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Extremitas Journal 2019 1Sdasda ii Dear Reader, Since the genesis of Extremitas Journal of Lower Limb Medicine, it has been the mission of Western University and WesternU’s College of Podiatric Medicine to promote student research and propel conversations to ultimately provide enhanced, evidenced-based care we will give to others. As the years have gone by, it is my belief that this mission has not only been reached, but every year, the expectations have spanned further, pushing the boundaries of what our future health care providers are capable of. In your hands, you hold the exceptional efforts of over fifty of WesternU’s student body to research, craft, and revise a series of journal articles for the sole purpose of sharing knowledge. The discipline, compassion, and time commitment it takes to publish is no easy feat. This issue is a testament to the very fabric of what grit and multidisciplinary team work can produce. It has been a humbling experience to witness the talent that walks on our campus grounds, and to have the privilege to work in unison with students across the different colleges WesternU offers. As a student run journal, the costs for printing and distribution are 100% dependent on the generosity of our sponsors who also echo the importance of student research and evidenced-based medicine. To that degree, I’d like to extend my deepest gratitude to our sponsors as well as the mentors, faculty, and administration that have supported this publication. Special mentions are due to WesternU’s current president, Dr. Daniel R. Wilson, recently retired interim Dean of WesternU’s College of Podiatric Medicine, Dr. Lester Jones, current Dean of WesternU’s College of Podiatric Medicine, Dr. Katherine Satterfield, and amazing faculty advisor for all editions of Extremitas Journal of Lower Limb Medicine, Dr. Jarrod Shapiro - Thank you all for the guidance, support, and encouragement throughout the journey of creating Extremitas Journal of Lower Limb Medicine. The memories, experience, and lessons have been priceless, and something I will carry with me always. Last, but certainly not least, thank you Reader for supporting our journal through your viewership. Thank you for taking the time to digest our articles regarding current literature and pathologies of the lower limb. Furthermore, thank you for going beyond the doors of the lecture halls to understand and learn. As Brian Herbert perfectly said, “The capacity to learn is a gift; the ability to learn is a skill; the willingness to learn is a choice.” It is my distinct honor and pleasure to present to you the 6th annual edition of Extremitas Journal of Lower Limb Medicine. I hope you enjoy! Sincerely, Elizabeth Oh Editor-In-Chief iii Meet the Extremitas Staff Elizabeth Oh Emily Shibata Rohan Thamby Sammy Xian Editor in Chief Lead Editor Lead Editor Lead Editor Tyler Rodericks Suzie Martikyan Kunal Bhan Editor Editor Editor Elnaz Hamedani Kira Cramer Tien Nguyen Jarrod Shapiro Assistant Editor Assistant Editor Assistant Editor DPM Faculty Advisor iv Extremitas Executive Board Dear Readers, It is with great pleasure that we present the 6th edition of Extremitas: Journal of Lower Limb Medicine. Throughout the past six years, Extremitas has grown tremendously with the help of our student authors, faculty advisor, and sponsors. Extremitas represents the hard work and dedication of Western University students as we present the latest research in the field of lower limb medicine. This issue of Extremitas delves into a variety of topics such as biomechanics of the lower limb, diabetic complications, pain management, as well as recent advancements in surgical and conservative treatment. Extremitas would not be possible without the continued support of Western University of Health Sciences and the College of Podiatric Medicine. We would like to extend our deepest gratitude to our sponsors: Western University’s College of Podiatric Medicine, California’s Podiatric Medical Association, PICA insurance Group, American Board of Podiatric Medicine, and Bako Diagnostic. We would also like to thank our cover designer, Kira Cramer, and all of our authors, who decided to use our journal as a platform to share their talents and passion for lower limb medicine. We appreciate your continued support and look forward to continuing the tradition of student research and excellence set forth by WesternU and Extremitas. Sincerely, The Extremitas Staff v Table of Contents I. BIOMECHANICS Biomechanics of Cycling and Ballet Footwear: A Review ..........................................................1 Andrew Y. Lee, B.S. The Clinical Appearances of the Flexor Digitorum Accessorius Longus & the Soleus Accessorius: A Review .............................................................................................5 Eduardo Glass, B.S., Garrett Wireman