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1 Universidade Do Estado Do Rio De Janeiro UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO INSTITUTO DE MEDICINA SOCIAL O RISCO EM CENA: ANÁLISE DAS CAMPANHAS DE PREVENÇÃO À AIDS DA MTV BRASIL JOÃO FRANCISCO DE LEMOS Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Saúde Coletiva, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva – área de concentração em Ciências Humanas e Saúde do Instituto de Medicina Social da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Orientadora: Fabíola Rohden Rio de Janeiro 2006 1 Agradecimentos Agradeço a todos os funcionários e professores do Instituto de Medicina Social que contribuíram direta ou indiretamente para o desenvolvimento desta dissertação. Agradeço em especial a orientação da professora Fabíola Rohden pela acolhida deste projeto, aprendizado e diálogo nestes dois anos de pesquisa e atividades junto ao grupo do XI Curso de Metodologia de Pesquisa. Agradeço a professora Maria Luiza Heilborn pelas aulas, contribuições bibliográficas e oportunidade de integrar a equipe do Programa em Gênero, Sexualidade e Saúde. Agradeço ao professor Sérgio Carrara pelo diálogo e pelas observações durante o grupo de orientação, tão importante para o processo de escrita desta dissertação. Agradeço o apoio e o estímulo de todos os amigos e pesquisadores do Centro Latino- Americano em Sexualidade e Direitos Humanos (CLAM). Agradeço a professora Laura Moutinho e ao professor Rubem Mattos, que no curso sobre tópicos especiais em Aids possibilitaram um aprofundamento na extensa bibliografia sobre o tema. Agradeço a professora Maria Isabel Mendes de Almeida pela constante troca de idéias, oportunidade e espaço para aprender e pesquisar mais sobre as culturas jovens e tantos outros temas. Agradeço a professora Santuza Cambraia Naves e todos os integrantes do Centro de Estudos Sociais Aplicados da Universidade Candido Mendes (CESAP– UCAM): Frederico Coelho, Tatiana Bacal, Fernanda Déborah, Fernanda Eugenio e Helena Gomes, interlocutores e amigos. Agradeço a generosidade e a disposição da equipe da MTV Brasil, em especial ao jornalista Mauro Dahmer que possibilitou o acesso as campanhas e com quem pude conhecer de perto o trabalho desafiante realizado por esta emissora. A idéia seminal deste projeto partiu, antes de tudo, do reconhecimento da importância desta iniciativa no âmbito da comunicação e da prevenção da Aids. Sem a colaboração da equipe da MTV Brasil este trabalho não teria se tornado possível. Agradeço a minha mãe e meu irmão, por todo apoio sempre. À Israel Nunes, Rita Oliveira, Simone Medina e Raquel Portugal, agradeço pela inesgotável amizade nos momentos mais fáceis e mais difíceis. 2 Resumo Esta dissertação analisa os conteúdos das campanhas de prevenção à Aids produzidas pela emissora de televisão MTV Brasil direcionadas para o público de jovens telespectadores que compõem sua audiência. Através de uma interpretação sócio-antropológica, buscou-se analisar as representações de risco encenadas nos vídeos deste projeto de comunicação preventiva. Identifica-se uma mudança em curso quanto ao aspecto estigmatizante que caracterizava as significações da Aids na mídia, evidenciando a emergência de um discurso de socialização para o risco de contaminação pelo HIV. Palavras Chave: Aids, Juventude, Comunicação 3 Abstract “The Risk on Stage”: Analysis of the Campaigns for the Prevention of Aids on MTV Brazil This dissertation analyses the content of the campaigns for the prevention of AIDS produced by the television channel MTV Brazil, directed towards the young viewers that make up its audience. Through social-anthropological interpretation, it looks to analyze the representations of risk produced in the clips of this preventative communication project. It identifies a change in progress regarding the stigmatizing aspect that characterized the significance of AIDS presented in the media, demonstrating the urgency for a socialization discourse concerning the risk of HIV contamination. Key words: AIDS, Youth, Communication 4 SUMÁRIO Apresentação ........................................................................................................................1 Capítulo I – Sobre doença, mídia e produção de sentidos ...............................................4 1.1– Introdução ao tema da perspectiva das Ciências Humanas no campo da saúde ........................4 1.2– Representação social do corpo na modernidade ........................................................................9 1.3– Biomedicina e normatização da vida ........................................................................................11 1.4– O discurso de risco na sociedade contemporânea .....................................................................12 1.5– Mídia e produção de sentidos ...................................................................................................15 1.6– Análise de mídia .......................................................................................................................18 1.7– Aids, vida, comunicação preventiva e comportamentos de risco .............................................21 Capítulo II – A Aids nos meios de comunicação ............................................................ 23 2.1 – A Aids na imprensa ...............................................................................................................25 2.1.1 – Em seis jornais franceses ......................................................................................................25 2.1.2 – Nas revistas brasileiras .........................................................................................................28 2.1.3 – No universo das estrelas .......................................................................................................29 2.1.4 – Nos jornais brasileiros ..........................................................................................................31 2.1.5 – Discurso de gênero nas páginas de revista: Capricho e Marie Claire ...................................37 2.1.6 – A cobertura dos jornais entre 1996 e 2001: a ênfase nos medicamentos .............................39 2.2 - As Campanhas de Prevenção do Programa Nacional em DST/AIDS – Imagens e discursos estratégicos na televisão .................................................................................................42 2.2.1 – Primeiras iniciativas ..............................................................................................................44 2.2.2 – Os filmes oficiais – 1987-1999 .............................................................................................47 2.2.3 – Arlequim – 1988 ...................................................................................................................48 2.2.4 – A década de 1990 ..................................................................................................................49 2.2.5 – Estratégias Biopolíticas ........................................................................................................51 2.2.6 – MTV – 2001 .........................................................................................................................54 2.2.7 – A população feminina nas campanhas de prevenção ...........................................................55 2.2.8 – A experiência da rede Globo ................................................................................................57 2.3 – Uma trajetória de mudanças: do medo ao convívio ...........................................................59 Capítulo III – A MTV e a Audiência Jovem ...................................................................63 3.1 – Sobre a MTV Brasil .................................................................................................................63 3.2 – Uma agenda jovem. A MTV da música ao comportamento ...................................................74 3.3 – Participação política, cidadania e a comunicação socialmente responsável ............................76 3.4 – Iniciativas em contexto internacional: a campanha Staying Alive ..........................................83 5 3.5 – Proposta para uma leitura sócio-antropológica da representação da audiência jovem da MTV Brasil. ...............................................................................................................................................85 3.6 – Falando sobre sexo na MTV Brasil .........................................................................................90 3.7 – “Erótica MTV” e “Ponto Pê”: as “dúvidas sexuais” na MTV ................................................ 94 3.8 – Autonomia, prazer e sexualidade ...........................................................................................101 Capítulo IV – As campanhas de prevenção à Aids na MTV Brasil ............................106 4.1 - A trajetória da MTV na luta contra a Aids .............................................................................106 4.2 – A produção das vinhetas na MTV Brasil ...............................................................................110 4.3 – O acesso aos vídeos de prevenção da MTV Brasil e a estimativa de vinhetas produzidas ...110 4.4 – Classificação das vinhetas SUP/Aids ....................................................................................111 4.5 – A seleção das vinhetas analisadas ..........................................................................................112 4.6 – Breve consideração para uma análise dos conteúdos de mídia: a “etnografia da tela” .................................................................................................................................................114
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