order of Emperor (reigned 527-565), enclos- scholars. ing the Chapel of the Burning Bush ordered to be built by Helena, the mother of Constantine I, at the site where is supposed to have seen the burning bush; the liv- ing bush on the grounds is purportedly the original. It is 2 Historicity also referred to as “St. Helen’s Chapel.” The site is sacred to Christianity and Islam. In her The Cult of St Katherine of Alexandria in Early Medieval (Ashgate 2007), Christine Walsh devotes Chapter 2, “The Historical Katherine”, to the question of Katherine’s historical existence. In Chapter 8, “Conclusion”, she writes in summary “As we have seen, the cult of St Katherine of Alexandria probably originated in oral traditions from the 4th-century Diocletianic Per- secutions of Christians in Alexandria. There is no evi- dence that Katherine herself was a historical figure and she may well have been a composite drawn from mem- ories of women persecuted for their faith. Many aspects of her Passio are clearly legendary and conform to well- known hagiographical topoi.”[14]

3 Medieval cult

Saint Catherine was one of the most important saints in the religious culture of the late , and arguably considered the most important of the virgin , a group including Saint Agnes, Margaret of Antioch, , , Valerie of Limoges and many oth- St Catherine of Alexandria by ers. Her power as an intercessor was renowned and firmly established in most versions of her hagiography, in which Donald Attwater dismisses the “legend” of St. Cather- she specifically entreats Christ at the moment of her death ine, citing the lack of any “positive evidence that she to answer the prayers of those who remember her martyr- ever existed outside the mind of some Greek writer who dom and invoke her name. first composed what he intended to be simply an edifying [9] The development of her medieval cult was spurred by the romance.” Harold T. Davis confirms that “assiduous re- reported rediscovery of her body around the year 800 at search has failed to identify Catherine with any historical Mount Sinai, with hair still growing and a constant stream personage” and has theorized that Catherine was an in- of healing oil issuing from her body.[13] There are several vention inspired to provide a counterpart to the story of pilgrimage narratives that chronicle the journey to Mount the slightly later pagan philosopher of Alexandria [10][11] Sinai, most notably those of and Friar (c. AD 350–370–March 415). .[15] However, the monastery at Mount Sinai Another possibility for the inspiration of St. Catherine, was the best-known site of Catherine pilgrimage, but was 3

