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A Geographic Study of Rural Centrality Brampton Cumbria

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Durham E-Theses A geographic study of rural centrality Brampton Cumbria Kirk, Michael B. How to cite: Kirk, Michael B. (1977) A geographic study of rural centrality Brampton Cumbria, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10046/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk A GEC3&RAPHIC STUDY OF RUEAL CENTBALITY BRAMPTON CUMBRIA A thesis submitted for the degree of Majster of Arts in the University of Durham by MICHAEL B, KIRK 1977 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. ABSTRACT "A GEOGRAPHIC STUDY OF RURAL CENTRALITY - BRAMPTQIvf, CUMBRIA." by M.B.KIRK 1977 Brampton is a small market town located 9^ miles E.N.E. of Carlisle at the centre of a sub-region referred to as N.E. Cumbria. This position has helped to make it not only an important route centre but also a focus for the surrounding district. The study exfiunines the present role of Brampton as a small rural service centre, the extent of its influence on the surrounding region, and the amount of dependence of that region on the tovm. Thus a measure• ment of the degree of centretlity is obtained from which a picture of the region's spatial and behavioural characteristics emerges. In addition, reasons why and how Brsunpton has developed centrality are also explored. Enquiry into the nature of services within the region and certain behavioural characteristics of a sample of the population was effected by three personally conducted surveys (two by questionnaires). The results have enabled not only the scale and provision of services to be analysed, but also the degree of influence and preference for particular centres to be measured. The same information is also used to test several recognised models of centrality; including adaptations of Reilly's 'gravity model' by D.L. Huff, and the ranking of centres based on functional indices devised by W.K.D. Davies. A further technique has been designed which measures the attractiveness of any settlement covered by the surveys. It involves analysing the journeys made by consumers to a centre, and allotting 'vjeighting' values based on the degree of difficulty. From the patterns of centrality thus produced, a hierarehy of settle• ment emerges which is then examined in relation to the classical theories of central place. In conclusion, the study summarises the results of all the fiuialysis and enquiry, and sets the scene for the future development of Brampton in the context of its role as a central place. CONTENTS List of Contents i List of Figures iii List of Tables v List of Plates vi List of Appendices ' vii Acknowledgements viii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 PHYSICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 9 1.1 PHYSICAL BACKGROUND 11 1.1.1 Geology 11 1.1.2 Glacial Activity 15 1.1.3 Post-Glacial Activity 16 1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 17 1.2.1 Origins and Colonisation 17 1.2.2 Barony of Gilsland - Morphology 20. 1.2.3 Brampton in the l8th Century 23 1.2.4 Coalfield and Railway Development 28 1.2.5 Brampton & District in the 19th Century 33 1.2.6 Early 20th Century Fortunes 36 1.2.7 Post World War II Development 40 1.2.8 Summary 42 CHAPTER 2 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 43 2.1 METHODOLOGY 45 2.2 POPULATION, NUMBERS AND DISTRIBUTION 45 2.3 RANK SIZE AND HIERARCHY 49 2.4 AGE STRUCTURE 52 2.5 MIGRATION 54 2.6 CIRCULATION 59 2.7 EMPLOYMENT 63 2.8 LOCATIOf OP WORKPLACE. AND RESIDENCE 64 CHAPTER 3 FUNCTIONS, SERVICES AND AREAS OF INFLUENCE 68 3.1 FUNCTIONS AND SERVICES 69 5.1.1 Classification and Methodology 70 3.1.2 Problems Outlined and Resolved 71 3.1.3 Analysis of Main Towns 73 3.1.4 Analysis of Rest of N.E.Cumbria 77 3.1.5 The Present Role of Brampton 78 3.2 SERVICE AREAS AND FIELDS OF INFLUENCE 81 3.2.1 Methodology for Service Areas 81 3.2.2 Analysis of Service Areas 85 3.2.3 Methodology for Market Preference 87 3.2.4 Analysis by Centres 91 3.2.5 Analysis by Services 92 3.2.6 Zones of Preference 100 3.3 THRESHOLD AND RANGE 101 3.4 SUMMARY 106 (continued) CONTENTS (CONTINUED) CHAPTER 4 RURAL