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The Hellenization of Christianity: a Historiographical Study1
The Hellenization of Christianity: A Historiographical Study1 ROBERT D. CROUSE XTENSIVE mscussmN of the problem of the hellenization of Christianity Ebelongs to modern times, particularly to the past four centuries. The question had, indeed, been raised in earlier days, from the time of Justin Martyr on, whenever it seemed necessary to explain parallels, or apparent parallels, between Christian doctrine and the philosophy of the Platonists, or between Christian sacraments and the practices of hellenistic cults. And it was in fact an inevitable question whenever, as in the spiritualist-rigorist tradition, from Montanism to Joachim of Fiore, there was an interest in showing a contrast between the pure religion of Apostolic times and the perversions of Churchly Christianity. One recalls Tertullian's remarks about the influence of Aristotle, the "father of all heresies." But the possibility of systematic and critical discussion of this problem, and the use of the concept of hellenization as a fundamental theme in the explication of the history of dogma, depended upon the circumstances of the Reformation. The rise of humanism, bringing a closer acquaintance with classical antiquity, together with the critical attitude of the Reformers towards the mediaeval theological tradition, and particularly their criticism of the impact of Aristotle in the scholastic age, planted the seed of the theory of hellenization. Never before in the history of the Church had the desire to demonstrate the contrast between primitive Christianity and developed ecclesiastical tradition been so widespread and intense; and all parties in the Reformation, from the Anabaptists and Spirituals to the more conservative Protestants, found in the concept of hellenization a ready weapon in their rebellion against the mediaeval Church. -
The Assumption of All Humanity in Saint Hilary of Poitiers' Tractatus Super Psalmos
Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Dissertations (1934 -) Projects The Assumption of All Humanity in Saint Hilary of Poitiers' Tractatus super Psalmos Ellen Scully Marquette University Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu Part of the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Scully, Ellen, "The Assumption of All Humanity in Saint Hilary of Poitiers' Tractatus super Psalmos" (2011). Dissertations (1934 -). 95. https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/95 THE ASSUMPTION OF ALL HUMANITY IN SAINT HILARY OF POITIERS’ TRACTATUS SUPER PSALMOS by Ellen Scully A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin May 2011 ABTRACT THE ASSUMPTION OF ALL HUMANITY IN SAINT HILARY OF POITIERS’ TRACTATUS SUPER PSALMOS Ellen Scully Marquette University, 2011 In this dissertation, I focus on the soteriological understanding of the fourth- century theologian Hilary of Poitiers as manifested in his underappreciated Tractatus super Psalmos . Hilary offers an understanding of salvation in which Christ saves humanity by assuming every single person into his body in the incarnation. My dissertation contributes to scholarship on Hilary in two ways. First, I demonstrate that Hilary’s teaching concerning Christ’s assumption of all humanity is a unique development of Latin sources. Because of his understanding of Christ’s assumption of all humanity, Hilary, along with several Greek fathers, has been accused of heterodoxy resulting from Greek Platonic influence. I demonstrate that Hilary is not influenced by Platonism; rather, though his redemption model is unique among the early Latin fathers, he derives his theology from a combination of Latin-influenced biblical exegesis and classical Roman themes. -
Greek Texts and English Translations of the Bible: A
