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Office Patented Feb 2,874,535 United States Patent Office Patented Feb. 24, 1959 2 practical considerations may necessitate the use of higher ranges, even as high as 6:1 . An object of this invention is to provide new rocket 2,874,535 - propellants. Another object is to provide hypergolic sUBSTITUTEDFURANSAS HYPERGoLICFUELs 5 fuels. Another object is to provide a method for produc ing immediate thrust to a rocket. Other objects will Arnold L. Ayers, Idaho Falls, Idaho, and Cleveland R. be apparent to those skilled in the art from the ac - Scott, Bartlesville, Okla., assignors to Philips Petro companying discussion and disclosure. leum Company, a corporation of Delaware - Y - In accordance with a broad embodiment of our in No Drawing. Application November 8, 1951 O vention we have provided rocket bipropellant materials, . Serial No. 255,528 the fuel components of which comprise hydrocarbyl 9 Claims. (C. 60-354) substituted furans characterized by the structural formula 5 This invention relates to rocket propellants. In one of its more specific aspects this invention relates to hy wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarby radical pergolic fuels and their application to the propulsion of having not more than 12 carbon atoms, wherein the total rockets. number of carbon atoms present in the formula is not Our invention is concerned with new and novel rocket 20 greater than 16 and wherein at least one R is a hydro propellants and their utilization; a rocket or jet propulsion carby radical, that is wherein there are at least 5 carbon device, being defined herein as a rigid container format atoms present in the formula. Accordingly, R may be ter and energy so arranged that a portion of the matter a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarby radical selected from can absorb energy in kinetic form and subsequently be the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, ejected in a specified direction. The type rocket to which 25 cycloalkenyl, aralkyl and alkaryl radicals, the alkyl our invention is applied is that type of jet propulsion radical, especially those having less than 3 carbon atoms, device designated as a "pure' rocket, i. e., a thrust being preferred. These hydrocarbyl substituted furans producer which does not make use of the surrounding are also hypergolic when diluted with non-hypergolic ma atmosphere. A rocket of the type with which my inven terials, particularly hydrocarbons, even in a state of dilu tion is concerned is propelled by introduction of a propel 30 tion of 20-40 percent by volume and in some cases as lant material into a combustion chamber therein, and high as 80 to 90 and higher percent by volume. Suitable burning it under conditions that will cause it to release non-hypergolic diluents include the normally liquid hy energy at a high but controllable rate immediately after drocarbons or mixtures thereof such as the hydrocarbons entry into the combustion chamber. Rocket propellants, n-heptane, toluene, isooctane, benzene, diisobutylene, as liquids, are advantageously utilized inasmuch as the 35 gasolines, jet fuels, kerosene and the like. liquid propellant material can be carried in a light weight Illustrative of the hypergolic hydrocarbyl substituted low pressure vessel and pimped into the combustion furans used in the fuels of our invention are 2-methyl chamber, the latter though it must withstand high pres furan; 2,5-dimethylfuran. Other hydrocarby substituted sure and temperature, being only necessarily large enough furans such as 2,5-diethylfuran, 2,3,4-trimethylfuran, 3 to insure combustion. Also, the flow of liquid propellant 40 propylfuran, 2,3,4,5-tetramethylfuran, 2-ethylfuran, 2 into the combustion chamber can be regulated at will phenylfuran, 2-cyclohexylfuran, 2-cumenylfuran, 2,5-di so that the thrust, continuous or in intermittent bursts of cyclohexylfuran, 2-cyclopropylfuran, 2,5-dicyclopentenyl power, can be sustained, the latter type of liquid propel furan, 2-benzylfuran, 2,5-tert-butylfuran are suitable, as lant flow contributing to a longer life of the combustion well as their higher and lower molecular weight homologs. chamber and thrust nozzle. 45 The 2-alkyl substituted and 2,5-alkyl substituted furans Various liquids and liquid combinations have been are preferred. y found useful as rocket propellants. Some propellants con Suitable oxidizers in addition to white or red fuming sist of a single material, and are termed "monopropel nitric acid can be used in the bipropellant fuel composition lants.” Those propellants involving two materials are of our invention, particularly other oxidants such as hy termed "bipropellants' and normally consist of an oxidizer 50 drogen peroxide, ozone, nitrogen tetroxide, oxygen and and a fuel. Hydrogen peroxide and nitromethane are - mixed acids, particularly anhydrous mixtures of nitric and each well known monopropellants. Well known bipropel sulfuric acids such as 80-90 percent by volume white or lants include hydrogen