OVERVIEW Burkina Faso Pilot December 2020
Estimated number of people per phase Summary in the three assessed provinces4 Of the three analysed provinces,1 water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) severity Phase 5 (Catastrophic) 32,363 was highest in Gourma, which was classified as WASH Severity Classification (WSC) Phase 4 (Critical). The provinces of Houet and Séno were classified in Phase Phase 4 (Critical) 1,423,671 3 (Crisis). The analysis shows that more than half (58%) the population of the analysed provinces is in Phase 3, Crisis (38%) or in Phase 4, Critical (20%). More than Phase 3 (Crisis) 2,735,158 32,000 people were classified as being in Phase 5, Catastrophic (0.5%). This situation is mostly due to a chronic lack of investment in infrastructure, mainly in water 2 Phase 2 (Stressed) 3,012,530 services. With the deterioration of the humanitarian situation in the north-east of the country and the resulting displacement of people, this infrastructure is under Phase 1 (None/minimal) 5,901 even greater pressure and waiting times at water points are very long, limiting the ability of households to collect sufficient water for all uses.3
Séno
Gourma
Houet
WASH Severity Classif ication Phase 4 (Critical) Phase 3 (Crisis) Not covered
1 00 Km
Map 1: WASH Severity Classification, Burkina Faso, December 2020
Methodology pertaining to different areas of the WSC driving the situation, all of which are Analytical Framework were identified, presented in this report. Future WSC The results presented in this report come reviewed, and pre-processed for analysis. exercises are expected to be implemented from the WSC’s second pilot exercise, Data was collated from a range of sources, at a nationwide scale. a training and analysis workshop including government databases, UN held from 24 November to 4 December agency and NGO assessments and About the WSC 2020. The training was attended by 47 situation reports. A full list of sources participants representing 19 WASH actors used in the analysis is provided at the end The WASH Severity Classification (WSC) in the development and humanitarian of the document. is a new interagency global initiative led fields, including representatives of by the Global WASH Cluster, the United the Burkinabe government, United In accordance with the WSC Analysis Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and Protocols, analysts collectively and Nations (UN) agencies, and national IMPACT Initiatives. Developed at the iteratively analysed this information, and international non-governmental global level through a participatory drawing on their own technical and organisations (NGOs). Of these process, the WSC project aims to develop participants, 32 attended the analysis contextual expertise where needed to question, validate, or supplement the data. a standardized approach to classifying workshop, coming from 18 organisations, the severity of WASH needs and and are referred to as ‘analysts’ in this Through this process, analysts reached consensus on the severity classifications vulnerabilities across contexts. For more report. for the three analysed provinces (Gourma, information, contact Prior to the workshop, data sources Houet, and Séno) and the key factors [email protected]. Contributing Factors Burkina Faso: Key figures
Context and Vulnerabilities Ranking in 2020 Human Burkina Faso ranks 182nd out of 189 countries on the Human Development Index.5 Development Report 16 nd The country’s chronic socio-economic challenges are also reflected in the state (out of 189 countries) 182 of the WASH infrastructure. Hydrogeological resources are under pressure due to climate change and their sustainable exploitation is made difficult due to the lack of economic resources. Large sections of the population are therefore in a situation where they cannot access WASH services on a sustainable basis: 48% of households of the population live below 16 had basic access to water (from an improved source within 30 minutes) in 20176 and 40% the national poverty line 39% in 2020.3 The deterioration in access to basic water services, which have been limited since 2000, is worrying, as most countries in the world are on the opposite trajectory6 and population growth is greater than the increase in access to safe drinking water. Investment in infrastructure is greater in urban than in rural areas, Estimated number of leading to an asymmetry where rural areas have less access to WASH infrastructure. people in humanitarian 17 2.2m This situation means that households have significant difficulties in coping with the need in 2020 HNO: shocks they face.
