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Rapid Application Mobilization and Delivery for Smartphones RAPID APPLICATION MOBILIZATION AND DELIVERY FOR SMARTPHONES A Dissertation Presented to The Academic Faculty by Cheng-Lin Tsao In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology August 2012 Copyright c 2012 by Cheng-Lin Tsao RAPID APPLICATION MOBILIZATION AND DELIVERY FOR SMARTPHONES Approved by: Professor Raghupathy Sivakumar, Professor Douglas M. Blough Advisor School of Electrical and Computer School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Professor Nikil S. Jayant Professor Umakishore Ramachandran School of Electrical and Computer College of Computing Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Professor Ghassan AlRegib Date Approved: June 2012 School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology DEDICATION To my parents Min-Chia Tsao and Chin-Chu Tu, my wife Hsun-Han Yu and my daughter Sophia Y. Tsao. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Prof. Raghupathy Sivakumar, for his unflagging guidance and support. This dissertation would not have been possible without all the insightful discussion with him. He has given me great freedom in making my own decisions and coming up with research ideas. During my dissertation study, he has acted as an excellent role model of a researcher with intense enthusiasm and drive. His high standards for clear thinking and effective communication are inspiring to me will continue to guide me in my future endeavors. I would like to thank Profs. Nikil S. Jayant, Douglas M. Blough, Umakishore Ramachandran, and Ghassan AlRegib for serving in my proposal and dissertation committee. I am grateful for their valuable advices and opinions, which helped me improve the quality of this dissertation. My gratitude extends to the present and past members of the GNAN research group. I appreciate the significant help from Sandeep Kakumanu in multiple re- search projects. I thank Tae-Young Chang, Zhenyun Zhuang, Sriram Lakshmanan, Yeonsik Jeong, Aravind Velayutham, Shruti Sanadhya, Chao-Fang Shih, Bhuvana Krishnaswamy, Jiechao Wang, and Nishith Agarwal for their valuable feedback and assistance in my dissertation. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family: my parents, my wife, and my daughter. Their encouragement, support, and sacrifices have helped me go through the ups and downs of this journey. To them, I dedicate this dissertation. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................... iv LIST OF TABLES ............................... ix LIST OF FIGURES .............................. x SUMMARY .................................... xii I INTRODUCTION ............................. 1 II ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM .......... 8 2.1 Performance enhancement with multiple interfaces . 8 2.2 Transport-layer protocol design for wireless networks . .... 9 2.3 Application Mobilization . 10 2.4 Remotecomputing............................ 11 2.5 Macros .................................. 12 2.6 Mobile Application . 13 III ON EFFECTIVELY EXPLOITING MULTIPLE WIRELESS IN- TERFACES IN MOBILE HOSTS ................... 15 3.1 Overview................................. 15 3.2 Super-Aggregation............................ 16 3.2.1 Scope............................... 16 3.2.2 Problem Motivation . 17 3.2.3 Goals............................... 17 3.3 Super-AggregationPrinciples . 18 3.3.1 Selective Offloading - Tackling TCP Self Contention . 19 3.3.2 Proxying - Overcoming Impact of Blackouts on TCP . 21 3.3.3 Mirroring - Hiding Random Losses from TCP . 23 3.3.4 IntegratedOperations. 26 3.3.5 Super-Aggregation for Upstream Communication . 26 v 3.4 Super-AggregationArchitecture . 27 3.4.1 DeploymentModel ....................... 27 3.4.2 SoftwareArchitecture . 27 3.5 Super-AggregationBeyondTCP . 31 3.5.1 Generic Principles and Case Study . 31 3.5.2 GenericArchitecture ...................... 33 3.6 TheoreticalAnalysis........................... 34 3.6.1 Analysis of Offloading-ACK . 34 3.6.2 Analysis of Proxying-blackout-freeze . 38 3.6.3 Analysis of Mirroring-loss-fetching . 40 3.6.4 Insights from the Analysis . 42 3.7 PerformanceEvaluation. .. .. 43 3.7.1 ExperimentalTestbed. 44 3.7.2 Solution Prototyping . 45 3.7.3 Offloading-ACKPerformance. 46 3.7.4 Proxying-blackout-freeze Performance . 47 3.7.5 Mirroring-loss-fetching Performance . 48 3.7.6 PerformanceofIntegratedOperations . 50 3.7.7 PerformanceonGoogleAndroid . 50 3.8 Issues................................... 51 IV A REMOTE COMPUTING PROTOCOL FOR HETEROGENEOUS DEVICES .................................. 55 4.1 Overview................................. 55 4.2 Remote Computing for Heterogeneous Devices . 