DOCSLIB.ORG

A Conservation Assessment of West Coast (Usa) Estuaries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Conservation Assessment of West Coast (Usa) Estuaries A CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT OF WEST COAST (USA) ESTUARIES Mary G. Gleason, Sarah Newkirk, Matthew S. Merrifield, Jeanette Howard, Robin Cox, Megan Webb, Jennifer Koepcke, Brian Stranko, Bethany Taylor, Michael W. Beck, Roger Fuller, Paul Dye, Dick Vander Schaaf, and Jena Carter CONTENTS Executive Summary ..........................................................................................................................1 1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................4 2.0 Conservation Planning for West Coast Estuaries ........................................................8 3.0 Classifying West Coast Estuaries ..................................................................................24 4.0 The Human Footprint ..........................................................................................................30 5.0 Pathways for Enhanced Conservation of West Coast Estuaries......................40 6.0 A Regional Vision and Goals for Improved Estuary Conservation..................50 SUGGESTED CITATION Gleason MG, S Newkirk, MS Merrifield, J Howard, R Cox, M Webb, J Koepcke, B Stranko, B Taylor, MW Beck, R Fuller, P Dye, D Vander Schaaf, J. Carter 2011. A Conservation Assessment of West Coast (USA) Estuaries. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington VA. 65pp. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We appreciate the input of the many colleagues who contributed to this assessment by providing data, comments, and recommendations based on their personal and professional experience. We also thank the many conservation practitioners, managers, and stakeholders who are working diligently to conserve and restore estuarine ecosystems on the West Coast. Funding for this assessment was provided by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. FUNDED BY The David and Lucile Packard Foundation Cover photo: © Rebecca Wells / TNC EXECUTIVE SUMMARY © Bridget Besaw The land-sea interface is one of the most ecologically rich This assessment outlines an enhanced planning approach and complex areas on Earth. Occupying the unique zone for West Coast estuaries that incorporates an evaluation where terrestrial, freshwater, and marine realms converge, of the regional context for estuarine conservation and estuaries are shaped by complex exchanges of energy, recommends an approach to site-scale planning with water, nutrients, sediments, and biota. They are enormously more focus on ecological processes and functions. At productive areas, providing habitat for an extraordinary the regional scale, conservation planning should seek to array of fish, shellfish, birds, and mammals. provide context (status of conservation targets, distribution of threats, management and ownership patterns, Coastal areas where estuaries are found are also home conservation opportunities) supporting conservation to more than sixty percent of humanity. This isn’t a investment at individual estuaries, as well as to identify coincidence: people gravitate toward coastal areas groupings of estuaries that share similar features because they provide numerous ecosystem services (conservation targets, threats, ownership patterns, type upon which we depend. However, dense human of estuary) for multi-site conservation strategies. At the habitation comes with a cost—temperate estuaries site scale, conservation plans should aim to maintain are some of the most degraded environments on the the full spectrum of estuary zones, processes and planet, making their protection and restoration a top functions; safeguard critical connections among terrestrial, conservation priority. freshwater, and marine realms; and safeguard ecosystem service values. At the same time, site-scale efforts should While significant progress has been made over the past be grounded in a regional context and geared toward few decades in improving estuarine water quality, restoring delivering conservation outcomes that have relevance at wetland habitats, and incorporating estuarine habitats into scale. Further, ecological linkages should be considered managed areas, estuarine conservation efforts along the when developing conservation action plans to promote United States (U.S.) West Coast—including Washington, the long-term viability of estuaries. Rather than using Oregon, and California—have generally proceeded on a only species- and habitat-level conservation targets, an bay-by-bay basis, with relatively little coordination among enhanced conservation planning approach for estuaries sites or across the region. In addition, conservation should incorporate ecological processes, functions, and planning for estuaries has not historically been well other system-level conservation targets that integrate integrated across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine realms across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine realms. to address cross-realm threats to estuarine health. Given Understanding how different stressors act to alter those the strong similarities in basic ecology and threats faced processes and functions is critical to developing effective by many of the region’s estuaries, a coordinated effort to conservation strategies. assess regional patterns and develop integrated multi-site strategies is likely to improve conservation effectiveness at both the local and regional scales. 