GREEK TEXTS AND ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE: A COMPARISON AND CONTRAST OF THE TEXTUS RECEPTUS GREEK NEW TESTAMENT OF THE 16th CENTURY AND THE ALEXANDRIAN TEXT OF WESTCOTT AND HORT (19th CENTURY) AND ALAND AND METZGER (20th CENTURY) CONCERNING VARIANT TEXTS THAT PERTAIN TO THE ORTHODOX CHRISTOLOGY OF THE COUNCIL OF NICEA, A.D. 325 Gil L. Samples, B.A. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS December 2002 APPROVED: Laura I. Stern, Major Professor Harold Tanner, Chair of the Department of History Henry Eaton, Committee Member Adrian R. Lewis, Committee Member C. Neal Tate, Dean of the Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies Samples, Gil L. Greek texts and English translations of the Bible: a comparison and contrast of the Textus Receptus Greek New Testament of the 16th century and the Alexandrian text of Westcott and Hort (19th century) and Aland and Metzger (20th century) concerning variant texts that pertain to the orthodox Christology of the Council of Nicea, A.D. 325. Master of Arts (History), December 2002, 155 pp., 149 titles. The argument of this paper is that certain salient passages in the New Testament concerning Christology, as it was defined in the Nicene creed in A.D. 325, reflect such orthodoxy better in the Textus Receptus Greek texts and the English translations made from them than do the Alexandrian texts. Arian theology, which was condemned as heretical at Nicea, is examined. Patristic quotations, historical texts, and arguments of the scholars are cited and traced, along with a comparison of Christological verses. -
Exegesis and Empire in the Early Byzantine Mediterranean
Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum Studies and Texts in Antiquity and Christianity Herausgeber/Editor: CHRISTOPH MARKSCHIES (Heidelberg) Beirat/Advisory Board HUBERT CANCIK (Tübingen) • GIOVANNI CASADIO (Salerno) SUSANNA ELM (Berkeley) • JOHANNES HAHN (Münster) JÖRG RÜPKE (Erfurt) 17 Michael Maas Exegesis and Empire in the Early Byzantine Mediterranean Junillus Africanus and the Instituía Regularia Divinae Legis With a Contribution by Edward G. Mathews, Jr. With the Latin Text Established by Heinrich Kihn Translated by Michael Maas Mohr Siebeck MICHAF.L MAAS, born 1951; 1973 BA in Classics and Anthropology at Cornell University: 1982 Ph.D. in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology at Berkeley; Professor of History and Director of the Program in Ancient Mediterranean Civilizations at Rice Univer- sity, Houston, Texas. ISBN 3-16-148108-9 ISSN 1436-3003 (Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum) Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.di'. © 2003 by J. C. B. Möhr (Paul Siebeck), P. O. Box 2040, D-72010Tübingen. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher's written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed by Guide-Druck in Tübingen on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Held in Rottenburg. Printed in Germany. Acknowledgments It is a pleasure to thank the institutions that enabled me to write this book and the many friends who gave advice and encouragement during its composition. -
OPUS IMPERFECTUM AUGUSTINE and HIS READERS, 426-435 A.D. by MARK VESSEY on the Fifth Day Before the Kalends of September [In
OPUS IMPERFECTUM AUGUSTINE AND HIS READERS, 426-435 A.D. BY MARK VESSEY On the fifth day before the Kalends of September [in the thirteenth consulship of the emperor 'Theodosius II and the third of Valcntinian III], departed this life the bishop Aurelius Augustinus, most excellent in all things, who at the very end of his days, amid the assaults of besieging Vandals, was replying to I the books of Julian and persevcring glorioi.islyin the defence of Christian grace.' The heroic vision of Augustine's last days was destined to a long life. Projected soon after his death in the C,hronicleof Prosper of Aquitaine, reproduccd in the legendary biographies of the Middle Ages, it has shaped the ultimate or penultimate chapter of more than one modern narrative of the saint's career.' And no wonder. There is something very compelling about the picture of the aged bishop recumbent against the double onslaught of the heretical monster Julian and an advancing Vandal army, the ex- tremity of his plight and writerly perseverance enciphering once more the unfathomable mystery of grace and the disproportion of human and divine enterprises. In the chronicles of the earthly city, the record of an opus mag- num .sed imperfectum;in the numberless annals of eternity, thc perfection of God's work in and through his servant Augustine.... As it turned out, few observers at the time were able to abide by this providential explicit and Prosper, despite his zeal for combining chronicle ' Prosper, Epitomachronicon, a. 430 (ed. Mommsen, MGH, AA 9, 473). Joseph McCabe, .SaintAugustine and His Age(London 1902) 427: "Whilst the Vandals thundered at the walls Augustine was absorbed in his great refutation of the Pelagian bishop of Lclanum, Julian." Other popular biographers prefer the penitential vision of Possidius, hita Augustini31,1-2. -