Number of displaced persons
600,000 The same is true for sanitation, with a significant proportion of the population 500,000 practicing open defecation, although the trajectory shows an improvement: 47% of the assessed households in 20176 and 400,000 30% in 2020.3
300,000 The 2018/2019 GLAAS report indicates that in Burkina Faso sectoral policies 200,000 (standards, legislation etc.) are available. However, the assessment of ministerial capacities, the search for funding (or 100,000 national budget allocation) for sector development, and the human resources 0 to implement the implementation plans 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 are not progressing sufficiently to enable the country to meet its international Catastrophe naturelle Conflit armé Natural disaster Armed conflict commitments.2
Figure 1: Population displacement in Burkina Faso, by cause. Source: IDMC (2019)24 Shocks and Hazards Security and Conflict
Since 2018, the security situation in the North-Eastern part of the country has Reported conflict events deteriorated significantly.7 Armed groups have established themselves in this 10 part of the country and are undertaking numerous armed actions that put the 8 entire border area with Mali and Niger under pressure. This increase in conflict 6 is mainly affecting the north-east of the country and causing numerous 4 population displacements, even though internally displaced persons (IDPs) 2 have been identified in all the country’s provinces.8 In the provinces analysed, 0 these significant population movements are causing a concentration of IDPs, Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan May May May May May May May May May most often close to urban centres around 2018 2019 2020 2018 2019 2020 2018 2019 2020 existing water resources, according to the analysts. Cross-border migration for Gourma Houet Séno economic purposes also has a negative impact on access to WASH services. Figure 2: Number of violent events reported in the analysed provinces. Source: ACLED15 The conflict has also impacted the Climate Change lead households to reduce the amount of economic situation by preventing water collected and therefore prioritise Climate change is having a significant some households from accessing their certain uses considered more urgent impact on water resources in Burkina (drinking, cooking) at the expense of fields, causing the closure of markets Faso. Longer periods of drought, more practices such as handwashing or (especially livestock markets) and intense and less evenly distributed 12 creating a climate of instability that rainfall and reduced vegetation cover domestic cleaning. is not conducive to investment in are causing a reduction in water In Burkina Faso, women and girls are infrastructure, according to the analysts. availability.9 generally responsible for fetching water, Most IDPs settle on the outskirts of urban according to the analysts. These long In addition, these effects lead to more centres, in unplanned areas, which waiting times therefore increase the risk violent and frequent floods that displace are generally poorly or inadequately of gender-based violence by pushing a significant number of people each year equipped with infrastructure and other households, and therefore most often and contaminate water points, according WASH services, based on the analysts’ women, to use water points at all hours to the analysts. information. of the day and night. The time spent COVID-19 collecting water cannot be used for Box 1: Types of sanitation and water other economic activities or to care for 19 facilities COVID-19 has led to curfews and the young children, who often accompany closure of many services and shops women to the water points. This results by the government since March 2020. in lower household incomes and a Sanitation facilities These restrictions have destabilised the deterioration in childcare, which can country’s economy.10,11 As a result, part Improved sanitation facilities are lead to an increase in the prevalence of those designed to hygienically of the country’s population has not been malnutrition and diarrhoeal diseases. separate excreta from human able to work and has not had regular access to water. However, the response Lack of economic opportunities and cash contact. In the context of Burkina income for a large part of the population Faso, this includes hygienic latrines to COVID-19 has been successful in raising hygiene awareness and in limits access to WASH items and or toilets and shared latrines in the services. For example, the fact that water absence of more accurate recent carrying out major distributions of soap is not free limits the ability of some data on the types of latrines used by and other non-food items. households to access these services households. WASH Impact and Outcomes given the critical situations they face. Sanitation facilities that do not Lack of access to WASH infrastructure Water quality is sometimes poor in meet these criteria are considered is the most important factor explaining the analysed provinces, mainly due to unimproved. In the context of the impact of the current situation in physico-chemical pollution, according Burkina Faso, this includes non- to the analysts. Agricultural and mining hygienic latrines. Burkina Faso on households’ ability to access WASH services. In the three practices tend to pollute shallow waters. In the provinces of Séno and Gourma, Open defecation is when no provinces analysed, the increase in the water is shallow during the dry period sanitation facility is used at all. number of people using infrastructure due to the presence of displaced persons from March to June, causing the drying up of some springs and the decline in Drinking water sources leads to longer waiting times at water collection points. Longer waiting times quality of the remaining ones. Improved drinking water sources are those which, by nature of their design and construction, have the potential to deliver safe water. In Water service coverage, nationwide Open defecation, nationwide the context of Burkina Faso, this 100% 100% includes boreholes with a human- 90% 90% powered pump (HPP), autonomous water stations (public taps), 80% 80% protected wells, protected springs, 70% 70% standpipes, tap water in dwelling or 60% 60% plot, bottled/bagged water, and water 50% 50% delivered by truck. 