How Globalization Challenges France
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Germany's New Security Demographics Military Recruitment in the Era of Population Aging
Demographic Research Monographs Wenke Apt Germany's New Security Demographics Military Recruitment in the Era of Population Aging 123 Demographic Research Monographs A Series of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Editor-in-chief James W. Vaupel Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5521 Wenke Apt Germany’s New Security Demographics Military Recruitment in the Era of Population Aging Wenke Apt ISSN 1613-5520 ISBN 978-94-007-6963-2 ISBN 978-94-007-6964-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6964-9 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013952746 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. -
The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy and the End of the Republic Pdf, Epub, Ebook
THE SORROWS OF EMPIRE: MILITARISM, SECRECY AND THE END OF THE REPUBLIC PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Chalmers Johnson | 400 pages | 27 Mar 2006 | Verso Books | 9781844675487 | English | London, United Kingdom The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy and the End of the Republic PDF Book The next biggest seller was Russia, selling 17 billion. Trivia About The Sorrows of Em It is not a pretty story. Reminding us of the classic warnings against militarism—from George Washington's farewell address to Dwight Eisenhower's denunciation of the military-industrial complex—Johnson uncovers its roots deep in our past. Dangerous Women 3. Strength of the street: Karachi - Kamran Asdar Ali. Share Tweet. I know, a crazy idea, but stick with me, if only to amuse me. It is here that the book reads with an anti-capitalist tome, which is relevant for the subject of exploitation yet so too would the command economy that helps to fund the military and constrains the populaces of the domestic and foreign people subjugated to rule. Sorrows of Empire, indeed. Oh, yeah, that's why It often has a lot of unnecessary detail, and lacks a clear structure. Johnson often conflates the economic lure of open trade with imperial coercion. Are we heading for a military takeover by the pentagon? Oh, and by the way, just in case you are ever asked. This is likely a reflection of the expansive nature of the history of the US empire. War on the waterfront - Peter Cole. Anybody who questions the concept of American Imperialism can put those to rest by reading this book. -
New Millennium, New Perspectives UNU Millennium Series
New millennium, new perspectives UNU Millennium Series Series editors: Hans van Ginkel and Ramesh Thakur The UNU Millennium Series examines key international trends for peace, governance, human development, and the environment into the twenty- first century, with particular emphasis upon policy relevant recommenda- tions for the United Nations. The series also contributes to broader aca- demic and policy debate concerning the challenges that are faced at the international level at the turn of the Millennium, and envisions potential for partnerships among states, international organizations, and civil soci- ety actors in collectively addressing these challenges. New millennium, new perspectives: The United Nations, security, and governance Edited by Ramesh Thakur and Edward Newman © The United Nations University, 2000 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not neces- sarily reflect the views of the United Nations University. The United Nations University 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-8925, Japan Tel: +81-3-3499-2811 Fax: +81-3-3406-7345 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.unu.edu United Nations University Office in North America 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-1462-70, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: +1-212-963-6387 Fax: +1-212-371-9454 E-mail: [email protected] Cover design by Joyce C. Weston Printed in the United States of America UNUP-1054 ISBN 92-808-1054-5 Contents Tables and figures . vii 1 Introduction . 1 Ramesh Thakur 2 Security and governance in the new millennium: Observations and syntheses . 7 Edward Newman Security 3 The Security Council in the 1990s: Inconsistent, improvisational, indispensable? . -
The Risks of Protectionism
Box 1 THE RISKS OF PROTECTIONISM Since the intensifi cation of the global fi nancial crisis in September 2008, the sharp contraction in global trade has been a key factor propagating the economic downturn across borders, making it a truly global phenomenon.1 At the same time, protectionist pressures have been rising worldwide, as signalled by policy statements and opinion polls, as well as by recent developments in multilateral, regional and bilateral trade negotiations.2 Meanwhile anecdotal evidence of discrimination against foreign suppliers of goods and services has also been emerging. Against this background, this box discusses recent features of protectionism and the adverse implications for competitiveness, economic activity and welfare. Gauging the full