55 4.2.1 Remote Computing for Application Mobilization . 57 4.2.2 Challenges with Remote Computing . 57 4.2.3 ProblemStatement ....................... 59 4.3 View Virtualization . 59 4.4 TransformationServices. 63 vi 4.4.1 CoreTransformationServices. 63 4.4.2 Add-onTransformationServices . 64 V AN EFFECTIVE REMOTE COMPUTING SOLUTION FOR SMART- PHONES ................................... 67 5.1 Overview................................. 67 5.2 Motivation ................................ 67 5.2.1 Inflated Effort in Remote Computing from Smartphones . 68 5.2.2 Measurement of Redundancy in User Activity . 69 5.3 Design Principles . 72 5.3.1 Overview............................. 72 5.3.2 Application-Agnostic SmartMacros.............. 72 5.3.3 TaskEffortReducingFront-end . 74 5.3.4 Parameterization and Preemptability . 75 5.3.5 OfflineMacroRecommender . 76 5.4 Solution ................................. 77 5.4.1 MORPHAggregation ServeronDesktop. 78 5.4.2 MORPHAggregation ClientonSmartphone. 82 5.4.3 Portability to other Platforms . 84 5.5 PerformanceEvaluation. .. .. 85 5.5.1 Overall Performance Improvement . 88 5.5.2 Performance Improvement by Application . 88 5.5.3 Subjective Opinion . 89 5.5.4 OverheadAnalysis........................ 90 5.5.5 Results of Offline Macro Suggestion . 91 5.5.6 Trace-Based Evaluation of Task Effort Reduction . 92 VI ENABLING RAPID MOBILIZATION FOR ENTERPRISE AP- PLICATIONS ................................ 94 6.1 Overview................................. 94 6.2 Solution Basics and Design Elements . 94 vii 6.2.1 DynamicInterfaceTransformation . 96 6.2.2 Traffic Optimization . 97 6.3 Solution Details . 99 6.3.1 DynamicInterfaceTransformation . 99 6.3.2 Traffic Optimization . 103 6.4 PerformanceEvaluation. 105 6.4.1 Time-to-task........................... 106 6.4.2 NumberofActions ....................... 107 6.4.3 TrafficConsumption. 107 6.4.4 Sensitivity to tasks and network environments . 108 6.4.5 Comparison with Custom-Built Apps . 109 6.4.6 InteractionResponseTime . 112 6.4.7 OverheadAnalysis........................ 113 VII ADD-ON TRANSFORMATION SERVICES AND SYSTEM IN- TEGRATION ................................ 114 7.1 Overview................................. 114 7.2 Add-ontransformationservices. 114 7.2.1 Reduction ............................ 114 7.2.2 Overflow ............................. 115 7.2.3 Zoom............................... 115 7.2.4 Rearrangement.......................... 116 7.2.5 Customized Translation . 116 7.3 Integrated operation of MORPH and super-aggregation ........ 116 VIIICONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ............... 119 8.1 MainContributions ........................... 119 8.2 FutureWork ............................... 121 IX PUBLICATIONS .............................. 124 REFERENCES .................................. 126 viii LIST OF TABLES 1 Variables in the super-aggregation analysis ............... 35 2 Parameters in the super-aggregation analysis .............. 35 3 Virtual View API and mapping to accessibility frameworks . 61 4 Task list and macros used for MORPHAggregation evaluation . 87 5 Time on task and reduction percentage with MORPHAggregation .... 89 6 Statisticsfromofflinemacrosuggestion . 91 7 ApplicationsandTasks.......................... 106 8 Time requirement in application mobilization using *Mobile ..... 110 ix LIST OF FIGURES 1 Marginal improvement of simple aggregation on heterogeneous interfaces 17 2 Motivation of super-aggregation forTCP ................ 20 3 Super-aggregation architecture ...................... 28 4 Topologyofthe super-aggregation experimentaltestbed . 44 5 Performance of offloading-ACK ..................... 46 6 Comparison of offloading-ACK analysis and experiments . 47 7 Performance of proxying-blackout-freeze ................. 48 8 Comparison of proxying-blackout-freeze analysis and experiments . 49 9 Performance of mirroring-loss-fetching ................. 49 10 Comparison of mirroring-loss-fetching analysis and experiments . 50 11 Super-aggregation integrated operations and performance on Android phone ................................... 51 12 Remote computing from heterogeneous devices . 56 13 PerformanceofBaselineRemoteComputing . 58 14 MORPH systemoverview ........................ 60 15 Conceptofadd-onservices . 65 16 Screenshot of a smartphone VNC client shows an intricate interface. 68 17 Real-user activity shows redundancy and potential effort reduction . 71 18 MORPHAggregation systemoverview ................... 73 19 Typesofmacrosolutions......................... 74 20 MORPHAggregation softwarearchitecture . 78 21 MORPHAggregation desktopUIscreenshot . 79 22 Anexampleofmacrosuggestionwithasuffixtree . 82 23 MORPHAggregation clientscreenshot
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