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Investigation and Comparison Between International Standards for Information Integration and Control of Ecss Based on Ress Over IP-Based Networks

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Investigation and Comparison Between International Standards for Information Integration and Control of Ecss Based on Ress Over IP-Based Networks European Association for the International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality Development of Renewable Energies, (ICREPQ’11) Environment and Power Quality (EA4EPQ) Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain), 13th to 15th April, 2011 Investigation and Comparison between International Standards for Information Integration and Control of ECSs based on RESs over IP-based Networks S. Jaloudi1, A. Schmelter1, E. Ortjohann1, W. Sinsukthavorn1, N. Alamin1, P. Wirasanti1 and D. Morton2 1 Department of Electrical Engineering South Westphalia University of Applied Sciencs Campus of Soest – Luebecker Ring 2, D-59494 Soest (Germany) Phone/Fax number:+49 2921 378439, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2 The University of Bolton Deane Road, Bolton, BL3 5AB, U.K. Abstract. Energy converting systems (ECSs) based on 3~ Grid renewable energy sources (RESs) are penetrating rapidly in the 3~ 3~ Pumped power system including their associated software and hardware 220 kV / 380 kV Power Plant Power Plant Hydro (SW/HW) systems. These systems are geographically 3~ 3~ 3~ 3~ 3~ Offshore 3~ 3~ 3~ Wind 3~ dispersed, and related to different manufacturers. Therefore, the 3~ 3~ Park 3~ 3~ future power system can be considered as a distributed SW/HW 110 kV Power Plant w o l F system. Information integration and interoperability are two r e w 3~ 3~ serious problems in distributed systems, which mainly include o 3~ 3~ P l 3~ 3~ 3~ 3~ communication networks and communication protocols. The a Special Loads or n Regional Grid o Suppliers i 3~ 3~ t = 3~ 3~ International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC) standards are c 3~ 3~ 3~ e r i d proposed for this purpose and for the control as well. Indeed, i 10 to 30 kV B some of these standard protocols can be used over IP-based WANs. However, future power systems, which contain many 3~ 3~ 3~ 3~ 3~ = 3~ Special Loads or RESs in all voltage levels, could employ the Internet/Intranet Reginal Grid Suppliers = 3~ 3~ 3~ WAN for both control and telemeter. This paper investigates 3~ = = the available standards related to power systems, discusses the 400 V possibility of applying some of these standard protocols for the = 3~ . control and telemeter of ECSs over Internet/Intranet WAN, . 3~ compares between two legacy standard protocols and presents = the factors for choosing the right protocol for such purposes. In addition, it covers the gaps, the last advances and projects Fig. 1. A power system with actively-controlled bidirectional related to these standards. power flow [1]. Key words from one form to DC current, which must be converted into AC in order to be fed to the grid. This can be done by the inverter, which is the interfacing unit that provides Power systems communications, Internet for renewable decoupling between frequency and voltages across the energy, information integration, DNP3, IEC standards. terminals of the ECS from one side and the grid voltage and frequency from the other side [2]. 1. Introduction However, if ECSs of RESs are installed in large scale, Energy converting systems (ECS) based on renewable they form power plants in the high voltage levels; energy sources (RES) are penetrating rapidly in the otherwise they are installed in the distribution level and power system for environmental and economic reasons. hence, called DERs. In both cases, some emerging Moreover, they support the conventional power plants international standards, mainly from the International and hence, increase the reliability of power systems. Electrotechnical Committee (IEC), can be used for the Conventional power systems include centralized power control and telemeter over IP-based networks. While the plants, the power mainly flows in one direction, and the IEC 61400-25 is proposed for data modelling in wind active control takes place only in the high voltage levels. power plants, the IEC 62056 is proposed for telemeter In contrast, smart power systems, as shown in Fig. 1, and the IEC 61850 for communication and data include centralized power plants, distributed energy modelling in substations, hydro power plants, and DERs. resources (DERs) as well as RESs in all voltage levels, and characterized by actively controlled bidirectional On the other hand, the economic impact of DERs power flow [1]. However, the ECS converts the energy motivates many consumers to invest in this energy, and https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj09.238 83 RE&PQJ, Vol.1, No.9, May 2011 therefore install their own resources in the distribution case (examples are wood fuel and the remaining portion level. When these resources join the grid, they form new of field crops) and the gas case (like animal waste and structures in the power system that lead to changes in the sewage). Fuel cells (FCs) can be used to