a paragon for young women, emphasizing her model of virginity and “wifely chastity.”[20] From the early 14th century the Mystic marriage of Saint Catherine first ap- pears in hagiographical literature and, soon after, in art. In the Western church, concerns over the authenticity of her legend began to reduce her importance in the 18th century.[21] Her principal symbol is the spiked wheel, which has be- come known as the Catherine wheel, and her feast day is celebrated on 25 November by most Christian churches. However, the celebrates it on 24 November. The exact origin of this tradition is not known. In 11th-century Kyivan-Rus, the feast day was celebrated on 25 November. Saint in his Kniga zhyttia sviatykh (Book of the Lives of the Saints), T.1 (1689) places the date of celebration on 24 Novem- ber. A story that Empress did not wish to share her patronal feast with the Leavetaking of the feast of the Presentation of the and hence changed the date is not supported by historical evidence. One of the first Roman Catholic churches to be built in Russia, the Catholic Church of St. Catherine, was named Catherine of Alexandria, by Carlo Crivelli. after Catherine of Alexandria because she was Catherine the Great’s patron. The 1908 Catholic Encyclopedia describes her historical also the most difficult to reach. The most prominent importance as follows: Western was the monastery in Rouen that claimed to house Catherine’s fingers. It was not alone in the west, however, accompanied by many, scattered and Ranked with St Margaret and St Barbara altars dedicated to Catherine, which existed throughout as one of the fourteen most helpful saints in France and England. Some were better known sites, such heaven, she was unceasingly praised by preach- as Canterbury and Westminster, which claimed a phial ers and sung by poets. It is believed that of her oil, brought back from Mount Sinai by Edward the Jacques-Benigne Bossuet dedicated to her one Confessor.[16] Other shrines, such as St. Catherine’s Hill, of his most beautiful panegyrics and that Adam Hampshire were the focus of generally local pilgrimage, of St. Victor wrote a magnificent poem in her many of which are only identified by brief mentions to honour: Vox Sonora nostri chori. them in various texts, rather than by physical evidence.[17] In many places her feast was celebrated with the utmost St. Catharine’s College, Cambridge was founded on St solemnity, servile work being suppressed and the devo- Catharine’s Day (November 25) 1473 by Robert Wood- tions being attended by great numbers of people. In lark (the then-provost of King’s College Cambridge) who several dioceses of France it was observed as a Holy sought to create a small community of scholars who Day of Obligation up to the beginning of the 17th cen- would study exclusively and philosophy. tury, the splendour of its ceremonial eclipsing that of the Wodelarke may have chosen the name in homage to feasts of some of the Apostles. Numberless chapels were , mother of Henry VI of England, al- placed under her patronage and her statue was found in though it is more likely that it was named as part of the nearly all churches, representing her according to me- Renaissance cult of St Catharine, who was a dieval with a wheel, her instrument of tor- of learning. At any rate, the college was ready for habita- ture. tion and formally founded on St Catharine’s Day, 1473 Meanwhile, owing to several circumstances in his life, Saint Catherine also had a large female following, of Myra was considered the patron of whose devotion was less likely to be expressed through young and students, and Saint Catherine be- pilgrimage. The importance of the virgin martyrs as came the patroness of young maidens and female stu- the focus of devotion and models for proper femi- dents. Looked upon as the holiest and most illustrious of nine behavior increased during the .[18] the virgins of Christ after the Blessed Virgin Mary, it was Among these, St. Catherine in particular was used as natural that she, of all others, should be worthy to watch an exemplar for women, a status which at times super- over the virgins of the cloister and the young women seded her intercessory role.[19] Both of the world. The spiked wheel having become em- and Geoffrey de la Tour Landry point to Catherine as blematic of the saint, wheelwrights and mechanics placed 4 5 SEE ALSO

themselves under her patronage. Finally, as according to She is very frequently shown attending on the Virgin and tradition, she not only remained a virgin by governing Child, and is usually prominent in scenes of the Master of her passions and conquered her executioners by weary- the Virgo inter Virgines, showing a group of virgin saints ing their patience, but triumphed in science by closing surrounding the Virgin and Child. Notable later paintings the mouths of , her was implored by of Catherine include single figures by (National theologians, apologists, orators, and philosophers. Gallery) and (Madrid), Thyssen-Bornemisza Before studying, writing, or preaching, they besought her Museum). to illumine their minds, guide their pens, and impart elo- quence to their words. This devotion to St. Catherine which assumed such vast proportions in Europe after the 4.1 Contemporary media , received additional éclat in France in the be- • ginning of the 15th century, when it was rumoured that The opening scene of episode 38, she had spoken to Joan of Arc and, together with St. Mar- "Amour Fou", features mob wife Carmela Soprano garet, had been divinely appointed Joan’s adviser.[6] and her daughter Meadow Soprano in an art mu- seum, where (among other topics) they discuss 's painting: The Mystical Marriage of Saint Catherine of Alexandria. • A movie project about Catherine, called Katherine of Alexandria, began production in January 2010 and is due for release in 2014.[23]