1 This assessment is based, in part, on a geographic Regional scale characterization of the distribution of information system (GIS) database that contains spatial biodiversity, threats and human uses, ownership, and data for 146 estuaries and their associated catchments existing protected lands and waters provides context for (adjacent watersheds) in California, Oregon, and the development of conservation strategies. Patterns of Washington. The West Coast Estuary Database provides distribution of some elements of biodiversity, such as regional data for characterization of spatial patterns of the wetlands, floodplains, Important Bird Areas, and Salmon distribution of selected biodiversity targets and threats. Strongholds, were characterized for the region. There are This database, available to both technical and non- roughly 700,000 acres of tidal and freshwater wetlands in technical users (go to http://www.tnccmaps.org/estuaries estuarine watersheds in the region, with especially high for more information), includes 27 variables that concentrations in San Francisco Bay, Puget Sound, and characterize some key biophysical and human use Coos Bay, OR. While some West Coast estuaries are parameters of these estuaries. characterized by a great deal of floodplain or wetland habitat, a large amount of these habitats has been A hierarchical classification system was developed for converted to urban and agricultural land cover, reducing West Coast estuaries that identified three regions (based current distribution to a fraction of historical extent. West on climate, latitude, and oceanography) and four estuary Coast estuaries are important nursery areas for juveniles types distinguished by the relative degree of influence of of many marine fish and invertebrates. Because a the hydrodynamic forcing mechanisms of waves, tides, and regional assessment of nursery habitat for marine fish rivers. While some estuaries exist along a continuum that has not yet been completed, this assessment assembled is influenced strongly by seasonal or latitudinal patterns, a database documenting presence of juveniles of West Coast estuaries were classified into one of four types: selected commercially-important species in West Coast estuaries. Formerly-extensive native oyster beds have been • River mouth estuaries are dominated by river energy; reduced to remnant populations in most bays in the study • Coastal lagoons are dominated by wave energy; area. Finally, West Coast estuaries are key habitat for • Tidal bay estuaries are deeper-water features that are salmonids; the Columbia River, Klamath River, Whidbey dominated by tidal energy; and Basin, and San Francisco Bay Delta estuaries rank the highest in numbers of robust salmonid populations. • Classic estuaries are influenced by all three controlling factors (river, tide, wave). Several key threats to estuaries were identified for the These predominant hydrodynamic energy sources play a region: key role in structuring estuaries and influence their susceptibility to different threats. • Altered tidal exchange • Altered nutrient dynamics and water quality • Altered freshwater inputs • Altered sediment regime • Invasive species • Direct habitat loss • Climate change Human beings are an undeniably prominent feature of the landscape and seascape of West Coast estuaries. Agriculture and forestry dominate the catchments of many estuaries, while others have large urban centers, and still others remain in a largely natural state. An understanding of patterns of land tenure (ownership), land cover, and predominant land uses in estuary catchments is essential for strategy development as these parameters represent different threats and different opportunities for conservation. Patterns of public and private land ownership influence conservation and stewardship efforts in the region. Private land dominates the upland catchment areas; the main private landowners on a per acre basis are timber companies. Overall, managed lands account for only 25% of the total area of estuary catchments in the region, however 60% of estuaries have at least 10% of their catchments in managed areas. Only 8% of open water © Steve Mlodinow 2 and marshes associated with estuaries
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Coastal Flood Defences - Groynes
    Coastal Flood Defences - Groynes Coastal flood defences are key to protecting our coasts against flooding, which is when normally dry, low lying flat land is inundated by sea water. Hard engineering methods are forms of coastal flood defences which mitigate the risk of flooding and coastal erosion and the consequential effects. Hard Engineering Hard engineering methods are often used as a temporary measure to protect against coastal flooding as they are costly and only last for a relatively short amount of time before they require maintenance. However, they are very effective at protecting the coastline in the short-term as they are immediately effective as opposed to some longer term soft engineering methods. But they are often intrusive and can cause issues elsewhere at other areas along the coastline. Groynes are low lying wood or concrete structures which are situated out to sea from the shore. They are designed to trap sediment, dissipate wave energy and restrict the transfer of sediment away from the beach through long shore drift. Longshore drift is caused when prevailing winds blow waves across the shore at an angle which carries sediment along the beach.Groynes prevent this process and therefore, slow the process of erosion at the shore. They can also be permeable or impermeable, permeable groynes allow some sediment to pass through and some longshore drift to take place. However, impermeable groynes are solid and prevent the transfer of any sediment. Advantages and Disadvantages +Groynes are easy to construct. +They have long term durability and are low maintenance. +They reduce the need for the beach to be maintained through beach nourishment and the recycling of sand.