extent of recent protectionist initiatives is far from easy. Relevant data become available with considerable delay and many forms of non-tariff barriers or complex forms of protection are very diffi cult to identify and quantify. Often statistics on the use of contingent protection, including safeguard measures, anti-dumping and countervailing duties, are used as an early indicator of trade protectionism. However, according to the World Trade Organization, signifi cant gaps exist in the empirical evidence on contingent protection, making it diffi cult to gather general trends from these data.3 Hence, the assessment of protectionist trends necessarily needs to rely on indirect evidence. Econometric analysis by the World Trade Organization suggests that the frequency of anti- dumping actions, countervailing duties and safeguards seems to be linked to the business cycle, with some statistical evidence of an increase in global anti-dumping activity during macroeconomic downturns. -
International Trends Analysis – Yearbook 2007
Håkan Edström & Åke Wiss (eds.) International InternationalTrends Analysis Trends Analysis Yearbook 2007 Yearbook 2007 HÅKAN EdstrÖM & ÅKE Wiss (eds.) With an introduction to the ART-model ACTORS REGIONS THEMES FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, is a mainly assignment-funded agency under the Ministry of Defence. The core activities are research, method and technology development, as well as studies conducted in the interests of Swedish defence and the safety and security of society. The organisation employs approximately 1000 per- sonnel of whom about 800 are scientists. This makes FOI Sweden’s largest research institute. FOI gives its customers access to leading-edge expertise in a large number of fields such as security policy studies, defence and security related analyses, the assessment of various types of threat, systems for control and management of crises, protection against and management of hazardous substances, IT security and the potential offered by new sensors. FOI-R--2361--SE User Report Defence Analysis FOI ISSN 1650-1942 December 2007 Defence Research Agency Phone: +46 8 555 030 00 www.foi.se Division of Defence Analysis Fax: +46 8 555 031 00 FOI-R--2361--SE User report Defence Analysis SE- 164 90 Stockholm ISSN 1650-1942 December 2007 International Trends Analysis – Yearbook 2007 With an introduction to the ART-model Håkan Edström & Åke Wiss (eds.) 3 Titel Omvärldsanalys – Årsbok 2007 Title International Trends Analysis – Yearbook 2007. With an introduction to the ART-model Rapportnr/Report no FOI-R--2361--SE Rapporttyp Användarrapport Report Type User Report Sidor/Pages 202 pages Månad/Month December Utgivningsår/Year 2007 ISSN 1650-1942 Kund/Customer Forskningsområde 2. -
1 Introduction: Concepts of Globalization There Have Been
Introduction to Luke Martell, The Sociology of Globalization, 2010, pre-publication version. Introduction: Concepts of Globalization There have been many trends in sociology in recent decades. These have varied from country to country. One was a concern with class and social mobility from the 1950s onwards, in part evident in debates between Marxists and Weberians. In the ‘60s and ‘70s feminists argued that such debates had marginalised another form of social division, gender inequalities. Feminism grew in influence, itself being criticised for failing to appreciate other divisions, for instance ethnic inequalities identified by those with postcolonial perspectives. In the 1980s this concern with differences was highlighted in postmodern ideas, and the power of knowledge was analysed by theorists like Michel Foucault. In the 1980s and ‘90s a more homogenising idea came to the fore, globalization. This also then went on to stress local difference and plurality. The themes of globalization were not new, but the word and the popularity of the idea really came to the fore in the 1980s (an early mention is in Modelski 1972). Why did globalization become a popular idea? One reason is the rise of global communications, especially the internet, which made people feel that connections across the world were flowing more strongly, speedily and becoming more democratic. With the end of the cold war it seemed that the bipolar world had become more unified, whether through cultural homogenisation or the spread of capitalism. People became more conscious of global problems, like climate change. Economic interdependency and instability were more visible. Money flowed more freely and national economies went into recession together in the 1970s and again 30 years later. -
Safeguards: Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974