peroxide or liquid oxygen as the red fuming nitric acid and 20-10 percent by volume oxidant with a hypergolic fuel component such as ethyl anhydrous or fuming sulfuric acid. It is within the scope alcohol-Water, ammonia, hydrazine, or hydrogen; and 55 of this invention to employ, preferably dissolved in the nitric acid as the oxidizer with aniline or furfuryl alcohol oxidizer, ignition or oxidation catalysts. These oxidation as the hypergolic fuel component. catalysts include certain metal salts such as the chlorides When employing 90-100 percent or more nitric acid, and naphthenates of iron, zinc, cobalt and similar heavy i.e., "white fuming nitric acid" as the oxidizer in a rocket metals. bipropellant, it is often necessary, dependent on the 60 The advantages of this invention are illustrated in the specific fuel component, to make ignition more prompt following examples. The reactants and their proportions by dissolving from 6 to 14 percent by weight of nitrogen and their specific ingredients are presented as being typical dioxide in the white fuming nitric acid forming thereby and are not to be construed to limit the invention. "red fuming' nitric acid. A fuel component of a bi EXAMPLE I propellant material of the type described herein, is 65 spontaneously ignited upon contacting the oxidizer, and Each of the hydrocarbyl substituted furans described for that reason is referred to herein as being "hypergolic.” hereinbelow was tested for spontaneous ignition, employ A ratio of oxidizer to hypergolic fuel based on stoichio ing fuming nitric acid as the oxidizer. In each test 1 part metric amounts can be utilized within the limits of 0:5:1 by volume of a mixture of hydrocarby substituted furan - to 1.5:1 if desired, the efficiency of the combustion being and n-heptane was dropped into a vessel containing 2.3 less at ratios below 1:1 and the use of the oxidizer O parts by volume fuming nitric acid. The mixture of being less economical at ratios above 1:1. However, hydrocarby substituted furan and n-heptane upon coming 2,874,535 3 4. into contact with the fuming nitric acid ignited spontane wherein R is selected from the group consisting of a ously. Normal heptane was employed as a diluent to hydrogen atom, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cyclo- . determine the maximum amount of dilution a hydro alkenyl, aralkyl and alkaryl hydrocarbon radicals having carbyl substituted furan could tolerate and still retain not more than 12 carbon atoms, wherein the total number its hypergolicity. Tests were conducted at room tem of carbon atoms present in said formula is not greater perature, about 70 F. The results are set forth in Table than 16, and wherein at least one R is one of said hy No. 1. drocarbon radicals. Table No. 1 2. In the method for developing thrust by the combus tion of bipropellant components in a combustion cham Maximum O ber of a reaction motor the steps comprising separately Compound Oxidat . Dilution,Feignt and simultaneously injecting a stream of an oxidant com e. ponent and a fuel component into contact with each -heptane other in the combustion chamber of said motor, in such 2-Enethylfuran.------------- white fuming nitric acid....... 40 proportions as to produce spontaneous ignition, said fuel Do-------------------- red furning nitric acid.--------- - 20 15 component being a 2-alkylfuran wherein said alkyl group 2,5-dimethylfuran.-------------- do------------------------- 30 contains not more than 12 carbon atoms. Do-------------------- white fuming nitric acid------- 20 3. In the method for developing thrust by the combus tion of bipropellant components in a combustion cham EXAMPLE II ber of a reaction motor the steps comprising separately Tests were conducted according to the method outlined 20 and simultaneously injecting a stream of an oxidant com in Example 1 wherein the temperature of the candidate ponent and a fuel component into contact with each other in the combustion chamber of said motor, in such pro hydrocarby substituted furan and the oxidant was lowered portions as to produce spontaneous ignition, said fuel to -40' F. The results are set forth in Table No. 2. component being a 2,5-dialkyl furan having not more than Table No. 2 25 16 carbon atoms per molecule. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said fuel component Maximum is dissolved in a non-hypergolic liquid hydrocarbon. Compound Oxidant Dilution, Percent Wol. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said fuel component n-heptane is 2-methylfuran. 30 6. The method of claim 1 wherein said fuel component 2-methylfuran.--------- white fuming nitric acid------- 20 is 2,5-dimethylfuran. 2,5-dimethylfuran.---- red furning nitric acid.-------- 20 7. The method of claim 1 wherein said fuel component r is 2,5-tertbutylfuran. As will be evident to those skilled in the art, various 8. The methody of claim 1 wherein said fuel component modifications can be made or followed, in the light of 35 is 2-phenylfuran.
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