40% 40% Drinking water sources that do not 30% 30% meet these criteria are considered 20% 20% unimproved. In Burkina Faso, this 10% 10% includes traditional/unprotected 0% 0% wells and unprotected springs. 2012 2012 2016 2016 2010 2010 2014 2014 2002 2008 2020 2002 2008 2020 2006 2006 2000 2000 2004 2004 Surface water is a further Basic Limited differentiation used for when water Latrine Open defecation is collected directly from rivers, Unimproved Surface water lakes, streams, dams, or irrigation canals. Figure 3: Trend in water services, 2000-2020. Figure 4: Trend in open defecation, 2000-2020. Source: Joint Monitoring Programme6 (2000- Source: Joint Monitoring Programme6 (2000- 2017); MSNA (2020) 2017); MSNA (2020) Socio-Economic and Public Health Outcomes
The socio-economic situation is quite different in the three analysed provinces. Key risk factors to monitor in the next three to In the province of Houet, the socio-economic situation is more favourable than in six months the other provinces of the country. This is reflected in higher overall incomes and better food security indicators. In the provinces of Séno and Gourma, the situation is more complicated due to the lack of rainfall which impacts crops and pasture land. Similarly, the security situation prevents access to crops and causes the closure of markets, especially for livestock. In these two provinces, the use of emergency and Displacement crisis livelihood coping strategies is much more frequent (20-23% of households surveyed versus 13% in Houet).3 In all three provinces, the epidemiological situation appears to be relatively stable. No cases of cholera have been recorded, but an incidence of diarrhoeal diseases slightly above the national average is to be noted in the provinces of Gourma and Séno.3,13 Global acute malnutrition is above the WHO crisis threshold in Séno province and in Climatic the stressed phase in Gourma and Houet provinces.14 conditions Three to Six Month Severity Projection
The situation is expected to deteriorate in the province of Séno, which could move to Phase 4 (Critical) in the coming months due to a drop in water resources during the dry season and continued pressure on existing infrastructure from population movements. The situation should remain relatively stable in the other provinces. COVID-19 Key risk factors to monitor
• Displacement • Climatic conditions • COVID-19
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Current Six month Province Population severity severity None/minimal Stressed Crisis Critical Catastrophic phase projection
Gourma 500,415 0 91,252 193,114 189,822 26,227 Phase 4 Stable
Houet 6,234,491 84 2,787,231 2,365,079 1,080,495 1,602 Phase 3 Stable
Séno 474,717 5,817 134,047 176,965 153,354 4,534 Phase 3 Worsen
Total 7,209,623 5,901 3,012,530 2,735,158 1,423,671 32,363 N/A N/A
Total % 100% 0.1% 41.8% 37.9% 19.7% 0.5% N/A N/A
Table 2: Summary of analysed provinces Province-Level Findings
Gourma Province Phase Population # Population %
Summary Phase 5 (Catastrophic) 26,227 5%
Phase: 4 Phase 4 (Critical) 189,822 38% Number of people in Phase 3 or higher: 409,163 Phase 3 (Crisis) 193,114 39% The province of Gourma is classified Phase 2 (Stressed) 91,252 18% in Phase 4 (Critical). Numerous population displacements due to the Phase 1 (None/minimal) 0 0% deteriorating security situation are 8 recorded in Gourma. Lack of access Table 3: Population distribution for Gourma Province by WSC Phase to WASH infrastructure is the most critical element in Gourma province due to population movements but also by the government and its technical therefore have to travel further to access lack of investment. Although 95% of and financial partners is insufficient water. There is increasing pressure on households use improved water sources3, to achieve their objectives.2 According existing WASH infrastructure due to this consumption of poor quality water is to World Bank reports, the East is not lack of investment and the increasing a problem due to the large proportion among the priority provinces (growth number of IDPs in the province. of wells which are shallow and rarely poles) for WASH sector funding.22 Due Although 95% of households use produce good quality water according to its economic situation, the Eastern improved water sources, consumption to the analysts. This is confirmed by region has not seen much investment in of poor quality water is a problem due the high rates of diarrhoea: 38% of WASH infrastructure. For the population, to the large proportion of wells that are households reported at least one case access to sources of income is more shallow and rarely produce good quality of diarrhoea among the children under limited than the national average. 5 years old in the two weeks preceding water. This is in line with indicators of data collection.13 Population growth is higher than the severe diarrhoea (38% of households increase in access to drinking water in reporting at least one case of diarrhoea Contributing Factors the Eastern region.23 The province of in the last two weeks among children Gourma has many rural areas and small under five years old).3 Security and conflict villages with limited access to services According to the analysts, the National according to the analysts. Conflict activity and insecurity Office for Water and Sanitation (ONEA) and the Regional Directorate for Water have increased significantly since Climate and natural hazards 2018. Insecurity reduces access to and Sanitation (DREA) do not have infrastructure and services. In the Over the last two decades, there has been the means to cover all the needs and Eastern region, 19% of households are an increase in periods of drought and a must receive support from NGOs and unable to reach their preferred water reduction in rainfall. This has impacted development agencies. In rural areas, point because of insecurity.20 