convert the system behavior. This requires that the new formed hydrogen of biofuels into electricity. However, the IEC system adapt to the new circumstances and fit to the standards 61850-7-4 and 61850-7-420 can be used for requirements of the power supply rules. As this new information modeling of FCs when installed as DERs, or system contains many RESs, including their associated central stations as well due to their modularity [4]. software and hardware (SW/HW) entities from different Water flows down of a dam is the simplest way to manufacturers that are geographically dispersed, its capture the water energy in order to convert it into control and management would not become an easy task. electric current by rotating the rotor of many turbines to In addition, information integration in this distributed form a hydroelectric power plant. The IEC 61850-7-410 system is a serious problem that covers communication is recently proposed by the IEC for data modeling in such protocols, security and interoperability of interconnected plants, which specifies the additional common data systems. In this paper, security issues will not be covered. classes, logical nodes and data objects required for the However, the available IEC standards for RESs are use of IEC 61850 in a hydropower plant [6]. introduced in section 2. The communication networks in actual and future electric grids are discussed in section 3, On the other hand, these standards can be used over IP- and the standard protocols for conventional and future based networks, such as Internet/Intranet WAN, which power systems are introduced in section 4. While section introduce cheap infrastructure for future power systems. 5 explains the application of communication protocols and networks for RESs, section 6 concludes the paper. 3. Communication Networks in Actual and Future Electric Grids 2. Available IEC Standards for RESs The future power system can be considered as a RESs include but are not limited to wind energy, solar distributed and heterogeneous system because it could energy, biomass energy, hydro energy, etc. Airflows can contain multiple operating systems, diverse be used to run wind turbines (WTs) that convert the communication networks, and various ECSs based on kinetic energy of wind into rotational motion, and this is RESs with their associated SW/HW devices from the reason why they are called ECSs. This rotational different manufacturers. Interoperability in distributed motion turns the rotor of a generator to produce systems is a problem that mainly includes electricity. For mass production of electricity, large scale communication networks and information exchange. WTs is used on shore and off shore, and therefore called Communication networks used in power systems can be wind power plants or wind farms. If these WTs are categorized in three main types [7]; fixed-line networks installed in the distribution level, they are DERs in the such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN), low voltage levels. However, wind power plants exist in wireless networks such as the global system for mobile the high voltage levels, and feed all the produced energy (GSM) communications, and computer networks such as to the grid without active control. Recently, the IEC LANs and WANs. Electric utilities employ these standard 61400-25 is proposed for data modeling of wind networks in different fields of applications; satellite power plants components and for communication communications for time synchronization through the between these components and a supervisory control and global positioning system (GPS), WANs for real time data acquisition (SCADA) system [3]. control, monitor, and intensive data collection, etc. Solar energy is collected from solar radiation via Computer WANs normally follow a specific photovoltaic (PV) cells that absorb and convert it into communication model, which is either open or closed. electric current, and this is the reason why they are called The description of the open model is available for public ECSs. Such cells are grouped in modules and are use, like ISO’s Open System Interconnection (OSI) installed in small as well as large scale. Large scale PV model, Internet model (TCP/IP protocol suite), and IEEE systems are called PV power plants, solar parks or solar 802 model. The closed model is a proprietary model, like farms. In addition, solar energy can be used to heat water IBM’s system network architecture (SNA). The users of and then collect the vapor to rotate steam generators in such model are limited to the hardware and software of a order to produce electricity. These are called solar specific vendor. Fig. 2 shows the open models [8-9]. The thermal power plants, which exist in the high voltage OSI model has seven layers, while the Internet model has levels, and feed all the produced energy to the grid four. The link layer of the Internet model represents the without active control. Nevertheless, the IEC 61850-7- network interface to the communications infrastructure, 420 and the IEC 61850-7-4 standards can be used and normally follows the IEEE 802 standard, which is the together in order to build DERs logical nodes.
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