DOCSLIB.ORG

To Achieve Lasting Success

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
To Achieve Lasting Success TO ACHIEVE LASTING SUCCESS GLOBAL POLIO ERADICATION INITIATIVE ANNUAL REPORT 2018 WHO/Polio/19.07 Published by the World Health Organization (WHO) on behalf of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. © World Health Organization 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Suggested citation. Global Polio Eradication Initiative: annual report 2018. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/Polio/19.07). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing. Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party- owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Design and ayout by L’IV Com Sàrl, Switzerland CONTENTS Acronyms ....................... iv Executive summary .............. 1 Eradication ..................... 4 Integration ...................... 8 Containment and certification .... 11 Financing ...................... 14 ACRONYMS AFP Acute flaccid paralysis bOPV Bivalent oral polio vaccine cVDPV Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus cVDPV1 Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1 cVDPV2 Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 cVDPV3 Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 3 GCC Global Commission for the Certification of the Eradication of Poliomyelitis GPEI Global Polio Eradication Initiative IPV Inactivated polio vaccine OPV Oral polio vaccine RCC Regional Commission for the Certification of Polio Eradication RI Routine immunization UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund VDPV Vaccine-derived poliovirus VPD Vaccine-preventable disease WHO World Health Organization WPV Wild poliovirus iv GLOBAL POLIO ERADICATION INITIATIVE TO ACHIEVE LASTING SUCCESS 1988 350 000 125 cases countries 2018 33 2 cases countries EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In the 30 years since the 1988 Wild poliovirus World Health Assembly adopted The Polio Eradication & Endgame Strategic Plan a resolution for the worldwide 2013–2018 came close to polio eradication and set the stage for a final assault. Wild poliovirus (WPV) eradication of polio, the Global was cornered in the cross-border area of Afghanistan Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) and Pakistan, and both countries continued to work in close coordination to ensure that all strategies has reduced the number of wild and tools remain aligned, and all major activities are polio cases from 350 000 across synchronized. Special attention was paid to the cross- border transmission corridors, continuing to bring a 125 countries to 33 in just two better understanding of the different challenges and countries in 2018. This scale and to ensure cross-border transmission can be curbed. progress across global health The footprint of WPV is receding each year. A major and disease eradication efforts milestone of global certification of WPV type 3 eradication is nearing, after eradication of WPV type were only possible thanks to the 2, leaving just one strain of WPV in the world. At polio eradication community’s the same time, Africa is on the verge of regional certification of WPV eradication. perseverance and continuous The Global Commission for the Certification of the learning and innovation. Eradication of Poliomyelitis established clear criteria for certifying the global eradication of WPVs, which will The ability to adjust and amend be followed by the cessation of oral polio vaccine (OPV) to eliminate long-term vaccine-derived poliovirus the approach to succeed has risks. been a cornerstone of the polio eradication programme, and 2018 Circulating vaccine-derived was another year demonstrating polioviruses the GPEI’s flexibility. The same proven strategies that are being used to stop WPV transmission have also been used to respond to circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs). In December 2018, an international group of public health experts determined that the 2017 outbreak of cVDPV type 2 (cVDPV2), which had occurred in the Syrian Arab Republic, had been brought to a halt. That news followed 18 months of intensive vaccination and surveillance efforts in conflict-affected, previously inaccessible, areas. Since the confirmation of a cVDPV type 1 outbreak in Papua New Guinea in June 2018, the polio eradication programme conducted five rounds of polio vaccination campaigns with integrated vitamin A supplements and human papillomavirus vaccination for girls. A multimedia approach was used, maximizing traditional and social media and interpersonal communication through health workers and church organizations. 2 GLOBAL POLIO ERADICATION INITIATIVE TO ACHIEVE LASTING SUCCESS Elsewhere, however, notably in Africa, despite progress Cross-cutting approaches in curbing WPVs, cVDPV2 continues to expand across parts of the Lake Chad region, central Africa and the The GPEI’s work on cross-border coordination Horn of Africa. improves migrant health and ensures people on the move need not miss out on basic health services. Its A historic resolution on poliovirus laboratory gender-conscious approaches accelerate progress containment was adopted at the Seventy-first World against polio and advance women’s and children’s Health Assembly to ensure that the number of overall wellness. Once eradication is achieved, polioviruses in labs and vaccine manufacturing plants valuable infrastructure, data and tools can remain in is minimized, and that those that remain are fully affected countries, strengthening their health systems contained. and ensuring inclusive human security. These assets will help generations to come to better detect and respond to other disease outbreaks. New tactics The world has a new opportunity to achieve success. As the world moves forward on the last mile towards The starting point is different than in 2013: today, the the anticipated goal of polio eradication, the new GPEI South-East Asia Region is certified as polio-free, the Polio Endgame Strategy 2019–2023 defines what African Region is on the verge of certification, a Public changes will be introduced and what innovations will Health Emergency of International Concern has been be needed to reach 0.1% of the poorest and most declared, WPV has been curbed to a cross-border marginalized children. area of just two countries, the phased removal of OPVs is under way and clear laboratory containment To strike while the iron is hot, the new worldwide guidelines have been established. Governments, vision and strategy focus on crossing the finishing communities and partners have a chance to use this line, while taking steps to ensure sustainability. springboard to unite behind a shared goal, to take Building on lessons learned and tools and tactics control, learning from the successes. established through the Polio Eradication & Endgame Strategic Plan 2013–2018, the new strategy builds on Polio has tested our scientific ingenuity and now a compelling,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • COVID-19 Eradication for Vaccine Equity in Low Income Countries