Conflict the amount of water available and repairs depend entirely on humanitarian has displaced twice as many people reduced the vegetation cover in Gourma aid workers and communes and the as natural crises. Inter-community province, thus reducing the water infrastructure is therefore unreliable due conflicts (between farmer and pastoralist retention and infiltration capacity (water to the lack of maintenance. communities) could further degrade cycle). Climate change and reduced Access to basic hygiene items is also social cohesion and reduce access to vegetation cover have also increased the limited due to the poor economic water for some populations, according to number of floods. These worsen sanitary situation. Only 46% of households the analysts. conditions and displace around 20,000 have access to soap in the province, 24 There has been a significant increase people per year in the province. compared to the national average of in the number of IDPs in the province: 76%.3 In addition, the availability of soap the November 2020 CONASUR update WASH Impact and Outcomes is limited in rural areas according to the indicates that there are 43,000 IDPs. analysts. Lack of access to WASH infrastructure That is to say that nearly 13,000 IDPs is the most severe element in Gourma Indicators of hygiene behaviour from arrived in Gourma during the month province. Many people no longer have the MSNA are good: 95% of households of November (the CONASUR update of access to their main water source and report washing their hands before eating September indicated 30,000 IDPs). The International Organization for Migration 3+ (IOM) Displacement Tracking Matrix On premises 3% 0 (DTM) figures for September indicated 60% Less than 5 minutes 0% less than 30,000 IDPs. This situation 2
+ 38% increases the severity of conditions in Between 5 and 15 WASH. minutes 2% +26+ Between 16 and 30 2%
Context and governance 69 26% minutes The 2018/2019 GLAAS report shows More than 30 minutes 69% that investment in the WASH sector 60proved+38+2 Improved Unim Surface water
Figure 5: Time taken by household to collect Figure 6: Households’ reported primary source water (round trip, including queuing and of water. Source: MSNA 20203 filling time). Source: MSNA 20203 Although the prevalence rates of are in a situation of extreme WASH 34% 37% waterborne diseases do not indicate a insecurity. 28% critical emergency, the prevalence rates of diarrhoea, meningitis and malaria • Arid villages, such as Matiakwali are higher than the national averages.13 (near the Niger border), are more This suggests a more worrying health vulnerable due to the climate and 34+28+37 situation than in other provinces of the poor security situation in this Improved, Improved, Open the country. The high rate of malaria area. hygienic unhygienic defecation indicates a significant presence of • The pastoralist population due to mosquitoes near homes and indicates a Figure 7: Households’ reported main limitations on water resources and 3 lack of household health management sanitation facility. Source: MSNA 2020 the closure of livestock markets and limited access to protective items linked to the security and COVID-19 (such as mosquito nets) according to the health situation. analysts. and 69% after using the latrine or toilet.3 If these data are reliable, this may be due Who and where are the most Three to Six Month Severity to an increase in preventative behaviour vulnerable population groups? Projection because of the safety measures related to The severity Phase is expected to remain COVID-19. The analysts identified the following groups of people and places: stable over the next three to six months. Socio-Economic and Public Health However, it is likely that a significant • People with reduced mobility and proportion of the population in Phases Outcomes elderly people face access difficulties 2 and 3 will move up in severity by one due to waiting time and the distance phase. Indeed, water availability has The security situation has had a to water points. negative impact on farmers and deteriorated in recent months and is herders in carrying out their activities. • Women (both urban and rural) are likely to worsen in the coming months Some livestock markets are no longer vulnerable to protection incidents due to the onset of the dry season. because they are assigned the task functional due to insecurity and this The security situation is not expected of collecting water and the difficult is affecting the livelihoods of livestock to improve. The probable increase in access increases this burden. owners. A large proportion of the the number of IDPs in the province is likely to exacerbate the pressure on households surveyed during the MSNA • Children are doubly affected because existing infrastructure and thus reduce appear to be food insecure: 20% have they collect water, have reduced household access to safe drinking water. moderate hunger and 1% severe hunger maternal attention time as a result, and often no longer have access to according to the household hunger scale, Key risk factors to monitor and 52% have a food consumption score schools due to their closure because of the security and health situation. of borderline (37%) or poor (15%).3 More • Internal politics and the presidential than 20% of the households surveyed use • Rural areas have a more worrying elections; crisis and emergency coping strategies sanitary situation due to the limited • The situation of COVID-19, and with regard to livelihoods.3 infrastructure. response measures; • Urban IDPs and migrants (including both those having moved for • Climatic shocks and economic reasons and those for hydrogeological/rainfall conditions; of households security reasons) find themselves • The security situation, and inter- 54% reported having in a precarious situation as they access to soap ethnic, religious and agro-pastoral occupy unplanned spaces without conflicts; infrastructure. 54+M • Population movements; Figure 8: Households that reported having • Poor urban and peri-urban access to soap. Source: MSNA 20203 populations are very vulnerable and • Rainfall.