Book Reviews
BOOK REVIEWS THEOLOGY AND EVOLUTION. By various writers. Edited by E. C. Mes senger. Westminster, Md.: Newman, 1952. Pp. vi + 337. $4.50. The recently deceased editor-author has called this volume a sequel to his earlier Evolution and Theology (London, 1931; N. Y., 1932). Part I (pp. 1-216) is especially deserving of this designation. Entitled "Essays on Evo lution," it collects fourteen critical reviews or commentaries written by various theologians soon after the appearance of the 1931 volume. To many of these essays is added, in full, the subsequent published exchange between author and critic. The discussion is frequently closed with a summary com ment by Dr. Messenger in his present role of editor. Critics who figure in Part I include P. G. M. Rhodes, R. W. Meagher, B. C. Butler, O.S.B., P. J. Flood, J. O. Morgan, Michael Browne, W. H. McClellan, S J., W. J. McGarry, S J., E. F. Sutclifïe, S J., Al. Janssens, J. Bittremieux, A. Brisbois, S.J., J. Gross, and Père Lagrange, O.P. All con cede the significance of Evolution and Theology as the first full-length treat ment of the subject from the theological and scriptural viewpoint, but not all admit the treatment to have been fair. Judgments of "inconsistency" and "special pleading" occur more than a few times. Aside from disagreements with his interpretations of the pertinent writ ings of Gregory of Nyssa and Augustine, and with his understanding of St. Thomas' treatment of the form in Adam's body, the criticism most gen erally leveled at Dr. -
St Francis of Assisi, Baddesley Clinton [Archdiocese of Birmingham: Registered Charity No
St Francis of Assisi, Baddesley Clinton [Archdiocese of Birmingham: Registered Charity No. 234216] Fr John Sharp www.sfachurch.org.uk 01564 782498 Baptism of the Lord (B) 10th January 2021 PARISH LITURGY – MASS TIMES and INTENTIONS Saturday No Saturday evening Mass at present Sunday 9.30 am People of the Parish Season of Christmas ends Monday [Feria] 9.00 am Jack Brennan Tuesday [St Aelred of Rievaulx, abbot] 9.00 am Darren Boyle’s Intentions Wednesday [St Hilary of Poitiers, bishop, doctor of the Church] 9.00 am Fr George Brewster Thursday [Feria] 9.00 am Private Intention Friday [Feria] 9.00 am Isobel Eustace Saturday [Feria (of Our Lady)] 9.00 am Private Intention Confessions: Saturday, 4.30-5.00 pm -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Please pray for the sick in our parish and those who have died: Georgina Elizabeth (Betty) Wattrus (recently departed); Magdalen Bright; Barbara Service; Neville Poole; Sr M. Rose (anniversaries) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Please note that (at present) public worship continues during the lockdown. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Normally, we would have the annual Parish Finance Meeting this month, at which the accounts for 2020 are presented and discussed. This will not be possible this year, but the accounts will be available at the end of the month for your inspection. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . Earth bore me, Water fed me, Air bathed me, Fire stirred me. Earth my substance, Water my fullness, Air my strength, Fire my joy. I was lifted up, I was cut down, I was broken, I was burned. Earth I was, Water bound me, Air leavened me, Fore formed me. All four elements Of the round worls Meet in me For man’s feeding. -
The Book of Saints Is Designed for Meditation and Reflection and Includes Prayers and Biblical Readings That Stir the Heart As They Instruct the Mind.” —Robert L
