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Augustine Et Al 2016 Publisher of Journal of Herpetology, Herpetological Review, Herpetological Circulars, Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, and three series of books, Facsimile Reprints in Herpetology, Contributions to Herpetology, and Herpetological Conservation Officers and Editors for 2015-2016 President AARON BAUER Department of Biology Villanova University Villanova, PA 19085, USA President-Elect RICK SHINE School of Biological Sciences University of Sydney Sydney, AUSTRALIA Secretary MARION PREEST Keck Science Department The Claremont Colleges Claremont, CA 91711, USA Treasurer ANN PATERSON Department of Natural Science Williams Baptist College Walnut Ridge, AR 72476, USA Publications Secretary BRECK BARTHOLOMEW Notice warning concerning copyright restrictions P.O. Box 58517 Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA Immediate Past-President ROBERT ALDRIDGE Saint Louis University St Louis, MO 63013, USA Directors (Class and Category) ROBIN ANDREWS (2018 R) Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA FRANK BURBRINK (2016 R) College of Staten Island, USA ALISON CREE (2016 Non-US) University of Otago, NEW ZEALAND TONY GAMBLE (2018 Mem. at-Large) University of Minnesota, USA LISA HAZARD (2016 R) Montclair State University, USA KIM LOVICH (2018 Cons) San Diego Zoo Global, USA EMILY TAYLOR (2018 R) California Polytechnic State University, USA GREGORY WATKINS-COLWELL (2016 R) Yale Peabody Mus. of Nat. Hist., USA Trustee GEORGE PISANI University of Kansas, USA Journal of Herpetology PAUL BARTELT, Co-Editor Waldorf College Forest City, IA 50436, USA TIFFANY DOAN, Co-Editor State College of Florida, Manatee-Sarasota Bradenton, FL 34207, USA Herpetological Review ROBERT W. HANSEN, Editor 16333 Deer Path Lane Clovis, CA 93619, USA Contributions to Herpetology KRAIG ADLER, Editor Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853-2702, USA Facsimile Reprints in Herpetology AARON BAUER, Editor Villanova University Villanova, PA 19085, USA Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles CHRISTOPHER BELL, Co-Editor University of Texas, Austin Austin, TX 78712, USA TRAVIS LADUC, Co-Editor University of Texas, Austin Austin, TX 78758, USA Herpetological Circulars JOHN J. MORIARTY, Editor Three Rivers Park District Plymouth, MN 55441, USA Herpetological Conservation JOSEPH C. MITCHELL, Editor Mitchell Ecol. Res. Service P.O. Box 5638 Gainesville, FL 32627-5638, USA HERPETOCULTURE 63 (Hyperolius marmoratus): environmental factors and selection QUINN, V. S., AND B. M. GRAVES. 1999. Space use in response to pressures. Funct. Ecol. 9:485–491. conspecižcs by the red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus, HOUCK, L. D. 1982. Male tail loss and courtship success in the plethod- Plethodontidae, Caudata). Ethology 105:993–1002. ontid salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus. J. Herpetol. SEVER, D. M., AND L. D. HOUCK. 1985. Spermatophore formation in 16:335–340. Desmognathus ochrophaeus (Amphibia: Plethodontidae). Copeia ———, AND N. L. REAGAN. 1990. Male courtship pheromones increase 1985:394–402. female receptivity in a plethodontid salamander. Anim. Behav. TELFORD, S. R., AND L. D. MIRANDA. 1990. The effect of rainfall on inter- 39:729–734. clutch interval in painted reed frogs (Hyperolius marmoratus). Co- ———, S. G. TILLEY, AND S. J. ARNOLD. 1985. Sperm competition in a peia 1990:644–648. plethodontid salamander: preliminary results. J. Herpetol. 19:420– TEXAS WATER DEVELOPMENT BOARD. 1986. Geohydrology of the Edwards 423. Aquifer in the Austin Area, Texas. Report 293 Texas Water Develop- INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE (IUCN) 2013. IUCN ment Board, Austin, Texas. Red List of Threatened Species Version 2012.2. Available at http:// TEYSSEDRE, C., AND T. R. HALLIDAY. 1986. Cumulative effect of male’s dis- www.iucnredlist.org. Ar- chived by WebCite at http://www.webci- play in the sexual behavior of the smooth newt Triturus vulgaris tation.org/ 6DeSulYXr on 13 January 2013. (Urodela, Salamandridae). Ethology 71:89–102. JAEGER, R. G., AND D. C. FORESTER. 1993. Social behavior of plethodontid THAKER, M., C. R. GABOR, AND J. N. FRIES. 2006. Sensory cues for con- salamanders. Herpetologica 49:163–175. specific associations in aquatic San Marcos salamanders. Herpe- JOCKUSCH, E. L. 1996. Techniques for obtaining and raising plethodon- tologica 62:151–155. tid salamander eggs. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 40:911–912. TUPA, D. D., AND W. K. DAVIS. 1976. Population dynamics of the San MATHIS, A. 1991. Territories of male and remale terrestrial salaman- Marcos salamander, Eurycea nana Bishop. Texas J. Sci. 27:179–195. ders: costs, benefits, and intersexual spatial associations. Oecolo- UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE (USFWS). 