Province Indicator Source Fada Fada Tibga Diabo Total Yamba Bilanga N’Gourma Matiacoali Diapangou
Inventaire National des Ouvrages (INO) % of water points functioning 91% 96% 96% 99% 98% 94% 100% 98% database, 2020
% of population covered by 53% 85% 81% 52% 45% 75% 65% 60% INO database, 2020 improved water sources
Crude mortality rate for children Rapid SMART 2020 in 11 communes NA NA NA 90% 0% NA NA 0.45 under 5 years of age affected by the crisis, 2020
Table 4: Key indicators by commune of Gourma Houet Province
Summary Phase Population # Population %
Phase: 3 Phase 5 (Catastrophic) 1,602 0% Number of people in Phase 3 or higher: 3,447,176 Phase 4 (Critical) 1,080,495 17% The situation in Houet province is Phase 3 (Crisis) 2,365,079 38% categorised in Phase 3 (Crisis). Fifty- five percent (55%) of the province’s Phase 2 (Stressed) 2,787,231 45% population is in Phase 3 or higher, most of them in Phase 3 (Crisis). While the Phase 1 (None/minimal) 84,000 0% security situation is better than in other parts of the country, access to WASH Table 5: Population distribution for Houet Province by WSC Phase services remains insufficient for many people. Internal displacement, but also Climate change and natural hazards province, WASH resources are coming international migration, puts pressure under increasing pressure. This limits Periodic flooding in the province on infrastructure and reduces the ability the amount of quality water available to destabilises access to WASH households. of households to access quality WASH infrastructure. In July and August 2020, services. Mining activities, which are Houet was the province most affected In urban areas, where needs are high, common in the province, affect water by floods, resulting in widespread water ONEA is subsidised but is reluctant to resources by increasing the likelihood of pollution according to the analysts. invest for fear of not being able to make chemical pollution. The province is also frequently affected a return on their investment, according by severe droughts that deplete water to the analysts. There is therefore an Contributing Factors resources. inability on the part of ONEA to distribute drinking water in certain areas. In rural Socio-economic situation Infestations of autumn armyworms areas, there are no ONEA interventions (Spodoptera frugiperda) affect large and no subsidies for water management The region is considered an economic areas of agricultural land every year, or sanitation. Some water points in rural hub and is more economically developed according to the analysts. They also lead areas are fee-paying and therefore less than most other provinces in the to heavy use of insecticides by the local used, although these are generally of country. For this reason, the area is population, which can pollute the water. better quality and more sustainable. not targeted by NGOs and receives less The spread of COVID-19 has led to In terms of sanitation, ONEA covers humanitarian interventions. However, curfews and the closure of many urban areas, where the latrines and the government does not always have services and businesses by the sewerage systems are subsidised. the means to fill the gaps. This has a government since March 2020. These However, there is no governance by negative effect on the availability of restrictions have destabilised the ONEA in rural areas, and the sanitation WASH services and infrastructure. country’s economy. As a result, part of facilities there are often used for other the country’s population has been unable purposes. The latrines available are those Population displacement and migration to work or access water on a regular built by NGOs and improved latrines are basis. However, the response to COVID-19 Bobo is an important migration hub for rare. has led to hygiene awareness-raising economic migrants. IDPs displaced by and the distribution of large quantities of Due to the lack of NGO interventions, armed conflict arrive in the major cities soap and other non-food items.. there is little awareness about hygiene of Houet from the North, North-Central practices and access to drinking water and Sahel provinces. Problems of access WASH Impact and Outcomes and WASH services. Awareness-raising to income-generating activities and regarding latrine use is particularly agricultural land also push people to The rate of access to water is better in insufficient, with, in some areas, come to the province. Nine percent (9%) Houet than at the national level. Waiting infrastructure being present but the of displaced households reported having time and distance to water points seem practice of open defecation remaining been displaced in the last three months, to be the main problems. In addition, high. Awareness of handwashing at compared to 2% nationally.3 The influx water points are often functional certain key moments (e.g. before eating, of IDPs could strain WASH infrastructure but with too low a flow rate. Due to after going to the toilet) is generally and services and have a negative effect population displacements towards the sufficient but awareness of washing on hygiene conditions. 33+ On premises 68%
0 33% Mining activity Less than 5 minutes 0% 17
The establishment of mines (for gold and + Between 5 and 15 31% other minerals) and associated activities 17% minutes have had a negative impact on WASH +15+ Between 16 and 30 1%
34 15% conditions, water quality and the health minutes of the local population due to the use of More than 30 minutes 34% polluting chemicals. 68proved+31+1 Improved Unim Surface water
Figure 9: Time taken by household to collect Figure 10: Households’ reported primary water (round trip, including queuing and source of water. Source: MSNA 20203 filling time). Source: MSNA 20203 63% stable provinces and arrive mainly in an additional burden on their families. urban centres such as Bobo and Houndé. • Women have specific vulnerabilities They are attracted by the relative and the burden of collecting water, prosperity and security and the easier 26% which implies the allocation of access to land. IDPs also transit through 11% this province on their way to Côte considerable time to this activity as d’Ivoire. well as protection risks. Sanitation facilities that are generally not gender- 63+26+11 The household food security situation segregated also present problems of Improved, Improved, Open appears to reflect a comparatively dignity and protection. hygienic unhygienic defecation better economic situation than in other provinces. The same is true for • People living in rural areas, Figure 11: Households’ reported main impoverished urban neighbourhoods sanitation facility. Source: MSNA 20203 coping strategies: 60% of households indicate that they do not use any coping or unplanned/informal settlements, strategies and 26% of households where WASH infrastructure is very 3 hands before caring for a child is low. indicate that they have used problematic limited or non-existent and livelihoods 3 are very limited. Mining, gold panning and the use of coping strategies. chemicals cause pollution that impacts The public health situation is relatively • Mining areas, specifically next to the on the quality of the water used by stable. The rates for waterborne diseases city of Houndé. people in the province, according to the are well below national averages and analysts. This is a particular problem suggest a favourable health situation Three to Six Month Severity in the mining areas near the town compared to the rest of the country.13 Projection of Houndé, where a major mine has Vaccination campaigns and other recently been opened. prevention measures may have had a Despite the risk factors identified, the positive impact on public health despite situation is expected to remain fairly Socio-Economic and Public Health poor WASH access, according to the similar over the next six months. Outcomes analysts. Perhaps over a longer period of time, the security situation could indeed have a The socio-economic situation is more Who and where are the most major impact on the province, but not prosperous than in other provinces of the vulnerable population groups? immediately. country, according to the analysts. This is reflected in incomes that are generally The analysts identified the following Key risk factors to monitor higher than the national average in the population groups and places: • The political situation; MSNA. Commerce seems to be a pillar • IDPs, who travel with few possessions of economic activity and Bobo is an and are therefore very poor. They settle • The security situation and economically attractive hub. There is in urban and peri-urban areas in very displacement; also a large presence of craftsmen and precarious shelters without WASH • Floods and droughts; civil servants in the urban centres of infrastructure. Bobo and Houndé. • Acute malnutrition and food • People with disabilities, who security; The province of Houet attracts IDPs but have difficulty accessing WASH also economic migrants, according to infrastructure and finding • The evolution of the COVID-19 the analysts. They come from other less employment, and who often become pandemic.
