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Burkina Faso Pilot December 2020

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Burkina Faso Pilot December 2020 OVERVIEW Burkina Faso Pilot December 2020 Estimated number of people per phase Summary in the three assessed provinces4 Of the three analysed provinces,1 water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) severity Phase 5 (Catastrophic) 32,363 was highest in Gourma, which was classified as WASH Severity Classification (WSC) Phase 4 (Critical). The provinces of Houet and Séno were classified in Phase Phase 4 (Critical) 1,423,671 3 (Crisis). The analysis shows that more than half (58%) the population of the analysed provinces is in Phase 3, Crisis (38%) or in Phase 4, Critical (20%). More than Phase 3 (Crisis) 2,735,158 32,000 people were classified as being in Phase 5, Catastrophic (0.5%). This situation is mostly due to a chronic lack of investment in infrastructure, mainly in water 2 Phase 2 (Stressed) 3,012,530 services. With the deterioration of the humanitarian situation in the north-east of the country and the resulting displacement of people, this infrastructure is under Phase 1 (None/minimal) 5,901 even greater pressure and waiting times at water points are very long, limiting the ability of households to collect sufficient water for all uses.3 Séno Gourma Houet WASH Severity Classif ication Phase 4 (Critical) Phase 3 (Crisis) Not covered 1 00 Km Map 1: WASH Severity Classification, Burkina Faso, December 2020 Methodology pertaining to different areas of the WSC driving the situation, all of which are Analytical Framework were identified, presented in this report. Future WSC The results presented in this report come reviewed, and pre-processed for analysis. exercises are expected to be implemented from the WSC’s second pilot exercise, Data was collated from a range of sources, at a nationwide scale. a training and analysis workshop including government databases, UN held from 24 November to 4 December agency and NGO assessments and About the WSC 2020. The training was attended by 47 situation reports. A full list of sources participants representing 19 WASH actors used in the analysis is provided at the end The WASH Severity Classification (WSC) in the development and humanitarian of the document. is a new interagency global initiative led fields, including representatives of by the Global WASH Cluster, the United the Burkinabe government, United In accordance with the WSC Analysis Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and Protocols, analysts collectively and Nations (UN) agencies, and national IMPACT Initiatives. Developed at the iteratively analysed this information, and international non-governmental global level through a participatory drawing on their own technical and organisations (NGOs). Of these process, the WSC project aims to develop participants, 32 attended the analysis contextual expertise where needed to question, validate, or supplement the data. a standardized approach to classifying workshop, coming from 18 organisations, the severity of WASH needs and and are referred to as ‘analysts’ in this Through this process, analysts reached consensus on the severity classifications vulnerabilities across contexts. For more report. for the three analysed provinces (Gourma, information, contact Prior to the workshop, data sources Houet, and Séno) and the key factors [email protected]. Contributing Factors Burkina Faso: Key figures Context and Vulnerabilities Ranking in 2020 Human Burkina Faso ranks 182nd out of 189 countries on the Human Development Index.5 Development Report 16 nd The country’s chronic socio-economic challenges are also reflected in the state (out of 189 countries) 182 of the WASH infrastructure. Hydrogeological resources are under pressure due to climate change and their sustainable exploitation is made difficult due to the lack of economic resources. Large sections of the population are therefore in a situation where they cannot access WASH services on a sustainable basis: 48% of households of the population live below 16 had basic access to water (from an improved source within 30 minutes) in 20176 and 40% the national poverty line 39% in 2020.3 The deterioration in access to basic water services, which have been limited since 2000, is worrying, as most countries in the world are on the opposite trajectory6 and population growth is greater than the increase in access to safe drinking water. Investment in infrastructure is greater in urban than in rural areas, Estimated number of leading to an asymmetry where rural areas have less access to WASH infrastructure. people in humanitarian 17 2.2m This situation means that households have significant difficulties in coping with the need in 2020 HNO: shocks they face. Number of displaced persons 600,000 The same is true for sanitation, with a significant proportion of the population 500,000 practicing open defecation, although the trajectory shows an improvement: 47% of the assessed households in 20176 and 400,000 30% in 2020.3 300,000 The 2018/2019 GLAAS report indicates that in Burkina Faso sectoral policies 200,000 (standards, legislation etc.) are available. However, the