    [Show full text]
  • Socioeconomic Monitoring of the Olympic National Forest and Three Local Communities
    NORTHWEST FOREST PLAN THE FIRST 10 YEARS (1994–2003) Socioeconomic Monitoring of the Olympic National Forest and Three Local Communities Lita P. Buttolph, William Kay, Susan Charnley, Cassandra Moseley, and Ellen M. Donoghue General Technical Report United States Forest Pacific Northwest PNW-GTR-679 Department of Service Research Station July 2006 Agriculture The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests and National Grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all pro- grams.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern California Coast Northern Focus Area
    14.1 Description of Area 14.1.1 The Land The Northern California Coast - Northern Focus Area is composed of coastal Del Norte and Humboldt counties. The boundary extends eastward from the Pacific coast to the top of the first inland mountain range, and encompasses many of the region's existing and former wetlands. The focus area also includes a few important riparian and floodplain areas adjacent to major coastally draining rivers (Figure 13). In this northernmost California County, the coastline tends to be composed of rocky cliffs and high bluffs which rise steeply into the coastal mountain ranges with their deeply cut 14.0 canyons. Two major rivers drain the interior mountain ranges and empty into the Pacific Ocean within the boundary of Del Norte County: the Smith River, which has its origins in north- eastern Del Norte County and southern Oregon, and the Klamath River with headwaters much farther to the NORTHERN north and east in south central Oregon. Humboldt County, to the south, includes portions of CALIFORNIA the California Coast Range and the southern Klamath Mountains. The most extensive coastal wetlands are associated with floodplains in the lower Eel River COAST─ Valley and the Humboldt Bay area. Other significant wetland habitats include Mad River Estuary, Little River Valley, Redwood Creek Estuary, Big Lagoon, NORTHERN Stone Lagoon, and Freshwater Lagoon. Major rivers and streams draining the mountain ranges of Humboldt County include the Eel River, Van Duzen FOCUS AREA River, Mad River, Trinity River, Klamath River, Mattole River, Bear River, and Redwood Creek. Like the Klamath River, the Trinity and Eel rivers have large drainage basins within the Coast Range and the Klamath Mountains.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Influence of Groyne Fields and Other Hard Defences on the Shoreline Configuration
    1 The Influence of Groyne Fields and Other Hard Defences on the Shoreline Configuration 2 of Soft Cliff Coastlines 3 4 Sally Brown1*, Max Barton1, Robert J Nicholls1 5 6 1. Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, 7 University Road, Highfield, Southampton, UK. S017 1BJ. 8 9 * Sally Brown ([email protected], Telephone: +44(0)2380 594796). 10 11 Abstract: Building defences, such as groynes, on eroding soft cliff coastlines alters the 12 sediment budget, changing the shoreline configuration adjacent to defences. On the 13 down-drift side, the coastline is set-back. This is often believed to be caused by increased 14 erosion via the ‘terminal groyne effect’, resulting in rapid land loss. This paper examines 15 whether the terminal groyne effect always occurs down-drift post defence construction 16 (i.e. whether or not the retreat rate increases down-drift) through case study analysis. 17 18 Nine cases were analysed at Holderness and Christchurch Bay, England. Seven out of 19 nine sites experienced an increase in down-drift retreat rates. For the two remaining sites, 20 retreat rates remained constant after construction, probably as a sediment deficit already 21 existed prior to construction or as sediment movement was restricted further down-drift. 22 For these two sites, a set-back still evolved, leading to the erroneous perception that a 23 terminal groyne effect had developed. Additionally, seven of the nine sites developed a 24 set back up-drift of the initial groyne, leading to the defended sections of coast acting as 1 25 a hard headland, inhabiting long-shore drift.