Province
Indicator Fo Source Peni Lena Satiri
Bama Total Dande Kouka Padema Faramana Toussiana Koundougou Bobo Dioulasso Karangasso Vigue Karangasso Karangasso Sambla Karangasso
% of water points 84% 73% 81% 97% 91% 77% 94% 84% 73% 93% 80% 90% 87% 84% 75% INO database, 2020 functioning
% of population 36% 70% 44% 31% 39% 58% 54% 43% 64% 67% 33% 57% 57% 79% 68% INO database, 2020 covered by improved water sources
Table 6: Key indicators by commune of Houet Séno Province
Summary Phase Population # Population %
Phase: 3 Phase 5 (Catastrophic) 4,534 1% Number of people in phase 3 or higher: 334,853 Phase 4 (Critical) 153,354 18% The province of Séno is in Phase 3 Phase 3 (Crisis) 176,965 44% (Crisis). Séno is particularly affected by numerous population displacements Phase 2 (Stressed) 134,047 36% caused by the deterioration of the security situation in its territory as well Phase 1 (None/minimal) 5,817 1% as in the neighbouring provinces. This situation is leading to a deterioration Table 7: Population distribution for Séno Province by WSC Phase of the WASH situation by significantly increasing waiting times at water Context and vulnerability Water transport and storage practices points, which is the main cause of drastically increase the risk of Before the current crisis, the water water access problems in the province. contamination according to the analysts. and sanitation infrastructure was IDPs have reduced access to WASH Indeed, most households use yellow already largely insufficient to cover services, including sanitation. This or green canisters, which are difficult the entire population of the province. to check for cleanliness. More often situation does not, for the time being, Sixty-five percent (65%) of assessed than not the caps are missing, which translate into an excessive deterioration households had access to an improved increases the risk of contamination. in the living conditions and health of water source26 and more than a third of As Séno province is a livestock area, the population. In particular, GAM and 23 households practiced open defecation. many households live with animals. diarrhoeal diseases are at tolerable There is also a seasonal effect on There is therefore a significant risk of levels. However, it is expected that this groundwater levels and many water contamination of water, which is often situation will deteriorate in the coming points are not productive during the dry left outside the dwellings, according to months towards a Phase 4 (Critical) season (March to June). the analysts. situation if the underlying conditions do not improve. WASH Impact and Outcomes Population concentrations also cause a problematic situation in terms of Contributing Factors Population movements have sanitation by exacerbating existing concentrated people around existing problems. Only 41% of households have Socio-economic situation water points, increasing waiting access to a hygienic latrine and 30% times at these points. More than half practise open defecation.3 The number of security incidents in the of the households surveyed in the province has been increasing since 2018 province need more than 45 minutes Socio-Economic and Public Health and is causing numerous population to collect water.3 These long waits lead Outcomes displacements.15 The province of to a decrease in the amount of water Séno had 113,808 IDPs in its territory collected and used by households, often The security crisis is impacting the in September 2020, meaning that to the detriment of hygiene. The burden economic situation in the province one person in five is displaced in the of collecting water is frequently borne by reducing farmers’ access to fields, province.8 Most IDPs have settled around by women. Long waiting times mean limiting movement and closing some markets. This is in addition to a difficult urban centres in search of security. that water points are used at all times economic situation at the national level. of the day and night, increasing the risk Climate change and natural hazards of gender-based violence. Long queues Food security indicators show a also reduce the time available for other situation in crisis. Indeed, almost a The province of Séno is located in activities, including economic activities third of households are engaging in the Sahel, which implies low rainfall, or caring for young children. Water cuts unsustainable practices. Livelihood high temperatures and significant are common in the Dori water system, coping strategies confirm this situation evaporation. The low rainfall has caused although the situation has improved with 3% of households using emergency soil degradation, making the search with the repair of the water treatment strategies and 23% using crisis for underground water complicated, plant. strategies.28 according to the analysts. 14+ The lack of rainfall and its uneven On premises distribution has led to more extreme 0 14% 63% weather events in recent years, resulting Less than 5 minutes 0% 2 in more frequent flooding and reduced + 36% agricultural production, according to Between 5 and 15 minutes 2% the analysts. Climate change is also +15+ Between 16 and 30 1%
69 15% changing pastoralist practices, with minutes pasture and water for livestock being More than 30 minutes 69% harder to come by. 63proved+36+1 Improved Unim Surface water