• Ambrogio Bergognone. The Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine of Alexandria and Saint Catherine of Siena • Konrad Witz, Saints Mary Magdalen and Catherine, shown as a crowned scholar with her wheel behind • Ring of St Catherine, given to visiting Mount Sinai. Catherine, reading again, with on the ground, c. 1520 Devotion to Saint Catherine remains strong amongst • Master of the Legend of Saint Lucy, late 15th cen- Orthodox Christians. With the relative ease of travel tury Master of the Virgo inter Virgines in the modern age, to Saint Catherine’s Monastery at Mount Sinai have increased. Pilgrims to her • “The Beheading of St. Catherine,” Barcelona monastery on Mt Sinai are given a ring, which has been Cathedral placed on the relics of the saint as an evlogia (blessing) in remembrance of their visit. • Girolamo Citolanzo, “The Martyrdom of St. Catherine,” Basilica of , 4 In art • “The Resurrection of the Body of St. Catherine,” Refectory Museum of the Cathedral of St. Mary, Catherine is very frequently depicted in art, especially in Pamplona, Spain the late Middle Ages, which is also the time that the ac- • count of St. Catherine’s Mystical Marriage makes its first , Catherine of Alexandria and St. Au- literary appearance. She can usually be easily recognised gustine as she is richly dressed and crowned, as befits her rank as • Saint Catherine in a 15th-century fresco on the St. a princess, and often holds or stands next to a segment of church in Urtijëi, Italy. her wheel as an attribute. She also often carries either a martyr’s palm or the sword with which she was actually • Mystic Marriage of St Catherin' (triptich by Hans executed. She often has long unbound blonde or reddish Memling hair (unbound as she is unmarried). The vision of Saint Catherine of Alexandria usually shows the Infant Christ, held by the Virgin, placing a ring (one of her attributes) 5 See also on her finger, following some literary accounts, although in the version in the he appears to be adult, • Breaking wheel and the Catherine wheel firework and the marriage takes place among a great crowd of an- named after it and St. Catherine gels and “all the celestial court”,[22] and these may also be shown. • Catharina—Lunar crater named after St. Catherine 5

• Catherinettes, A French term for girls unmarried at [11] Allen, pp. 214-217 25 [12] “EWTN’s Saints and other Holy People Home”. • Catholic Church of St. Catherine, St. Petersburg Ewtn.com. Retrieved 2013-08-26. [13] S.R.T.O d'Ardeene and E.J. Dobson, Seinte Katerine: Re- • Santa Catalina Island—California Channel Island Edited from MS Bodley 34 and other Manuscripts (Oxford: named after St. Catherine , 1981), xiv.

• Santa Catalina Mountains—A prominent mountain [14] Christine Walsh, The Cult of St Katherine of Alexandria range north of Tucson, Arizona, United States was in Early Medieval Europe (Burlington:Ashgate Publishing named after St. Catherine in 1697. Company, 2007) p 143

• Santa Catarina—One of the three states in southern [15] John Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John Mandeville (New Brazil. York: Dover Publications Inc., 1964); Felix Fabri, The Wanderings of Felix Fabri (New York: AMS Press, 1971), • Se Cathedral—dedicated to Saint Catherine 217.

• St Catharine’s College, Cambridge University [16] Christine Walsh, “The Role of the Normans in the De- velopment of the Cult of St. Katherine” in St. Kather- • St Catherine’s College, Oxford university ine of Alexandria: Texts and Contexts in Western Me- dieval Europe eds. Jacqueline Jenkins and Katherine J. • St. Catherine University, women’s college in Saint Lewis (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2003), 31; Kather- Paul, MN ine J. Lewis, “Pilgrimage and the Cult of St. Katherine of Alexandria in Late Medieval England” in St. Kather- • St. Catherine’s Day ine of Alexandria: Texts and Contexts in Western Medieval Europe eds. Jacqueline Jenkins and Katherine J. Lewis • St. Catherine’s School, K-12 in Richmond, VA (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2003),44.

[17] Lewis, “Pilgrimage and the Cult of St. Katherine”, 49-51. 6 Notes [18] John Bugge, Virginitas: An Essay in the History of the Medieval Ideal (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1975), 132; Katherine J. Lewis, The Cult of St. Katherine [1] Self-Ruled Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of Alexiandria in Late Medieval England (Rochester: The of North America. Accessed 30 December 2006. Boydell Press, 2000), 229; Eamon Duffy, The Stripping [2] http://www.catholicculture.org/lit/calendar/day.cfm?id= of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c. 1400-c. 330 1580 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 174.

[3] Williard Trask, Joan of Arc: In Her Own Words (Turtle [19] Katherine J. Lewis, “Model Girls? Virgin-Martyrs and the Point Press, 1996), 99 Training of Young Women in Late Medieval England” in Young Medieval Womeen eds. Katherine J. Lewis, Noel [4] Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, James Menuge and Kim M. Phillips (New York: St. Mar- 1969), p. 147 tin’s PRess, 1999).