    [Show full text]
  • Big River Basin Assessment November 2006
    Coastal Watershed Planning Assessment Program Big River Basin Assessment November 2006 State of California Governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger California Resources Agency California Environmental Protection Agency Secretary, Mike Chrisman Secretary, Alan Lloyd North Coast Watershed Assessment Program Participants Contributing Agencies and Departments Department of Fish and Game State Water Resources Control Board Director, Loris “Ryan” Broddrick Chair, Art Baggett Department of Forestry and Fire Protection North Coast Regional Water Director, Dale Gildert Quality Control Board Executive Officer, Catherine Kuhlman Department of Water Resources Department of Conservation Director, Lester A. Snow Interim Director, Debbie Sareeram Big River Assessment Team Assessment Manager Scott Downie California Department of Fish and Game Fisheries: Steve Cannata California Department of Fish and Game Beatrijs deWaard Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission Cynthia LeDoux-Bloom California Department of Fish and Game Forestry and Land Use: Rob Rutland California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Water Quality: Elmer Dudik North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board Geology: Karin W. Fresnel Department of Conservation/California Geological Survey Fluvial Geomorphology: Dawn McGuire Department of Conservation/California Geological Survey Currently Department of Fish and Game Geographic Information System, Data Management, Ecological Management Decision System (EMDS) Vikki Avara-Snider – GIS & Document Production Pacific States Marine Fisheries
    [Show full text]
  • NJ Art Reef Publisher
    Participating Organizations Alliance for a Living Ocean American Littoral Society Clean Ocean Action www.CleanOceanAction.org Arthur Kill Coalition Asbury Park Fishing Club Bayberry Garden Club Bayshore Saltwater Flyrodders Main Office Institute of Coastal Education Belford Seafood Co-op Belmar Fishing Club 18 Hartshorne Drive 3419 Pacific Avenue Beneath The Sea P.O. Box 505, Sandy Hook P.O. Box 1098 Bergen Save the Watershed Action Network Wildwood, NJ 08260-7098 Berkeley Shores Homeowners Civic Association Highlands, NJ 07732-0505 Cape May Environmental Commission Voice: 732-872-0111 Voice: 609-729-9262 Central Jersey Anglers Ocean Advocacy Fax: 732-872-8041 Fax: 609-729-1091 Citizens Conservation Council of Ocean County Since 1984 Clean Air Campaign [email protected] [email protected] Coalition Against Toxics Coalition for Peace & Justice Coastal Jersey Parrot Head Club Coast Alliance Communication Workers of America, Local 1034 Concerned Businesses of COA Concerned Citizens of Bensonhurst Concerned Citizens of COA Concerned Citizens of Montauk Dosil’s Sea Roamers Eastern Monmouth Chamber of Commerce Environmental Response Network Bill Figley, Reef Coordinator Explorers Dive Club Fisheries Defense Fund NJ Division of Fish and Wildlife Fishermen’s Dock Cooperative Fisher’s Island Conservancy P.O. Box 418 Friends of Island Beach State Park Friends of Liberty State Park Friends of Long Island Sound Port Republic, NJ 08241 Friends of the Boardwalk Garden Club of Englewood Garden Club of Fair Haven December 6, 2004 Garden Club of Long Beach Island Garden Club of Morristown Garden Club of Navesink Garden Club of New Jersey RE: New Jersey Draft Artificial Reef Plan Garden Club of New Vernon Garden Club of Oceanport Garden Club of Princeton Garden Club of Ridgewood VIA FASCIMILE Garden Club of Rumson Garden Club of Short Hills Garden Club of Shrewsbury Garden Club of Spring Lake Dear Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Nh-Connect-The-Coast-Report.Pdf
