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Regions of Stability of the Irish Immigrants in the 4.2 United States

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Regions of Stability of the Irish Immigrants in the 4.2 United States University of Warsaw Faculty of history Antsar. A Abed Irish immigration to the United States of America 1815- 1850 In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Ph.D of Art in Modern History Supervisor dr hab. Michał Lesniewski Faculty of History University of Warsaw October 2014 DECLARATION OF A PERSON SUPERVISING THE Ph.D THESIS I declare that the thesis written by Ms. Antsar A. Abed has been prepared under my supervision. This thesis meets all the conditions required to submit it for the proceedings related with obtaining the professional title. …………………………… dr hab. Michał Lesniewski Date DECLATARION OF AN AUTHOR OF THE Ph.D THESIS Aware of legal liability I hereby declare that I have written this dissertation myself and all the contents of the dissertation have been obtained by legal means. …………………………… Antsar A. Abed Date Dedication I dedicate this research to God for granting me the strength and the endurance to carry out this project and overcoming the challenges I encountered. Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank and express my gratitude to my supervisor dr. Michał Lesniewski who has been of great help throughout the course of my research. I appreciate his support and generosity for the diligent and thorough examination of my thesis. Second, I would like to thank Professor Izabella Rusinowa, I am extremely grateful to her for her guidance throughout the first year of my work. I would also like to thank my thesis committee at University of Warsaw, and I also thank the History Department for any assistance presented to me. To my family, a very special thanks to my husband, I will never forget all things that you did to help me to complete this project. Thank you so much for his patience, understanding, and support of my work. I simply could not have done it without his constant love and support. I also need to thank God for granting me the best present during the journey of my work, beautiful daughter and son "Janna and Muhammad". I must also thank my parents and my brothers, even though they are far away, they have supported me all the way. A huge thanks to my sister and her husband, I am very grateful to them for all they have done to help me. List of Abbreviation ARPLC………………………………… Annual Reports of the Poor Law Commissioners British Library………………………… BL E.S.I…………………………………….. Emigration Statistics of Ireland GRC…………..………………………… General Reports of the Colonial Land and Emigration Commissions H.C………………………………………. House of Commons NA (UK) ………………………………… National Archives in UK NAI………………………………………. National Archives of Ireland (Dublin) NLI ……………………………………… National Library of Ireland (Dublin) NYPA……………………………………. Nativist New York Protestant Association OS ………………………………………. Ordnance Survey P.P……………………………………….. Parliamentary Papers P.R………………………………………. Parliamentary Reports PRO ……………………………………… Public Record Office of United Kingdom PRONI……………................................... Public Record Office of Northern Ireland R.S.C……………………………………... Report from the Select Committee Ref ………………………………………. Reference RRC ……………………………………… Reports of Royal Commissions RSC……………………………………….. Report from the Select Committee Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................. 5 Chapter 1 Changing Conditions in Ireland 1800-1850 ........................................... 14 1.1 Changing political Conditions ............................................................................ 14 1.1.1 An Overview of the British Occupation to Ireland and its impact on the Ireland Status ......................................................................................... 14 1.1.2 The Act of Union ................................................................................... 19 1.1.3 Ireland after the Union and the emergence of O’Connell ...................... 23 1.2 Changing Economy Conditions .......................................................................... 41 1.2.1 The land question ................................................................................... 41 1.2.2 Industry .................................................................................................. 50 1.3 Changing Social Conditions: .............................................................................. 60 1.3.1 The Irish society ..................................................................................... 60 1.3.2 Sectarian rioting and Violence ............................................................... 65 1.3.3 Education ............................................................................................... 70 1.3.4 The Poor Law of 1838 ........................................................................... 72 Chapter 2 Irish immigration to the United States before the Great Famine ... 79 Early Irish immigration to the United States ................................................. 79 2.1.1 First Influx of Irish Immigrants to the United States of America and Reasons behind the immigration ........................................................... 79 2.2 Factors affecting Irish immigration to the United States 1800-1820 .................. 89 2.2.1 Pre-Famine Immigration 1821 and the Irish Emigration Trade............. 89 2.2.2 The Passenger Acts 1803-1823 ............................................................ 103 2.2.3 Reasons behind change the course of passage to the United States .... 106 2.3 Famine of 1821-1822 and its impact on Irish immigration to the United State of America ............................................................................................................. 109 2.3.1 The Passenger Act 1823....................................................................... 111 2.4 The Irish Emigration from Liverpool ............................................................... 114 2.5 Reasons behind Rise of large scale Irish emigration 1827-1836 ...................... 118 2.5.1 The Emergence of the Passenger Broker and Frauds committed on Emigration ........................................................................................... 140 2.6 The Irish Emigration 1836-1845 ....................................................................... 144 2.6.1 Reasons the shift of immigration’s route to the United States after 1840: ............................................................................................................. 153 Chapter 3 The Great Famine emigration 1845-1850 ....................................... 163 1 3.1 The Potato Blight and its Consequences ........................................................... 163 3.1.1 The Great Hunger ................................................................................ 166 3.1.2 Black Forty-Seven ............................................................................... 168 3.1.3 Relief Measures and its impact on the Irish immigration .................... 169 3.1.4 Famine relief in Peel’s government ..................................................... 171 3.1.5 Famine relief in Whigs government .................................................... 175 3.1.6 Famine Relief stemming from the United States ................................. 181 3.2 Sailing to America during the great famine ...................................................... 186 3.2.1 Financing the Journey .......................................................................... 187 3.2.2 Embarkation ......................................................................................... 195 3.3 Enforcing the Law............................................................................................. 212 3.3.1 Strengthening the Passenger Acts: ....................................................... 212 3.4 The situation of Ireland 1848-1850 ................................................................... 223 3.5 Features of the Great Famine Emigration ......................................................... 238 Chapter 4 Irish Americans ................................................................................. 255 4.1 Arrival of the Irish immigration to the United States of America .................... 255 4.1.1 New Irish Arrivals Join Earlier immigrants ......................................... 255 4.1.2 Runners ................................................................................................ 259 4.1.3 Assistance societies .............................................................................. 265 4.2 Regions of stability of the Irish immigrants in the United States: .................. 268 4.2.1 The Urbanised Irish.............................................................................. 268 4.2.2 Irish communities Form ....................................................................... 274 4.3 Working ............................................................................................................ 284 4.3.1 Digging Canals and Dangerous Work ................................................. 284 4.3.2 Women's Work ......................................................................................... 290 4.4 Political and Religious Troubles of the Irish in America ............................... 293 4.4.1 Irish Americans and the Catholic Church ............................................ 293 4.4.2 Discrimination against the Irish immigrants ........................................ 307 4.4.3 Irish-America and the Course of Irish Nationalism ............................. 321 4.4.4
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