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Mantodea - Accessscience from Mcgraw-Hill Education Page 1 of 7 Mantodea - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education Page 1 of 7 (https://www.accessscience.com:443/) Mantodea Article by: Wieland, Frank Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. Publication year: 2014 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.900183 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.900183) Content •Body • Distribution • Behavior • Systematics • Fossil record and evolutionary age • Bibliography • Additional Readings An order of predatory insects, commonly known as praying mantises or praying mantids, with raptorial forelegs. In praying mantises, the foremost of the three leg-bearing segments (that is, the prothorax) is often elongate (Fig. 1). Mantises have large eyes, and the head in most species is highly movable in all planes. Eggs are laid in egg cases (oothecae), containing about 10–400 eggs embedded in a hardening secretion from abdominal glands. Members of the order Mantodea are often well camouflaged by coloration or sometimes bizarre body structures. The popular name of praying mantises is based on their seemingly pious resting position: The folded forelegs evoke the impression of praying behavior. Approximately 2450 species have been described worldwide, with approximately 30 species occurring in the United States (3 of them have been introduced). See also: Insecta (/content/insecta/346100); Protective coloration (/content/protective-coloration/550100) https://www.accessscience.com/content/mantodea/900183 7/20/2016 Mantodea - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education Page 2 of 7 Fig. 1 Phyllocrania paradoxa, female. Note the resemblance to plant matter caused by lobes on the body and legs and by the head process. Forelegs are folded and held against the body. Abbreviations: abl, lobes on abdomen (hind body); ey, eye; fw, forewing; hl, hind leg; ml, mid-leg; pn, pronotum (dorsal part of prothorax, which is shown here with large lobes); pr, head process; rf, raptorial foreleg; ta, tarsus (foot). Body https://www.accessscience.com/content/mantodea/900183 7/20/2016 Mantodea - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education Page 3 of 7 Despite the comparatively small number of species, mantises show an astonishing variety of forms. Their body size ranges from about 10 mm (0.4 in.) in Mantoida tenuis and others to approximately 170 mm (6.8 in.) in Ischnomantis gigas and Toxodera maxima. Some mantises are very slender and resemble stick insects (Phasmatodea)—for instance, Leptocola, Schizocephala, and Brunneria. Many are stouter and have a wider abdomen (hind body). Although the prothorax is often elongate, it can be short and almost square (for instance, in Mantoida, Chaeteessa, Metallyticus, Amorphoscelis, and Eremiaphila). Many Mantodea are cryptically colored, resembling lichen-speckled bark (for example, Theopompa and Ciulfina) or the soil they live on (for example, Eremiaphila and Litaneutria). Others are brightly colored (for example, Callibia, Harpagomantis, Chlidonoptera, and Parymenopus). Metallyticus is unique in showing metallic colors (structural colors and iridescence). The body often resembles plant matter—for instance, twigs (for example, Popa), blades of grass (for example, Pyrgomantis), mosses or lichen (for example, Pseudopogonogaster and Astape), green leaves (for example, Choeradodis), or dry foliage [for example, Phyllocrania (Fig. 1), Deroplatys, Brancsikia, and Acanthops]. Some mantises resemble pieces of quartz (for example, Eremiaphila). Conspicuous eyespots on the forewings are present in several “flower mantises” (for example, Pseudocreobotra and Creobroter) and a few others. A more or less distinct sexual dimorphism is common. See also: Sexual dimorphism (/content/sexual- dimorphism/617800) The raptorial forelegs are armed with rows of strong spines on the tibia and femur (Fig. 2). These two parts are folded against each other when the leg closes. Prey is captured between the spines. The tibia has an enlarged distal claw in all Mantodea except for Chaeteessa. The femur of all Mantodea carries a “brush” of feather-shaped bristles used for grooming (Fig. 2). Foreleg shape and armature can be altered in various ways, including large lamellar expansions (for example, in Hestiasula) or reduction of almost all spines (for example, in Amorphoscelis). The forelegs may be involved in communication (“boxing behavior” as visual signals); this is seen, for instance, in Hestiasula. See also: Animal communication (/content/animal- communication/035300) https://www.accessscience.com/content/mantodea/900183 7/20/2016 Mantodea - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education Page 4 of 7 Fig. 2 Phyllocrania paradoxa, female, left foreleg, opened. Note the spines on the femur and tibia, the tibial claw, and the femoral “brush,” which