B.S., Charles Zillweger, B.S. Gait and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review ................................................10 Lindsey Bustos, B.S., Ashley Schneider, B.S., Anthony Wright, B.S. Cerebral Palsy and Spasticity .....................................................................................................14 Parth N. Patel, B.S., Jacob Stibleman, B.S., Alex Barney, B.S., Vivek Kommineni, B.S., Shivam R. Patel, B.S., Imran Peer, B.S. II. DERMATOPATHOLOGY Plantar Hyperhidrosis: An Overview .........................................................................................18 Jacob Nelson, B.S., Cameron Hadley, B.S., Heather Kopecky, B.S., William Galbraith, B.S. Identification of Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers on the Lower Limb: An Overview ..........................................................................................................23 Heather Kopecky, B.S., Cameron Hadley, B.S., Jacob Nelson, B.S., William Galbraith, B.S. Exploring Diagnostic Modalities for Onychomycosis: An Overview .......................................28 Allyson Brahs B.S. Comparing the Efficacy of Oral Terbinafine and Itraconazole for the Treatment of Onychomycosis ..........................................................................................33 Vivek Kommineni, B.A., Shivam R. Patel, B.S., Imran Peer, B.S., Parth N. Patel, B.S., Jacob Stibelman, B.S. Assessing the Potential Benefits and Limitations of Oral Terbinafine Dosing Strategies ...........................................................................................................................37 Shivam R. Patel, B.S., Vivek Kommineni, B.A., Imran Peer, B.S., Parth N. Patel, B.S., Jacob Stibelman, B.S. III. DIABETIC FOOT Biochemical Perspective of Diabetic Hyperglycemia's Contribution to Diabetic Neuropathy: A Review ..................................................................................................40 Abdullah Naji, B.S., Imran Siddiqi, M.S. Prevalence of Charcot Neuroarthropathy and Peripheral Arterial Disease in Diabetic Patients: A Literature Review .....................................................45 Jeremiah Thomas, B.S., Ashley Joy Panganiban, B.S. Human Amniotic Membrane and Porcine Acellular Dermal Regeneration Matrix - A Review of Current Temporary Natural Skin Grafts for Diabetic Foot Ulcers ...................49 Katherine Hu, B.S., Alexander Kramer, B.A., Delphine Lam, B.S. vi IV. IMAGING MODALITIES Diagnostic Imaging Techniques for Plantar Fasciitis: A Review .............................................52 Ashley-May Masa, B.S., Lily Nguyen, B.A., Wathmi Wiesinghe, B.A. The Accuracy of Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Diagnosing Long Bone Fractures as Compared to Plain Film Radiographs: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis ................58 Melissa Mueller, B.A., Brianna Beaver, B.S., Kyleigh Gaylord, B.S. Systematic Review on Ultrasound Guidance for Plantar Fascia Injections ............................63 Sahar Gholam, B.S., Brandon Maijala, B.S. V. ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS Tackling the Opioid Crisis with HTX-011 ..................................................................................66 Elnaz Hamedani, B.A. B.S., Bryanna Vesely, B.S. MPH Achilles Tendon Rupture: Conservative Versus Nonconservative Treatment .......................70 Brodie Collins, B.S., Newton Davis, B.S., Ivan Mercado, B.S. Recent Advances in Maggot Debridement Therapy in the Enhancement of Wound Healing in Diabetic Foot Ulcers .....................................................................................73 Adam Chan, M.S., Dy Chin, M.S., Spencer Sterling, B.S. Non-Surgical Treatment Modalities for Plantar Fasciitis: A Review of Current Literature .......................................................................................................................77 Jordan Richardson, B.S., David Hyer, B.S. VI. CASE REPORTS/REVIEWS Case Report: Kohler's Disease Appears in Monozygous Twins ...............................................81 Marquis Carswell, B.S., Byron Lemon, B.S., Jimmie Watkins, B.S. Case Report: Coral Reef Aorta with Hypercalcemia ................................................................85 Jin Lee, B.A. Case Report and Review: Madura Foot .....................................................................................88 Karanjot Kaur, B.S., Emily Shibata, B.S., Samantha Zandowicz, B.S., Elizabeth Oh, B.S. Jones Fractures in High-Level Football Players ........................................................................92 Artin Shakhbandaryan, B.A. vii Biomechanics of Cycling and Ballet Footwear: A Review Andrew Y. Lee, B.S. ABSTRACT Objective: To review the biomechanical advantages and limitations of cycling and ballet footwear
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