    Perspective COVID-19 Eradication for Vaccine Equity in Low Income Countries DHANYA DHARMAPALAN,1 T JACOB JOHN2 From 1Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Apollo Hospitals, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra; 2Chairman, Child Health Foundation, Vellore, Tamil Nadu. Correspondence to: Dr. Dhanya Dharmapalan, Consultant in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Apollo Hospitals, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai 400 614, Maharashtra. [email protected]. PII: S097475591600340 Note: This early-online version of the article is an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. It has been posted to the website for making it available to readers, ahead of its publication in print. This version will undergo copy-editing, typesetting, and proofreading, before final publication; and the text may undergo minor changes in the final version INDIAN PEDIATRICS 1 JUNE 09, 2021 [E-PUB AHEAD OF PRINT] DHANYA DHARMAPALAN, T JACOB JOHN COVID-19 ERADICATION ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic will transition into endemic phase with perpetual risk of severe disease and high mortality in vulnerable people – the elderly and those with co-morbidities, unless eradicated. Although several vaccines are already available to rich countries, low-income countries face gross vaccine inequity. We propose COVID-19 eradication to address both problems. An eradication program will ensure vaccine equity and international cooperation to establish public health surveillance and high quality laboratory diagnostic services in all countries. Eradication is biologically and technically feasible. We hope the World Health Organization will accept the proposition and design the necessary strategy without delay. Keywords: Herd effect, Herd immunity, SARS-CoV-2. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS Coronavirus type 1 (SARS-CoV-1) began spreading within China in November, 2002, became pandemic in March 2003, and affected 29 countries, with 8096 cases and 774 deaths [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
    Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Weekly February 13, 2004 / Vol. 53 / No. 5 Outbreaks of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) in Asia and Interim Recommendations for Evaluation and Reporting of Suspected Cases — United States, 2004 During December 2003–February 2004, outbreaks of highly In Thailand, influenza A (H5N1) infection was confirmed pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) among poultry were in four males, aged 6–7 years, and one female, aged 58 years. reported in Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, South All five patients died (1). Other cases are under investigation. Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam. As of February 9, 2004, a total of 23 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza A (H5N1) virus Analysis of Viruses infections in humans, resulting in 18 deaths, had been reported Antigenic analysis and genetic sequencing distinguish in Thailand and Vietnam. In addition, approximately 100 sus- between influenza viruses that usually circulate among birds pected cases in humans are under investigation by national and those that usually circulate among humans. Sequencing health authorities in Thailand and Vietnam. CDC, the World of the H5N1 viruses obtained from five persons in Vietnam Health Organization (WHO), and national health authorities and Thailand, including one sister from the cluster in Viet- in Asian countries are working to assess and monitor the situ- nam, has indicated that all of the genes of these viruses are of ation, provide epidemiologic and laboratory support, and avian origin. No evidence of genetic reassortment between assist with control efforts. This report summarizes informa- avian and human influenza viruses has been identified. If tion about the human infections and avian outbreaks in Asia reassortment occurs, the likelihood that the H5N1 virus can and provides recommendations to guide influenza A (H5N1) be transmitted more readily from person to person will surveillance, diagnosis, and testing in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • August 2021 Factsheet Access to Vaccines
    ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AND PRICING ACCESS TO VACCINES GRI Standards : 416-1, 416-2 : Customer Health and Safety EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Vaccines have a great impact on public health. The World Health Organization considers immunization to be one of the most effective and cost-effective health interventions. It has eradicated smallpox, reduced the global incidence of polio by 99% to date,1 and dramatically reduced morbidity, disability and mortality due to diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, tuberculosis and measles. Despite these important achievements, there is still a long way to go: 19.7 million children worldwide still have no access to a full cycle of basic vaccines.2 Due to lower immunization coverage in some countries, we are witnessing a resurgence of diseases that had almost disappeared, such as measles or pertussis. This affects people around the world, including in high-income countries. True to its vision of a world where no one suffers or dies from a vaccine-preventable disease, Sanofi Pasteur is committed to improve sustainable access to vaccines, with the help of key partnerships to provide effective and affordable vaccines and protection for all populations. This document presents some of our key commitments and initiatives illustrating our longstanding dedication to global access to health through prevention and vaccination. 1 WHO Factsheet on Poliomyelitis, last updated July 2019. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/poliomyelitis 2 WHO Factsheet on Immunization, last updated July 2020. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage Access to Vaccines Factsheet 1 Published August 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Polio Laboratory Manual