assessment of ministerial capacities, the search for funding (or 100,000 national budget allocation) for sector development, and the human resources 0 to implement the implementation plans 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 are not progressing sufficiently to enable the country to meet its international Catastrophe naturelle Conflit armé Natural disaster Armed conflict commitments.2 Figure 1: Population displacement in Burkina Faso, by cause. Source: IDMC (2019)24 Shocks and Hazards Security and Conflict Since 2018, the security situation in the North-Eastern part of the country has Reported conflict events deteriorated significantly.7 Armed groups have established themselves in this 10 part of the country and are undertaking numerous armed actions that put the 8 entire border area with Mali and Niger under pressure. This increase in conflict 6 is mainly affecting the north-east of the country and causing numerous 4 population displacements, even though internally displaced persons (IDPs) 2 have been identified in all the country’s provinces.8 In the provinces analysed, 0 these significant population movements are causing a concentration of IDPs, Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan May May May May May May May May May most often close to urban centres around 2018 2019 2020 2018 2019 2020 2018 2019 2020 existing water resources, according to the analysts. Cross-border migration for Gourma Houet Séno economic purposes also has a negative impact on access to WASH services. Figure 2: Number of violent events reported in the analysed provinces. Source: ACLED15 The conflict has also impacted the Climate Change lead households to reduce the amount of economic situation by preventing water collected and therefore prioritise Climate change is having a significant some households from accessing their certain uses considered more urgent impact on water resources in Burkina (drinking, cooking) at the expense of fields, causing the closure of markets Faso. Longer periods of drought, more practices such as handwashing or (especially livestock markets) and intense and less evenly distributed 12 creating a climate of instability that rainfall and reduced vegetation cover domestic cleaning. is not conducive to investment in are causing a reduction in water In Burkina Faso, women and girls are infrastructure, according to the analysts. availability.9 generally responsible for fetching water, Most IDPs settle on the outskirts of urban according to the analysts. These long In addition, these effects lead to more centres, in unplanned areas, which waiting times therefore increase the risk violent and frequent floods that displace are generally poorly or inadequately of gender-based violence by pushing a significant number of people each year equipped with infrastructure and other households, and therefore most often and contaminate water points, according WASH services, based on the analysts’ women, to use water points at all hours to the analysts. information. of the day and night. The time spent COVID-19 collecting water cannot be used for Box 1: Types of sanitation and water other economic activities or to care for 19 facilities COVID-19 has led to curfews and the young children, who often accompany closure of many services and shops women to the water points. This results by the government since March 2020. in lower household incomes and a Sanitation facilities These restrictions have destabilised the deterioration in childcare, which can country’s economy.10,11 As a result, part Improved sanitation facilities are lead to an increase in the prevalence of those designed to hygienically of the country’s population has not been malnutrition and diarrhoeal diseases. separate excreta from human able to work and has not had regular access to water. However, the response Lack of economic opportunities and cash contact. In the context of Burkina income for a large part of the population Faso, this includes hygienic latrines to COVID-19 has been successful in raising hygiene awareness and in limits access to WASH items and or toilets and shared latrines in the services. For example, the fact that water absence of more accurate recent carrying out major distributions of soap is not free limits the ability of some data on the types of latrines used by and other non-food items. households to access these services households. WASH Impact and Outcomes given the critical situations they face. Sanitation facilities that do not Lack of access to WASH infrastructure Water quality is sometimes poor in meet these criteria are considered is the most important factor explaining the analysed provinces, mainly due to unimproved. In the context of the impact of the current situation in physico-chemical pollution, according Burkina Faso, this includes non- to the analysts. Agricultural and mining hygienic latrines. Burkina Faso on households’ ability to access WASH services. In the three practices tend to pollute shallow waters. In the provinces of Séno and Gourma, Open defecation is when no provinces analysed, the increase in the water is shallow during the dry period sanitation facility is used at all.
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