[5] Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, [20] Christine de Pizan, The Treasure of the City of Ladies 2001 ISBN 88-209-7210-7) trans. by Sarah Lawson (New York: Penguin , 2003), 146; Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City of [6] “Clugnet, Léon. “St. Catherine of Alexandria.” The Ladies trans. by Rosalind Brown-Grant (New York: Pen- Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Ap- guin Books, 1999), 203; Rebecca Barnhouse, The Book of pleton Company, 1908. 1 May 2013”. Newadvent.org. the Knight of the Tower (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1908-11-01. Retrieved 2013-08-26. 2006), 126, 193.

[7] “Saint Catherine of Alexandria”. Encyclopædia Britan- [21] Allen, 217 nica. Retrieved 2010-10-29. [22] Life of St “Katherine” in William Caxton's English version [8] “Foley O.F.M., Leonard. ''Saint of the Day, Lives, of the Golden Legend. Lessons, and Feast,(revised by Pat McCloskey O.F.M.), [23] http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1587685/ Franciscan Media, ISBN 978-0-8617-887-7”. American- catholic.org. Retrieved 2013-08-26. [9] Mateus Soares de Azevedo (25 April 2005). Ye shall know 7 References the truth: Christianity and the perennial philosophy. World Wisdom, Inc. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-941532-69-3. Re- • Allen, Prudence, The concept of woman: the Aris- trieved 29 November 2011. totelian revolution, 750 BC-AD 1250, 1997 (2nd [10] Harold Thayer Davis, Alexandria: The Golden City (Prin- edn.), Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 0-8028- cipia Press of Illinois, 1957), p 441 4270-4, ISBN 978-0-8028-4270-1 6 8 EXTERNAL LINKS

8 External links

• Passio sanctae Katharinae — 11th century (between 1033-1048); at Wikisource • Details of Saint Catherine’s life — Saint Catherine Orthodox Church; includes a gallery of of the saint

• St Catherine’s church in Muhu island (Estonia)

• Representations of Saint Catherine • St. Catherine of Alexandria at the Christian Iconog- raphy web site • “The Life of St. Catherine, Virgin and Martyr” from the Caxton translation of the Golden Legend • "Catharine". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. • "Catherine, Saint". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. 7