    WHO/IVB/04.10 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Polio laboratory manual 4th edition, 2004 The World Health Organization has managed The evaluation of the impact of vaccine- cooperation with its Member States and preventable diseases informs decisions to provided technical support in the fi eld of introduce new vaccines. Optimal strategies vaccine-preventable diseases since 1975. and activities for reducing morbidity and In 2003, the offi ce carrying out this function mortality through the use of vaccines are was renamed the WHO Department of implemented (Vaccine Assessment and Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. Monitoring). The Department’s goal is the achievement Efforts are directed towards reducing fi nancial of a world in which all people at risk are and technical barriers to the introduction protected against vaccine-preventable of new and established vaccines and diseases. Work towards this goal can be immunization-related technologies (Access to visualized as occurring along a continuum. Technologies). The range of activities spans from research, development and evaluation of vaccines Under the guidance of its Member States, to implementation and evaluation of WHO, in conjunction with outside world immunization programmes in countries. experts, develops and promotes policies and strategies to maximize the use and delivery WHO facilitates and coordinates research of vaccines of public health importance. and development on new vaccines and Countries are supported so that they immunization-related technologies for viral, acquire the technical and managerial skills, bacterial and parasitic diseases. Existing competence and infrastructure needed to life-saving vaccines are further improved and achieve disease control and/or elimination new vaccines targeted at public health crises, and eradication objectives (Expanded such as HIV/AIDS and SARS, are discovered Programme on Immunization).
    [Show full text]
  • Health Interventions to Promote the Polio Vaccine Within the Global Polio Eradication Initiative: a Systematic Review from 2000-2014
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Public Health Capstone Projects School of Public Health 1-6-2017 Health Interventions to Promote the Polio Vaccine within the Global Polio Eradication Initiative: A Systematic Review From 2000-2014. Aime Serge Dali Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/iph_capstone Recommended Citation Dali, Aime Serge, "Health Interventions to Promote the Polio Vaccine within the Global Polio Eradication Initiative: A Systematic Review From 2000-2014.." , Georgia State University, 2017. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/iph_capstone/46 This Capstone Project is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Public Health at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Public Health Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract HEALTH INTERVENTIONS TO PROMOTE THE POLIO VACCINE WITHIN THE GLOBAL POLIO ERADICATION INITIATIVE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW FROM 2000-2014. By Aime Serge Dali November 28th, 2016 INTRODUCTION: Launched in 1988 by the World Health Organization (WHO), the primary goal of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) was to eradicate polio by the year 2000. The mobilization of communities was critical in achieving this goal. Although the disease has persisted beyond the year 2000, the number of cases dropped compared to their level in 1988, witnessing significant progress. AIM: As polio is near being eradicated, this study is an attempt to review health communication and behavior change interventions used to promote the polio vaccine within the GPEI in order to highlight best practices and lessons learned to be used eventually to combat other vaccine-preventable diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • The Exacerbation of Ebola Outbreaks by Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
    The exacerbation of Ebola outbreaks by conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Chad R. Wellsa,1, Abhishek Pandeya,1, Martial L. Ndeffo Mbahb, Bernard-A. Gaüzèrec, Denis Malvyc,d,e, Burton H. Singerf,2, and Alison P. Galvania aCenter for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520; bDepartment of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; cCentre René Labusquière, Department of Tropical Medicine and Clinical International Health, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; dDepartment for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Hospital Centre of Bordeaux, 33075 Bordeaux, France; eINSERM 1219, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; and fEmerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 Contributed by Burton H. Singer, September 9, 2019 (sent for review August 14, 2019; reviewed by David Fisman and Seyed Moghadas) The interplay between civil unrest and disease transmission is not recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus–Zaire Ebola virus vaccine well understood. Violence targeting healthcare workers and Ebola (13). The vaccination campaign not only played an important treatment centers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) role in curtailing the epidemic expeditiously (14), it also facili- has been thwarting the case isolation, treatment, and vaccination tated public awareness of the disease and improved practice of efforts. The extent to which conflict impedes public health re- Ebola safety precautions (15). By contrast, the sociopolitical sponse and contributes to incidence has not previously been crisis in eastern DRC has hampered the contact tracing that is a evaluated.