    Connect THE Coast LINKING WILDLIFE ACROSS NEW HAMPSHIRE’S SEACOAST AND BEYOND Final Report: 10/31/2019 Authors: Peter Steckler and Dea Brickner-Wood Connect THE Coast LINKING WILDLIFE ACROSS NEW HAMPSHIRE’S SEACOAST AND BEYOND FINAL REPORT 10/31/2019 Authors Peter Steckler GIS & Conservation Project Manager The Nature Conservancy, New Hampshire Dea Brickner-Wood Coordinator Great Bay Resource Protection Partnership Cite plan as: Steckler, P and Brickner-Wood, D. 2019. Connect The Coast final report. The Nature Conservancy and the Great Bay Resource Protection Partnership. Concord, NH. Cover: Map of New Hampshire’s Coastal watershed, created by The Nature Conservancy. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ i Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... ii 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 Project Area .............................................................................................................................. 1 Conservation Context ............................................................................................................... 3 Historic Context of Land Use in the Coastal Watershed ........................................................ 4 Current Connectivity Challenges
    [Show full text]
  • Epm 16267 – Clara River 1 Report for the 12 Months Ending 19 January 2011
    EPM 16267 – CLARA RIVER 1 REPORT FOR THE 12 MONTHS ENDING 19 JANUARY 2011 Prepared by: Mark Sheppard Prepared for: Qld Dept Mines and Energy Submitted by: Bowen Energy Ltd Date: February 2011 EPM 16267 – CLARA RIVER 1 Relinquishment Report 19 January 2011 CONTENTS Page No. SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………… 2 1.0 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………... 2 2.0 TENEMENT ………………………………………………. 2 3.0 PREVIOUS EXPLORATION ………………………………………………. 3 4.0 EXPLORATION UNDERTAKEN ………………………………… 5 5.0 GEOLOGY ………………………………………………………………….. 5 5.1 Volcanic and Igneous Rocks……………………………………………… 5 5.2 Sedimentary rocks ..…………………………………………………..…... 6 5.3 Structure…………………………………………………………………… 7 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS …………………….……. 7 7.0 REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………. 7 TABLES Table .1. Relinquish Sub blocks ………………………………………………… 2 Table .2. Retained Sub blocks ………………………………………………… 3 FIGURES Figure .1. Relinquished sub blocks……………………….. ……………….. 4 Figure .2. Magnetic Signature of Rocks Under Project Area ……………….. 9 Figure .3. Locality of EPM 16267 Clara River 1 ………………………………… 10 Figure .4. Regional Structural Trends ……………………………………………. 11 Bowen Energy Ltd February 2011 1 EPM 16267 – CLARA RIVER 1 Relinquishment Report 19 January 2011 SUMMARY Exploration Permit for Minerals (EPM) 16267 – Clara River 1 was granted to Bowen Energy Ltd for a term of 3 years on 20 January 2009. The tenement is located in 98 sub- blocks 126km SSE of the town of Croydon. The EPM was granted to explore for economic sulphide copper nickel deposits, and possibly economic uranium deposits. Bowen Energy originally applied for 17 Tenements in the Croydon Project area, but has subsequently rationalized these original 17 down to 3 tenements which include EPM 16272, 16274, and 16267. Bowen Energy has also picked up another tenement located on the south-western edge of the 3 remaining tenements which is EPM 17364.