2005. Barton Springs gia 86:433–440. Salamander (Eurycea sosorum) Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wild- NAJVAR, P. A. 2001. The effects of diel water quality fluctuations on re- life Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico. production and growth in the San Marcos salamander. Master’s VERRELL, P. A. 1989. Hormonal induction of ovulation and oviposition thesis, Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos. in the salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus (Plethodontidae). ———, J. N. FRIES, AND J. T. BAccUS. 2007. Fecundity of San Marcos sala- Herpetol. Rev. 20:42–43. manders in captivity. Southwest. Nat. 52:145–147. WRIGHT, K. M., AND B. R. WHITAKER. 2001. Amphibian Medicine and NARAYAN, E. J. 2013. Non-invasive reproductive and stress endocri- Captive Husbandry. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Flor- nology in amphibian conservation physiology. Conserv. Physiol. ida. 499 pp. 1:1–16. Herpetological Review, 2016, 47(1), 63–69. © 2016 by Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Nutritional Analysis of Diet Items Available to Captive and Free-ranging Hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) LAUREN AUGUSTINE* Zoological collections provide unique opportunities to Department of Herpetology, Center for Animal Care Sciences, conduct wildlife research in controlled settings. However, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, providing captive animals with a nutritionally complete diet can Washington, D.C. 20008, USA; be challenging, particularly for amphibians and other species Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason for which nutritional requirements are poorly understood. To University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA overcome this challenge, captive diets can be formulated to KIMBERLY A. TERRELL** closely mimic natural diets. Yet for carnivorous amphibians, Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, providing a naturalistic diet can be logistically challenging and Washington, D.C. 20008, USA may introduce health risks. For example, certain prey items CHRISTINA PETZINGER (e.g., snails and crayfish) of appropriate size are not consistently BRADLEY NISSEN available from commercial sources, and collecting these items Center for Animal Care Sciences, Smithsonian’s National Zoological from the wild requires significant time and resources (in addition Park, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC 20008, USA to collection permits). Breeding colonies of prey animals can MICHAEL MASLANKA provide a consistent food source, but establishing these colonies Department of Nutrition Science, Smithsonian National Zoological can be resource intensive. Furthermore, bringing live prey into a Park and Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, captive animal facility (whether for direct feeding or to establish Washington, DC 20008, USA a colony) presents disease risks (Anderson 1988; Densmore and *Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] Green 2007). These risks are not always lessened by obtaining **Current address: Department of Research and Conservation, prey from commercial sources because many of these companies Memphis Zoo, 2000 Prentiss Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38112, USA collect animals from the wild and do not screen for disease. Lastly, captive prey typically have fewer escape options and potentially Herpetological Review 47(1), 2016 64 HERPETOCULTURE more limited food sources than their wild counterparts, and therefore may be aggressive towards their potential predators METHODS (Pough 2007; Warwick 1990). The Hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, is a large, Zoological surveys.—To identify diets offered to C. alleganiensis aquatic salamander reaching lengths up to 74 cm (Fitch 1947; in captivity, a survey was distributed to 16 zoological institutions Petranka 1998). It requires cool, flowing water (Smith 1907; housing C. alleganiensis in April 2014. Wheeler et al. 2003) and large slabs of rock for cover and Sample collection.—Seven known C. alleganiensis sites nesting sites (Bishop 1941). There are currently two recognized in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and New York were surveyed for subspecies: the Eastern Hellbender, C. a. alleganiensis, and the invertebrates (including crayfish) from May to August 2012 using Ozark Hellbender, C. a. bishopi. Their biology and natural history dip net (D-net) sampling. Collections were taken between sites are similar (Ettling et al. 2013). Wild populations of C. alleganiensis of recent (i.e., within the last 30 days) C. alleganiensis captures, are declining throughout the species’ range, likely due to siltation, to ensure the salamanders were present in the sampling area. damming of streams, and pollution (Trauth et al. 1992; Wheeler The sites varied from slow-moving waters with high sediment to et al. 2003; Hiler et al. 2005; Briggler et al. 2007; Nickerson and clear, cool,
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