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text

• Catherine of Alexandria Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria?oldid=631198069 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Elo- quence, Wesley, Isis, Infrogmation, Paul Barlow, Menchi, Ihcoyc, Andres, Csernica, Richard Avery, Head, ReciprocityProject, Rls, Wet- man, Dimadick, Robbot, Mirv, Edgar, Jpbrenna, Pko, Widsith, DocWatson42, Berasategui, Dsmdgold, Kpalion, Jonel, Mvuijlst, JamesTeterenko, Rich Farmbrough, Florian Blaschke, Lima, Just zis Guy, you know?, Bobo192, Robotje, Stephenparsons, Jguk 2, CWood, Matrona, Alansohn, Bibh wkp, Docboat, Shadowolf, Kusma, Drbreznjev, AlexTiefling, Woohookitty, FeanorStar7, Graham87, Cuchullain, BD2412, Ketiltrout, Angusmclellan, FlaBot, King of Hearts, Maltesedog, Bgwhite, YurikBot, RobotE, SatuSuro, RussBot, Rapomon, Hy- drargyrum, Rsrikanth05, Tubantia, Leutha, Witger, Bobak, Tweeq, DeadEyeArrow, Bota47, Evrik, Botteville, Mxpc05, Flutegirl, Ybbor, Cotoco, Attilios, SmackBot, Used2BAnonymous, Kintetsubuffalo, Carl.bunderson, Bluebot, H2ppyme, Roscelese, SchfiftyThree, CSWar- ren, Colonies Chris, EvelinaB, Kukini, Ceoil, SashatoBot, Ergative rlt, Tomhubbard, Neddyseagoon, Dgrobinson, Bwpach, Travia21, MikeWazowski, Htplus, Delta x, Angeldeb82, JayHenry, InfernoXV, Switchercat, JForget, Oloferne, Rwflammang, Pseudo-Richard, Badseed, Cydebot, Dancter, Torc2, Ssilvers, Missvain, Bobblehead, Porfirju, Hattanguy, Juxtatype, Deipnosophista, Saimhe, Seaphoto, Antique Rose, Edokter, Fayenatic london, Fireice, JAnDbot, XyBot, Milonica, Leuko, MER-C, Dsp13, Buurma, Bongwarrior, Froid, Skekayuk, Alekjds, JaGa, Skarioffszky, MartinBot, STBot, Yuhannon, Rettetast, Johnpacklambert, Lizbetann, Hlaufman, Zlt60, Johnbod, Belovedfreak, The Discoverer, Lanternix, Schuf, DorganBot, MishaPan, Sgeureka, Nikthestunned, DoorsAjar, TXiKiBoT, Stevensay- lor, Dickstracke, Martin451, Broadbot, Eubulides, Fouasnon, Seresin, Arachrah, Maduixa, Khariharan, BotMultichill, VVVBot, Ger- akibot, G0dsweed, Exert, Ah london, Oxymoron83, Jack1956, Mcnealy, AMbot, Vanished user ewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, Benkenobi18, ClueBot, Cube lurker, Hafspajen, Noca2plus, NuclearWarfare, Matthew Dillenburg, Elizium23, SchreiberBike, Thingg, Jon- caire, Mattissa, Webbbbbbber, Alexander Tendler, SilvonenBot, NellieBly, Noctibus, Usaks, CalumH93, Addbot, Fyrael, Leszek Jańczuk, Coolcatt, Mcober, Moroderen, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Bbsall, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, Victoriaearle, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Roltz, MassimoAr, AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, Babyskates, JackieBot, Ambrosiaster, Pakk77, OllieFury, Bob Burkhardt, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Wperdue, XZeroBot, Isababa7, TootsMojo, Riotrocket8676, GhalyBot, Peli barbara, GehanCA, Griffi- nofwales, FrescoBot, Kwiki, Drew R. Smith, Mehawley, Peroxwhy2gen, HRoestBot, RedBot, Eb mktg, Greco22, TobeBot, Pollinosisss, Lotje, ShowerOfRoses, , IRISZOOM, DanaelC, AshantiReed, Littlebirdbigbird, Idt1957, Rhopke, EmausPriester, Rohan00, Esoglou, EmausBot, John of Reading, Orphan Wiki, WikitanvirBot, Nctennishco12, Dominus Vobisdu, Stebunik, Wikipelli, John Cline, PBS-AWB, The Nut, Wayne Slam, Fpapath, L Kensington, Splashen, Roypeter347, ClueBot NG, Guthrun, Orionartist, Suzyqluver, Scamwarning, Mannanan51, Widr, TylerLKuretich, Twmerrigan, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Oursaint, Michaelkenwright, Davidiad, Thekillerpenguin, Darorcilmir, Hmainsbot1, Webclient101, I am One of Many, Kits1972, DavidLeighEllis, CensoredScribe, Poohugh2, Mugsalot, Ruthy 100, Manuelrc90, TrinityTruth, Brocksbane, F50R2J and Anonymous: 221

9.2 Images

• File:Artemisia_Gentileschi_-_St_Catherine_of_Alexandria_-_WGA8571.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/d/db/Artemisia_Gentileschi_-_St_Catherine_of_Alexandria_-_WGA8571.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art: Inkscape.svg Image Information icon.svg Info about artwork Original artist: Artemisia Gentileschi • File:Bernardino_Luini_-_Saint_Catherine.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Bernardino_Luini_-_ Saint_Catherine.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: State Art Museum of Azerbaijan Original artist: Bernardino Luini • File:Carlo_Crivelli_014.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Carlo_Crivelli_014.jpg License: Public do- main Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECT- MEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Carlo Crivelli (circa 1435–circa 1495) • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Gloriole_blur.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: Own work Original artist: Eubulides • File:IconEcaterina.jpeg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/IconEcaterina.jpeg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Saint Catherine’s Monastery, Mount Sinai, Egypt Original artist: Anonymous • File:Ring_Sinaya.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Ring_Sinaya.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contrib- utors: Own work Original artist: User:Testus

9.3 Content license

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