Figure 12: Time taken by household to collect Figure 13: Households’ reported primary water (round trip, including queuing and source of water. Source: MSNA 20203 filling time). Source: MSNA 20203 Who and where are the most • Communities hosting IDPs also see vulnerable population groups? their access to water diminished 41% because of the pressure on 29% 30% The analysts identified the following infrastructure. population groups and places: • As IDPs are settling on the outskirts of • Displaced persons are the most existing villages, they are in areas that affected by the current situation in are more likely to be flooded since they 41+29+30 Séno province since they have had to Improved, Improved, Open leave their resources and networks have not been developed. unhygienic hygienic defecation and generally relocate with very few Figure 14: Households’ reported main possessions. Three to Six Month Severity sanitation facility. Source: MSNA 20203 Projection • People with disabilities, who have difficulties accessing WASH facilities A deterioration of the situation is and finding employment, and who Public health data shows that the expected due to population movements often become an additional burden on situation is also in crisis. Indeed, the that are likely to continue and the fact their families. GAM rate and the under-five mortality that returns are very unlikely. The 29 rate reveal a worrying situation. The • Women have specific vulnerabilities dry season is likely to diminish water available data on diarrhoeal diseases and the burden of collecting water, resources. The province can therefore be show values close to national values.13 which implies the allocation of a expected to move to Phase 4 (Critical) in lot of time to this activity, as well as the coming months. protection risks. Sanitation facilities that are generally not gender- Key risk factors to monitor of households segregated also present problems of reported having dignity and protection. 87% access to soap • Insecurity and travel; • Given the characteristics of the • Coverage of adequate water and 87+M displaced population (many children sanitation services; Figure 15: Households that reported having and pregnant and nursing women), we access to soap. Source: MSNA 20203 can speak of general vulnerability. • Waterborne disease incidence.
Province Indicator Source Dori Babi
Yalgo Total Gorgadji Seytenga Sampelga Falagountou
% of water points functioning 95% 94% 94% 90% 92% 96% 98% 93% INO database, 2020
% of population covered by improved 68% 65% 77% 49% 79% 56% 65% 65% INO database, 2020 water sources
Crude mortality rate for children under 5 NA 0.6 NA 1.7 NA NA NA 1.15 Rapid SMART 2020 in 11 years of age communes affected by the crisis, 2020
Table 8: Key indicators by commune of Séno Methodology
About the WSC Box 2: WSC implementation process
The WASH Severity Classification (WSC) is a new interagency global initiative led by the Global WASH Cluster, UNICEF, and IMPACT Initiatives. Developed at the global WASH actors are level through a participatory process, the WSC project aims to develop a standardized brought together approach to classifying the severity of WASH needs and vulnerabilities across along with all contexts. relevant data sources Since late 2019, the development of the WSC has focused on developing and testing the core analytical tools that are used for its implementation. These tools include: • The Analytical Framework: Conceptual basis that provides rationale for what data to include in the analysis and how to organise and structure data in WASH actors are analysis process. trained in the WSC approach • The Severity Scale: Description of five phases of WASH severity and the to build shared characteristics experienced in each. understanding for • The Calculation Model: Computational method for combining different pieces of how to analyse quantitative and qualitative data to assign households and areas into different data severity phases. • Analysis Protocols: Step-by-step guide for how full analysis process is conducted in workshop settings and what to do in different circumstances WASH actors The pilot in Burkina Faso is the second implementation of these tools in a real apply WSC context after the pilot in Afghanistan in October 2020. Although the WSC tools method to WASH are currently under development, full documentation of the first version will be data in analysis published in early 2021. workshop Burkina Faso Pilot Exercise
The training and the WSC analysis workshop for the pilot in Burkina Faso were conducted from 24 to 25 November and from 1 to 4 December 2020 respectively. The The severity of training was attended by 47 people representing 19 WASH actors in the development WASH conditions and humanitarian fields, including representatives of the Burkinabe government, UN are classified agencies, and national and international NGOs. Of these participants, 32 attended by consensus, the analysis workshop. The sessions were conducted online via Zoom because of the including drivers prevention measures related to COVID-19. and projections/ trends The three provinces analysed (Gourma, Houet and Séno) were selected before the workshop with the support of the main WASH actors in the country. The provinces were chosen to represent the range of contexts present in the country in terms of climatic conditions and types of challenges (conflict, displacement, resources), thus Results are allowing the WSC approach to be tested in a range of circumstances. written up and disseminated Prior to the analysis workshop, secondary data sources relevant to the different with broader stages of the analytical framework were identified, reviewed and pre-analysed. The data was gathered from a wide range of sources, including government databases partner and donor and NGO reports. The full range of indicators for all the provinces in the country community (where the data was available) can be found via this link. The workshop participants also contributed their own technical and contextual expertise and field experience to examine, question and draw linkages between the different data sources by following the WSC analysis protocols.