THE BOOK OF SAINTS OF THE BOOK “The Book of Saints is designed for meditation and reflection and includes prayers and biblical readings that stir the heart as they instruct the mind.” —Robert L. Wilken, PhD Professor of the History of Christianity Emeritus University of Virginia Christ-followers from earliest times to the present enrich us with their insight and inspiring examples. The Book of Saints: The Middle Era is a treasury of priceless and thoughtful reflections from church leaders, teachers, and spiritual mentors who lived between the early fourth and early fifteenth century. Living in a world of change, conflict, and controversy, these saintly persons have much to say to us today. THE MIDDLE ERA THE BOOK OF SAINTS the middle era AL TRUESDALE is emeritus professor of philosophy of religion and Christian ethics at Nazarene Theological Seminary. Truesdale has authored numerous books, including A Dangerous Hope; If God Is God, Then Why? and With Cords of Love. He and his wife, Esther, live in the historic South Carolina Lowcountry. RELIGION / Christian Church / History AL TRUESDALE, Editor Contents INTRODUCTION 9 Eusebius of Caesarea 11 Athanasius 14 Hilary of Poitiers 26 Macarius-Symeon (Pseudo-Macarius) 29 The Cappadocian Fathers 43 Basil the Great 47 Gregory of Nyssa 60 Gregory of Nazianzus 66 Ambrose of Milan 70 John Chrysostom 78 Augustine, Bishop of Hippo 87 John Cassian 97 Vincent of Lérins 112 Leo the Great 121 Gregory the Great 134 Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury 147 Bernard of Clairvaux 155 Hildegard of Bingen 165 Francis of Assisi 169 Meister Eckhart 175 John of Ruysbroeck 182 Julian of Norwich 187 Catherine of Siena (Caterina di Benincasa) 197 Thomas à Kempis 202 Theologia Germanica 212 SOURCES 217 BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX The remarkable record of service to Christ and his church left by Ber- nard of Clairvaux (AD 1090–1153) marks him as a giant of Christian discipleship and teaching. -
Hilary of Poitiers' View of the Holy Spirit
HILARY OF POITIERS’ VIEW OF THE HOLY SPIRIT Joey Newton Hilary of Poitiers was a significant defender of Nicene orthodoxy in the fourth century. This article focuses on his contribution to the doctrine of the divinity of the Holy Spirit. What is particularly fascinating is that Hilary’s most profound contribution was made in a prayer rather than a lengthy argument as such. Hilary of Poitiers is generally recognized as the bridge between Western and Eastern Christianity in the development of Trinitarian theology during the fourth century.1 The ongoing controversy surrounding the creed of Nicea (325) that was kept alive by the tenacious defenders of Arian theology was the context in which Hilary formed his theology and wrote his key theological work, De Trinitate.2 Hilary’s purpose was to refute decisively the Arian teaching of Christ as a created being and the homoiousian teaching that Christ is not fully equal to the Father in his deity. The final section of De Trinitate (12.52–57) is a prayer that pulls together Hilary’s primary points concerning the relationship of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. This paper considers the final three sections of that prayer, paying special attention to Hilary’s understanding of the Spirit in relation to Father and Son and his work within believers, thus demonstrating that Hilary had a fuller sense of the Holy Spirit than is sometimes afforded him. 1 The various suggestions for his importance undergird the scope of his influence. For example, John Lawyer asserts the language of Hilary and his systematic approach to Trinitarian discussion was crucial in the development of Trinitarian theology in the West (cf. -
Christology and the 'Scotist Rupture'
Theological Research ■ volume 1 (2013) ■ p. 31–63 Aaron Riches Instituto de Filosofía Edith Stein Instituto de Teología Lumen Gentium, Granada, Spain Christology and the ‘Scotist Rupture’ Abstract This essay engages the debate concerning the so-called ‘Scotist rupture’ from the point of view of Christology. The essay investigates John Duns Scotus’s de- velopment of Christological doctrine against the strong Cyrilline tendencies of Thomas Aquinas. In particular the essay explores how Scotus’s innovative doctrine of the ‘haecceity’ of Christ’s human nature entailed a self-sufficing conception of the ‘person’, having to do less with the mystery of rationality and ‘communion’, and more to do with a quasi-voluntaristic ‘power’ over oneself. In this light, Scotus’s Christological development is read as suggestively con- tributing to make possible a proto-liberal condition in which ‘agency’ (agere) and ‘right’ (ius) are construed as determinative of what it means to be and act as a person. Keywords John Duns Scotus, ‘Scotist rupture’, Thomas Aquinas, homo assumptus Christology 32 Aaron Riches Introduction In A Secular Age, Charles Taylor links the movement towards the self- sufficing ‘exclusive humanism’ characteristic of modern secularism with a reallocation of popular piety in the thirteenth century.1 Dur- ing that period a shift occurred in which devotional practices became less focused on the cosmological glory of Christ Pantocrator and more focused on the particular humanity of the lowly Jesus. Taylor suggests that this new devotional attention to the particular human Christ was facilitated by the recently founded mendicant orders, especially the Franciscans and Dominicans, both of whom saw the meekness of God Incarnate reflected in the individual poor among whom the friars lived and ministered. -
Reflection Wednesday Week 1 St Hilary of Poitier 2021
Reflection Wednesday Week 1 St Hilary of Poitiers 2021 St Hilary of Poitiers was born at the beginning of the fourth century. He was elected Bishop of Poitiers in 350. He fought strongly against Arianism and was exiled by Emperor Constantius. His works are full of wisdom and learning, directed to the strengthening of the Catholic faith and the right interpretation of Scripture. He died in 367. He was declared a Doctor of the Church by Pope Pius IX in 1851. The alleluia verse states: “Let the message of Christ, in all its richness, find a home with you;” The message of Christ is not just about information or even teaching, it is meant to lead us into action. It was the motivating force behind the life and work of St Hilary even though it caused him to be exiled. Scripture will also motivate us into action if we give it the time and place in our prayer - like Jesus. One of the fears of Jesus which was also a motivating force, was he did not want to be made a king in the earthly sense which is why he moved from town to town. It was a healthy and beneficial fear and urged Jesus to preach and visit many different communities. His prayer also assured him that his Father was watching over him and as the psalmist suggests, God is true to his covenant, he keeps his promises, and inspired Jesus to do the same. Macrina Wiederkehr on prayer: Prayer is a Mystery no words can explain. In fact, words are the least important part of prayer. -
The Angelic Spirit in Early Christianity: Justin, the Martyr and Philosopher*
The Angelic Spirit in Early Christianity: Justin, the Martyr and Philosopher* Bogdan G. Bucur / Duquesne University In the conclusion of his article entitled “The Angelic Spirit in Early Judaism,” John R. Levison invited the scholarly community to use his work as “a suitable foundation for discussion of the angelic spirit” in early Christianity.1 A few years later, in his study of angelomorphic chris- tology, Charles A. Gieschen highlighted the need for similar work in the field of early pneumatology.2 The case for angelomorphic pneu- matology has been argued at length with respect to the Book of Reve- lation, the Shepherd of Hermas, and Clement of Alexandria.3 This essay contributes to the discussion by pursuing the occurrence of the “an- gelic spirit” in the writings of Justin Martyr.4 * I am grateful to Fr. Michael Slusser, SJ, for his helpful critique of an earlier draft of this article. 1 “Discussions of the spirit of God in Early Judaism and Christianity . ought to consider . interpretations of the spirit as an angelic presence. The texts included in the present analysis serve . to provide a suitable foundation for discussion of the angelic spirit in the Fourth Gospel, the Shepherd of Hermas, and the Ascension of Isaiah” ( John R. Levison, “The Angelic Spirit in Early Judaism,” Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers 34 [1995]: 464–93, 492), and see also The Spirit in First Century Judaism, Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums 29 (Leiden: Brill, 1997). 2 Charles A. Gieschen, Angelomorphic Christology: Antecedents and Early Evidence, Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums 42 (Leiden: Brill, 1998), 6: “Ig- norance concerning the influence of angelomorphic traditions has also plagued scholarship on early Pneumatology.