Updated January 13, 2021 Safeguards: Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974 On January 23, 2018, President Trump proclaimed a four- Factors the ITC must consider when determining injury year safeguard measure on imports of certain crystalline include (1) the significant idling of production facilities; (2) silicon photovoltaic cells (CSPV) cells and modules, and a the inability of a significant number of firms to carry out three-year safeguard on large residential washing machines. domestic production at a reasonable level of profit; and (3) These safeguards, still in force, were issued under Section significant unemployment or underemployment within the 201 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. §2251), and U.S. industry. The ITC also considers import trends and imposed additional tariffs and quotas on U.S. imports of other factors, as well as declines in production, profits, these products. The safeguards were instituted based on wages, productivity, and employment. The ITC makes its findings by the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) injury determination based on a vote of the Commissioners. that the goods are being imported into the United States in If the Commission is equally divided, the President may such increased quantities that they are a substantial cause of select either option. serious injury to U.S. manufacturers. The ITC also recommended possible steps to remedy the injury. Figure 1. Section 201 Timeline What Is Section 201? Section 201 or “safeguard” actions are designed to provide temporary relief for a U.S. industry (for example, additional tariffs or quotas on imports) in order to facilitate positive adjustment of the industry to import competition. -
The Safeguard Measure/VER Dilemma: the Jekyll and Hyde of Trade Protection
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business Volume 15 Issue 1 Fall Fall 1994 The aS feguard Measure/VER Dilemma: The ekyJ ll and Hyde of Trade Protection Ernesto M. Hizon Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njilb Part of the International Trade Commons Recommended Citation Ernesto M. Hizon, The aS feguard Measure/VER Dilemma: The eJ kyll and Hyde of Trade Protection, 15 Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus. 105 (1994-1995) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business by an authorized administrator of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. The Safeguard Measure/VER Dilemma: The Jekyll and Hyde of Trade Protection Ernesto M. Hizon* I. INTRODUcTION AND OVERVIEW The safeguard measure, or the escape clause mechanism provided in Article XIX of GAIT 1947 has always been the "ugly duckling" in the palette of attractive defensive trade options available to states who wish to withdraw from the Article XI obligation of the 1947 Agreement prohibiting quantitative restrictions on imports. But un- like the antidumping and countervailing duty option which targets "unfair trade," Article XIX deals not with the inherent "fairness" of the onslaught of imports, but merely furnishes a temporary escape hatch for domestic producers to adapt to serious competition from foreign manufacturers. Safeguard measures are thus viewed as "emergency" procedures, allowing a party to deal with an exceptional situation (arising from "unforeseen developments") which causes or threatens "serious in- jury" to domestic producers of like or competing products. -
The Safeguards Mess: a Critique of WTO Jurisprudence
University of Chicago Law School Chicago Unbound Coase-Sandor Working Paper Series in Law and Coase-Sandor Institute for Law and Economics Economics 2003 The aS feguards Mess: A Critique of WTO Jurisprudence Alan O. Sykes Follow this and additional works at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/law_and_economics Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Alan O. Sykes, "The aS feguards Mess: A Critique of WTO Jurisprudence" (John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics Working Paper No. 187, 2003). This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Coase-Sandor Institute for Law and Economics at Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in Coase-Sandor Working Paper Series in Law and Economics by an authorized administrator of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHICAGO JOHN M. OLIN LAW & ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 187 (2D SERIES) The Safeguards Mess: A Critique of WTO Jurisprudence Alan O. Sykes THE LAW SCHOOL THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO May 2003 This paper can be downloaded without charge at: The Chicago Working Paper Series Index: http://www.law.uchicago.edu/Lawecon/index.html and at the Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection: http://ssrn.com/abstract_id= The Safeguards Mess: A Critique of WTO Jurisprudence Alan O. Sykes* The tariffs imposed by the United States on steel imports last year, and the pending challenges to them before the World Trade Organization (WTO), have brought a great deal of publicity to a subject that had already been a subject of considerable litigation within the WTO system—”safeguard measures.” Such measures are taken pursuant to Article XIX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (the GATT “escape clause”), which permits the imposition of temporary measures to protect industries that exhibit “serious injury” or the threat of such injury due to “increased quantities” of imports. -
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 5Th Wto Ministerial
OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS 5TH WTO MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE CANCÚN, MEXICO 10-14 SEPTEMBER 2003 HUMAN RIGHTS AND TRADE CONTENTS INTRODUCTION SECTION ONE: HUMAN RIGHTS AND TRADE SECTION TWO: ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE LINKS BETWEEN HUMAN RIGHTS AND TRADE Illustration one: trade and non-discrimination - gender Illustration two: TRIPS and public health – neglected diseases Illustration three: agriculture negotiations – agricultural trade and the right to food Illustration four: agriculture negotiations – market access and human rights Illustration five: services negotiations – human rights impact assessments Illustration six: TRIPS negotiations – trade and indigenous peoples’ human rights Illustration seven: investment – expropriation Illustration eight: investment – investors’ obligations with regard to human rights SECTION THREE: GLOSSARY OF TERMS SECTION FOUR: LIST OF RESOLUTIONS, REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM RELEVANT TO HUMAN RIGHTS AND TRADE 2 INTRODUCTION In its resolution 2002/11, the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights requested “The High Commissioner for Human Rights to make a comprehensive submission on human rights, trade and investment to the Fifth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization, due to take place in Cancún Mexico, in September 2003”. The present document is presented by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in response to that request. OHCHR has drafted this document in order to assist policy makers and civil society to understand the links between human rights law and trade law. To do so, the paper is divided into three sections. ¾ The first section briefly sets out why we talk of the promotion and protection of human rights in the context of trade rules and policies and explains some of the resulting implications. -
6. Import Surges and Safeguard Provisions With
6. IMPORT SURGES AND SAFEGUARD PROVISIONS WITH A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON ANTIDUMPING MEASURES Contents I. INTRODUCTION 207 1.1 Safeguard measures, anti-dumping and anti-subsidy measures 209 1.2 Anti-dumping in domestic legal systems 210 II. IMPORT SURGES – DEFINITION AND DETERMINATION 211 2.1 Is there a quantitative threshold to define a surge? 211 2.2 Benchmark for measuring a surge and its length 212 2.3 How recent should the data be? 212 2.4 Is there a need for a trend analysis? 213 2.5 Absolute surge or relative to production or both? 214 III. DUMPING – DEFINITION AND DETERMINATION 214 3.1 Definitions for calculation purposes 215 3.2 Determinations of dumping and injury 217 3.3 National legislation 218 3.3.1 Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines 218 3.3.2 EU 220 3.3.3 Trinidad and Tobago 221 IV. INJURY AND THREAT OF INJURY 222 4.1 Serious injury 223 4.2 Threat of serious injury 224 4.3 Material injury and threat of material injury 225 4.4 National legislation 227 4.4.1 Jamaica 227 206 Basic Legal Obligations V. LIKE AND COMPETITIVE PRODUCTS 229 5.1 Like products 229 5.2 Directly competitive products 231 5.3 Directly competitive or substitutable products in GATT, article III. 232 VI. DOMESTIC INDUSTRY 233 VII. THE CONCEPT OF CAUSATION 236 7.1 National Legislation 241 7.1.1 Trinidad and Tobago 241 VIII. ANTI-DUMPING DUTIES 242 8.1 National Legislation Procedural Rules 243 8.1.1 EU 243 8.1.2 Jamaica 246 8.1.3 Trinidad and Tobago 248 IX. -
Special Products and the Special Safeguard Mechanism
December 2005 | International Trade in Agriculture and Sustainable Development Special Products and the Special Safeguard Mechanism Strategic Options for Developing Countries Issue Paper no. 6 Published by International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) International Environment House 2 7 Chemin de Balexert, 1219 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 917 8492 Fax: +41 22 917 8093 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.ictsd.org Executive Director: Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz Programmes Director: Christophe Bellmann Programme Team: Constantine Bartel, Malena Sell, Mahesh Sugathan, Jonas Kasteng For more information about ICTSD’s programme on agriculture, visit our web site: www.agtradepolicy.org ICTSD welcomes feedback and comments on this document. These can be forwarded to: [email protected] Acknowledgement: This document was prepared under the ICTSD Programme on Trade in Agriculture and Sustainable Development, in the context of its Project on Special Products and the Special Safeguard Mechanism. The activities of the project have benefited from the generous support of the Department for International Development (DFID) of the United Kingdom. The lead authors of this paper are Cristián Espinosa, Christophe Bellmann, Malena Sell, Constantine Bartel and Jonas Kasteng. Copyright © ICTSD, 2005 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of ICTSD or the funding institutions. ICTSD — International Trade in Agriculture and Sustainable Development iii CONTENTS FOREWORD vii EXECUTIVE