CENTRALITY - Models of Centrality 107 4..1 GRAVITY MODELS 108 4.1.1 Methodology for Breakpoint Model 109 4.1.2 Analysis of Breakpoint Model 111 4.1o3 Methodology for Probability Model 112 4,1.4 Analysis of Probability Model 115 4.2 ATTRACTION AND INTERACTION 120 4.2.1 Methodology 120 122 4.2.2 Analysis 123 4.3 DEGREE OF CENTRALITY 123 4.5.1 Methodology 125 4.3.2 Analysis 127 4.3.3 Assessment of Attraction of.Centres 4.4 SUMMARY 128 CHAPTER 5 HZERARCHY OF CENTRES AND CENTRAL PLACE 129 5.1 FUNCTIONAL ORDER 130 5.1.1 Methodology 131 5.1.2 Identification of Centres 134 5.1.3 Hierarchy of Centres 136 5.1.4 Thresholds 140 5.2 CENTRAL PLACE 14!*. 5.2.1 Christallen Networks 14!f 5.2.2 Central Place Hierarchy 145 5.2.3 Spatial Location 149 5.2.4 Loschian Networks 151 5.2.5 Summary 152 CONCLUSION 153 6„1 SUMMARY 154 6.2 BRAMPTON AS A CENTRAL PLACE 155 6.3 FUTURE DEVELOP^^ENT 157 PLATES 163 APPENDICES 174 BIBLIOGRAPHY PAST I Sources for Chapter 1 217 PART II Sources for Rest of Study 219 11 LIST OF FIGURES Number Title Page 0,1 Position cif Brampton in Cumbria - map 2 1.1 Brampton in its Regional Setting - block diagram 10 1.2 Brampton in its Geological Setting - sections 12 1.3 Brampton in its Physical Setting - map 14 1.4 Brampton in its Historic Setting - map 18 1.5 The Barony of Gilsland - family tree 21 1.6 Brampton Manor in I603 - map 24 1.7 Brampton circa I83O - map 24 1.8 Brampton Town between 1777 and I8OO - map 26 1.9 Brampton in relation to the Midgeholme Coalfield - map 29 1.10 Graphs of Statistics 1801 to 1971 32 A, Population of Selected Parishes in Survey Area B, Inhabited Houses in Brampton C, Household Size at Brampton 1.11 Graphs of Selected Trades at Brampton 34 1794, 1829, 1851, and I884 1.12 The Growth of Brampton - maps I863, 1901, 1946 and 1974 37 2,1a Distribution of Population questioned in 1974 Survey - map 46 2,1b Distribution of Population in N.E.Cumbria 1971 - map 47 2.2 Size of Settlement by Rank Order - graphs 50 A, Carlisle Region B. , Brampton Region 2.3 Age Structure - graph 53 2.4 Occupation Structure - graph 53 2.5 Household Migration - graphs by Time, Distemce & Reason 55 2.6 Location of Previous Residence - maps 56 A, Within Survey Area B, Rest of Country 2.7 Distribution of Settlements in N.E.Cumbria - map 60 also showing Frequency Ss Category of Bus Services 1974 2.8 Location of Workplace and Residence - maps and graphs 65 A. Journeys to work in Brampton from Survey Area B. Journeys to work in Survey Area frem Brampton 3.1 Location of Services in N.E.Cumbria in 1974 - maps 75 A. Grocers, Butchers, General Stores, Supermarkets B.> Fuel Merchants, Decorators 3.2 Location of Services in N,E. Cumbria in 1974 - maps 76 A, Post Offices, Banks B, Hotels, Garages 3.3 Brampton Town Centre 1975 - map 79 (continued) 111 LIST OF FIGURES (CONTINUED) Number Title Page 3,4a Brampton's Zones of Influence - map overlay 83 3.4b Brampton's Fields of Influence 1974 - map 84 3.5a Zones of Preference for Brampton - map overlay 89 3.5b Survey Area Market Preferences - map 90 3.6 Services - graphs 93 A. Market Preference B. Range 3.7 Market Preference 1, Low Threshold Services - maps 97 A, Grocer B. Post Office 3.8 Market Preference 2, Medium Threshold Services - maps 98 A. Plumber B. Doctor 3.9 Market Preference 3. High Threshold Services - maps 99 A. Shoes B, Furniture 4.1 Market Areas, Theoretical v Observed - maps 110 A, Trading Areas of Main Towns, (after Huff) B, Zones of Influence for Brampton 4.2 Choice of Centre, Expected v Observed - maps 117 A, Probability Isopleths (after Huff) B, Preference Isopleths 4.3 Degrees of Attraction & Interaction (after Bracey) 121 A, Fields of Attraction for Carlisle B, Fields of Attraction for Brampton 4.4 Degree of Centrality - maps 126 A, Based on Service Outlets (after W.K.D.Davies) B. , Based on Attraction of Services 5.1 Scatter Diagram (after Berry) 132 A. Functional Tiers B, Hierarchy of Centres 5»2 The Settlement Hierarchy of N.E.Cumbria - map 143 5.3 Christallen Landscapes - diagrams and maps I48 A, Demand Networks B, Development of 'k-7' system in Carlisle Region C, 'k-4' and •k-7' systems in the Brampton Area 5.4 Loschian Landscapes - diagrams and maps I50 A.
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