    [Show full text]
  • CDC Fact Sheet
    CDC’s Work to Eradicate Polio What is polio? Polio is a crippling and potentially deadly infectious disease caused by a virus that Quick Facts spreads from person to person invading the brain and spinal cord and causing paralysis. Because polio has no cure, vaccination is the best protection and the only way to stop the disease from spreading. Polio anywhere poses a risk to people everywhere Four regions of the world are certified polio free—the Americas, Europe, South East Asia and the Western Pacific – this means that 80% of the world’s people now live in areas that have eliminated the threat of polio. Only three countries have never interrupted the transmission of wild poliovirus— Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan. But all countries will be at risk of importation of polio until it is eradicated completely from the globe. 13 MILLION Since 1988 polio vaccine has prevented more than 13 million Through partnership, more can be accomplished cases of paralysis. In 1988, the World Health Assembly adopted a resolution for the worldwide eradication of polio. It marked the launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), spearheaded by national governments, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Rotary International, World Health Organization (WHO), and 650,000+ deaths prevented United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), with substantial support from the Bill & Since 1988 more than 650,000 Melinda Gates Foundation. deaths from polio have been prevented. CDC’s role in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative Through the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, CDC: $40-50 BILLION The economic benefits of • Works jointly with WHO and national Ministries of Health to plan and eradicating polio by 2018 are $40- monitor polio’s spread and immunization activities in multiple countries 50 billion through the year 2035.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 18: Polio
    Poliomyelitis Concepcion F. Estivariz, MD; Ruth Link-Gelles, PhD, MPH; and Tom Shimabukuro, MD, MPH, MBA Descriptions of polio-like illnesses have been around since antiquity, including a funerary stele depicting a man with Poliomyelitis a withered leg leaning on a staff. Michael Underwood first ● First described by Michael described a debility of the lower extremities in children that was Underwood in 1789 recognizable as poliomyelitis in England in 1789, but the disease ● Developed countries in was not observed in epidemics until the late 19th century. Northern Hemisphere During the first half of the 20th century, developed countries in suffered increasingly severe the Northern Hemisphere suffered epidemics each summer and epidemics in the first half fall that became increasingly severe. Polio infections peaked in of the 20th century the United States in 1952, with more than 21,000 paralytic cases. Following introduction of effective vaccines in 1955 (inactivated ● More than 21,000 paralytic polio vaccine, IPV) and 1961 (oral poliovirus vaccine, OPV), cases reported in the U.S. polio incidence declined rapidly. The last case of wild poliovirus in 1952 acquired in the United States was in 1979. ● Last case of wild poliovirus acquired in the U.S. was 1979 Poliovirus Poliovirus is a member of the enterovirus subgroup, family Picornaviridae. Picornaviruses are small, ether-insensitive viruses Poliovirus with an RNA genome. ● Enterovirus (RNA) ● Three serotypes: type 1, type 2, There are three poliovirus serotypes (type1, type 2, and type type 3 3); immunity to one serotype does not produce significant immunity to the other serotypes. ● Immunity to one serotype does not produce significant Poliovirus is rapidly inactivated by heat, formaldehyde, chlorine, immunity to other serotypes and ultraviolet light.
    [Show full text]
  • Polio Eradication Strategy 2022-2026: Delivering on a Promise
    DELIVERING ON A PROMISE Polio Eradication Strategy 2022 - 2026 Pre-publication version, as of 10 June 2021 DELIVERING ON A PROMISE Polio Eradication Strategy 2022 - 2026 Pre-publication version, as of 10 June 2021 DELIVERING ON A PROMISE Polio Eradication Strategy 2022 - 2026 Pre-publication version, as of 10 June 2021 Delivering on a Promise: Polio Eradication Strategy 2022–2026: Pre-publication version, as of 10 June 2021 Published by the World Health Organization (WHO) on behalf of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI). Pre-publication version, as at 10 June 2021. © World Health Organization 2021 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence. (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/).