Acknowledgements
The WSC global governance system is comprised of the following agencies and organisations:
WASH Cluster Water Sanitation Hygiene Primary sources • Base de donnée du Mécanisme de réponse rapide (RRM) • Base de données des structures d’assainissement, Inventaire national des ouvrages (INO), Ministry of Water and Sanitation, 2020 • Inventaire national des ouvrages (INO), Ministry of Water and Sanitation, 2020 • Evaluation des besoins WASH dans 153 centres de santé dans les zones touchées par la crise, Croix-Rouge Burkinabée, May 2020 • Evaluation multisectorielle des besoins (MSNA), REACH Initiative, 2020 • Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), UNICEF and OMS, 2017 • Base de données des maladies: janvier à septembre 2020, Ministry of Health, 2020 • Nutritional survey in eleven (11) host communes hosting the majority of IDPs in four (4) regions in Burkina Faso according to the methodology Rapid SMART, Ministry of Health, 2020 • Suivi de la situation humanitaire dans la zone frontalière entre le Niger, le Mali et le Burkina Faso, REACH Initiative, 2020 • Extrémisme violent, criminalité organisée et conflits locaux dans le Liptako-Gourma, Institut d’études de sécurité, December 2019 • Aperçu des besoins humanitaires au Burkina Faso - Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO), OCHA, June 2020 • 5W WASH compilée, Cluster WASH Burkina Faso, September 2020 • Annuaire statistique pour l’éducation primaire 2018-2019, Direction générale des études et des statistiques sectorielles, September 2019 • Security incident database, ACLED, 2020 • Cartographie des mobilités sur le territoire burkinabé, DTM, September 2020 • Fiche de communication, Cadre Harmonisé, November 2020 • Aperçu de la sévérité de contraintes d’accès, OCHA, March 2020 • INFORM – Sahel, OCHA, September 2020 • Situation des personnes déplacées internes dans les communes, CONASUR, Burkina Faso, September 2020 References and additional information
1 These three provinces were selected to represent the range of contexts present in the country in terms of climatic conditions and types of challenges (conflict, displacement, resources). 2 UN Water, UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) 2019 Report, 2019. 3 REACH Initiative, Multi-Sector Needs Assessment (MSNA), 2020. 4 Institut National de la Statistique et de la Démographie (INSD), Evolution de la population par groupes d’âge et par sexe, 2020. 5 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Index, 2018. 6 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organisation (WHO), Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), 2017. 7 Institut d’études de sécurité, Extrémisme violent, criminalité organisée et conflits locaux dans le Liptako-Gourma, 2020. 8 Conseil National de Secours d’Urgence et de Réhabilitation (CONASUR), Suivi de la situation des personnes déplacées internes dans les communes, 08 September 2020. 9 UNDP, Climat Change Adaptation: Burkina Faso, 2020. 10 ACAPS, COVID-19: Insécurité et éducation au Burkina Faso, October 2020. 11 Cadre Harmonisé, Fiche de communication, November 2020. 12 Cairncross, S.; Feachem, R. (UNICEF), Environmental health engineering in the tropics: an introductory text, 1993. 13 Ministry of Health, base de données des maladies, September 2020. 14 Ministry of Health, Enquête nutritionnelle nationale (SMART), February 2020. 15 The Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), Security incident database, 2020. 16 UNDP, Human Development Report 2020, n.d. 17 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), Burkina Faso: Aperçu des Besoins Humanitaires (HNO 2020), June 2020. 18 ACLED, Security incident database, 2020. 19 The definitions presented here are derived from the JMP and have been adapted for Burkina Faso in consultation with the national WASH cluster. 20 REACH, Evaluation de la situation humanitaire dans la zone Trois Frontières, Burkina Faso, Région de l’Est, September 2020. 21 GLAAS, op. cit. 22 World Bank, Burkina Faso - Water supply and sanitation program, Program for results | P for R, technical assessement, 2018. 23 JMP, op. cit. ; Ministry of Water and Sanitation, INO, 2020. 24 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), Suivi des déplacements, 2019. 26 Ministry of Water and Sanitation, INO, 2020. 27 JMP, op. cit.; MSNA, op. cit., 28 MSNA, op. cit.; Cadre Harmonisé, op. cit. 29 Ministry of Health, Nutritional survey in eleven (11) host communes hosting the majority of IDPs in four (4) regions in Burki- na Faso according to the methodology Rapid SMART, 2020 ; Ministry of Health, Enquête nutritionnelle national (SMART), 2019.