    [Show full text]
  • Tertiary Intrusive Rocks
    Geomorphic Processes and Aquatic Habitat in the Redwood Creek Basin, Northwestern California K.M. NOLAN, H.M. KELSEY, and D.C. MARRON, Editors U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1454 This volume is published as chapters A through V. These chapters are not available separately. Chapter titles are listed in the volume table of contents U N IT ED STATES G O V ERN M EN T PR IN T ING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1995 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Geomorphic processes and aquatic habitat in the Redwood Creek Basin, northwestern California. (U.S. Geological Survey professional paper ; 1454) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.16:1454 1. Geomorphology—California—Redwood Creek Watershed. 2. Slopes (Physical geography)—California—Redwood Creek Watershed. 3. Redwood Creek (Calif.)—Channel. 4. Stream ecology—California—Redwood Creek Watershed. I. Nolan, K.M. (Kenneth Michael), 1949- . II. Kelsey, H.M. III. Marron, D.C. IV. Series: Geological Survey professional paper ; 1454. GB565.C2G46 1990 551.4'09794 86-600236 For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 Geology of the Redwood Creek Basin, Humboldt County, California By SUSAN M. CASHMAN, HARVEY M. KELSEY, and DEBORAH R. HARDEN GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES AND AQUATIC HABITAT IN THE REDWOOD CREEK BASIN, NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1454-B CONTENTS Page Abstract....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Humboldt Lagoons State Park 115336 Highway 101 North Trinidad, CA 95570 (707) 488-2169
    Our Mission The mission of California State Parks is Humboldt to provide for the health, inspiration and education of the people of California by helping to preserve the state’s extraordinary biological Part of the country’s Lagoons diversity, protecting its most valued natural and cultural resources, and creating opportunities largest lagoon system State Park for high-quality outdoor recreation. supports a rich variety of marsh plants, birds and other animals California State Parks supports equal access. Prior to arrival, visitors with disabilities who while providing need assistance should contact the park at (707) 488-2169. This publication is available ample opportunity in alternate formats by contacting: for recreation. CALIFORNIA STATE PARKS P.O. Box 942896 Sacramento, CA 94296-0001 For information call: (800) 777-0369. (916) 653-6995, outside the U.S. 711, TTY relay service www.parks.ca.gov Discover the many states of California.™ SaveTheRedwoods.org/csp Humboldt Lagoons State Park 115336 Highway 101 North Trinidad, CA 95570 (707) 488-2169 © 2011 California State Parks V isitors to Humboldt Lagoons actively pursued cultural and language State Park see part of the largest revitalization, viewing Humboldt Lagoons lagoon system in the United States. State Park as part of their heritage. Lagoons are shallow, enclosed bodies NATURAL HISTORY of water along the coast—separated from the ocean by coastal strands or The Lagoons spits of land. Water flows in and out of Humboldt Lagoons State Park consists of the lagoons when it breaches (breaks four separate areas from south to north: through) these spits. Big Lagoon, Dry Lagoon, Stone Lagoon and The park offers activities that Freshwater Lagoon.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Copy 2021 06 24 Chen
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Chen, Andrew Title: Climatic controls on drainage basin hydrology and topographic evolution General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. Climatic controls on drainage basin hydrology and topographic evolution Shiuan-An Chen A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements for award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Science.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Plan Update 2004
    Pacific Coast Joint Venture Coastal Northern California Component STRATEGIC PLAN UPDATE 2004 Big River, Mendocino County Pacific Coast Joint Venture Northern California Component STRATEGIC PLAN UPDATE 2004 Prepared by: California Pacific Coast Joint Venture http://www.madriverbio.com/ca-pcjv.html Ron LeValley Coordinator, California PCJV [email protected] Dr. C. John Ralph, Chair California PCJV [email protected] or [email protected] Carey Smith, Joint Venture Coordinator U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service [email protected] Chet Ogan Redwood Region Audubon Society [email protected] Karen Kovacs California Department of Fish & Game [email protected] September 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary................................................................................................................. …iii Chapter 1. Introduction… .................................................................................................. ..…1-1 The North American Waterfowl Management Plan .................................................................... 1-1 Population Objectives ............................................................................................................ 1-1 International Administration........................................................................................................ 1-2 Regional Administration.............................................................................................................. 1-2 Habitat Joint Ventures............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]