    [Show full text]
  • Ebola Outbreak: Democratic Republic of Congo
    Updated April 2, 2019 Ebola Outbreak: Democratic Republic of Congo Congress has provided funds to prevent, detect, and respond As of March 31, 2019, WHO reported 1,089 Ebola cases, to infectious disease threats, including those with pandemic including 679 deaths. Observers are concerned that the potential like Ebola. From FY2014 through FY2018, outbreak could spread to Goma, the capital of North Kivu, a Congress provided annually $72.5 million to the U.S. city of over 1 million people that is also an operational hub Agency for International Development (USAID) for such for the United Nations (U.N.) peacekeeping mission and efforts and increased funding to $100 million in FY2019. international relief efforts in DRC, or to neighboring From FY2015 to FY2017, Congress appropriated annually countries. While Uganda (which borders the most affected $55.1 million to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and areas in DRC) has prior experience in Ebola control, Prevention (CDC); in FY2018 and FY2019, it provided Rwanda and Burundi do not. South Sudan’s current $108.2 million; and from FY2008 through FY2020, it minimal state capacity and protracted armed conflict authorized an additional $50 million for global health suggest a coordinated disease control response would be security efforts. The Trump Administration’s FY2020 highly challenging. budget request included $90 million and $100 million for USAID and CDC global health security programs, International and U.S. Responses respectively. In FY2015, Congress also provided over $5 Confirmed Ebola cases are being treated with experimental billion in emergency funds for domestic and global efforts Ebola therapeutics in Ebola Treatment Centers (ETCs).
    [Show full text]
  • Polio: Questions and Answers Q&A Information About the Disease and Vaccines
    Polio: Questions and Answers Q&A information about the disease and vaccines What causes polio? adulthood (usually after an interval of 30–40 years). Polio is caused by a virus. This problem is called post-polio syndrome (PPS) and symptoms can include new muscle pain, weak- How does polio spread? ness, or paralysis. PPS is not infectious. For more information or for support for people with post-polio Polio is usually spread via the fecal-oral route (i.e., syndrome, go to www.post-polio.org. the virus is transmitted from the stool of an infected person to the mouth of another person from con- How is polio diagnosed? taminated hands or such objects as eating utensils). Some cases may be spread directly via an oral to If a person is suspected of being infected, a sample oral route. from their stool or throat should be tested for the poliomyelitis virus. How long does it take to show signs of polio after being exposed? How long is a person with polio contagious? Patients infected with the polio virus can pass the The incubation period for polio is commonly 6–20 virus on for 7–10 days before the onset of disease. In days, with a range of 3–35 days. addition, they can continue to shed the virus in their What are the symptoms of polio? stool for 3–6 weeks. Surprisingly, 95% of all individuals infected with polio Is there a treatment for polio? have no apparent symptoms. There is no “cure” for polio. People infected with Another 4%–8% of infected individuals have symp- polio need supportive therapy, such as bed rest and toms of a minor, non-specific nature, such as sore fluids.
    [Show full text]
  • Poliomyelitis
    WHO/EPI/GEN/93.16 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH DISTR.: GENERAL The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series Module 6: Poliomyelitis GLOBAL PROGRAMME FOR VACCINES AND IMMUNIZATION EXPANDED PROGRAMME ON IMMUNIZATION World Health Organization Geneva WHO/EPI/GEN/93.16 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH DISTR.: GENERAL The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series Module 6: Poliomyelitis Dr Susan Robertson Medical Officer Expanded Programme on Immunization* GLOBAL PROGRAMME FOR VACCINES AND IMMUNIZATION EXPANDED PROGRAMME ON IMMUNIZATION World Health Organization Geneva * Dr Robertson’s current title is Medical Officer, Vaccine Research and Development, GPV. ii The Expanded Programme on Immunization thanks the following donors whose support made the production of these modules possible: United Nations Development Fund (UNDP) The Rockefeller Foundation The Government of Sweden The Immunological Basis for Immunization series is available in English and French (from the address below). It has also been translated by national health authorities into a number of other languages for local use: Chinese, Italian, Persian, Russian, Turkish, Ukranian and Vietnamese. The series comprises eight independent modules: Module 1: General Immunology Module 2: Diphtheria Module 3: Tetanus Module 4: Pertussis Module 5: Tuberculosis Module 6: Poliomyelitis Module 7: Measles Module 8: Yellow fever Produced in 1993 Reprinted (with new covers but no changes to content) in 1996 GPV Catalogue available on the Internet at: http://www.who.ch/programmes/gpv/gEnglish/avail/gpvcatalog/catlog1.htm Copies may be requested from: World Health Organization Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunization Expanded Programme on Immunization CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland Fax: +22 791 4193/4192 E-mail: [email protected] © World Health Organization 1993 This document is not a formal publication of the World Health Organization (WHO), and all rights are reserved by the Organization.
    [Show full text]