are all characteristic for Mantodea. Abbreviations: cx, coxa; fb, femoral brush; fe, femur; sp, spines; ta, tarsus; tc, tibial claw; ti, tibia; tr, trochanter. Distribution Mantodea are mainly distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions around the world, where they have conquered virtually every terrestrial habitat from rainforests to deserts. Few species are located beyond 45 –46° of latitude in either hemisphere. Among the species that inhabit regions exceeding beyond 50° of northern latitude are Mantis religiosa in Germany and Empusa pennicornis in Russia. The southernmost distribution is probably reached by Orthodera novaezealandiae in New Zealand. Egg cases are often laid on wood or stones. They can endure very harsh conditions (heat, cold, and drought); therefore, they can be easily dispersed. In several cases, some species have been introduced via wood imports and by other means to other continents where they have been able to form stable populations (for example, Mantis religiosa, Tenodera aridifolia, and Iris oratoria in North America; Miomantis caffra in New Zealand). Behavior https://www.accessscience.com/content/mantodea/900183 7/20/2016 Mantodea - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education Page 5 of 7 All mantises are hunters with very good vision. Many of them lurk in the vegetation, being well camouflaged and often motionless. When prey comes by, it is caught in a rapid grabbing movement of the powerful raptorial legs and eaten. Other species are actively on the run in order to search out prey. This applies to several bark- and ground-dwelling species. Sexual cannibalism is widespread, albeit observed more often in captivity than in the wild. Females may decapitate males during copulation; however, this does not prevent the males from finishing the mating act. Several defensive behaviors have been described. When threatened, many species spread their maxillae (mouthparts between the mandibles and labium), open their forelegs, lift their wings, and display (if present) the often conspicuous colors of their hind wings and markings on their forewings. Many species additionally make a hissing noise. The sound can be produced by rubbing the abdomen between the lifted wings. In contrast, several mantises (for example, Empusidae, Sphodromantis, Rhombodera, and Tamolanica) have specialized serrate forewing edges that can be rubbed against the hind femora. One of the most impressive defensive displays is shown by Idolomantis diabolica. When it is threatened, it raises its forelegs high above the head, presenting their colorful inner surfaces. At the same time, a loud hissing noise is produced by rubbing the serrate wing edges against the hind femora. Systematics Mantodea are the closest relatives of cockroaches and termites. Together, they form the so-called Dictyoptera. Currently, mantises are subdivided taxonomically into 15 families and 48 subfamilies. However, many of these groups do not reflect the actual natural relationships. Instead, molecular and morphological analyses indicate that superficially very similar species are often not closely related to one another at all. In many cases, these species have evolved independently into a similar shape as a response to equal environmental conditions (convergent evolution). See also: Blattaria (blattodea) (/content/blattaria- blattodea/145400); Isoptera (/content/isoptera/356200) Although the relationships within Mantodea are poorly understood, it has repeatedly been found that either Mantoida or Chaeteessa (both from Central America and South America) is probably the sister group of all remaining Mantodea that live today. Fossil record and evolutionary age The comparatively small fossil record of Mantodea encompasses amber and compression fossils. It has been assumed that mantises arose in the Late Jurassic (approximately 150–200 million years ago). This is also supported by molecular studies. One of the oldest fossils (about 115 million years old) is Santanmantis axelrodi from the Cretaceous Crato fossil beds of Brazil. However, recent studies have shown that some Carboniferous fossils that were previously assigned to other insect groups may actually be very early praying mantises. This means that the group may have arisen as early as 310 million years ago. See also: Amber (/content/amber/026800); Fossil (/content/fossil/270100) https://www.accessscience.com/content/mantodea/900183 7/20/2016 Mantodea - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education Page 6 of 7 Frank Wieland Kai Schtte Bibliography M. Beier, Mantodea (Fangheusch-recken), pp. 1–47, in J.-G. Helmcke, D. Starck, and H. Wermuth (eds.), Handbuch der Zoologie, vol. 4(2), Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1968 R. Ehrmann, Mantodea: Gottesanbeterinnen der Welt, Natur und Tier-Verlag, Mnster, Germany, 2002 D. A. Grimaldi and M. S. Engel,
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