III. NOTICE OF THE ANCIENT KIL OK BURYING-GROUND TERMED "CLADH BHILE," NEAR ELLARY, LOCH CAOLISPORT, SOUTH KNAPDALE. BY WILLIAM GALLOWAY, ESQ., ARCHITECT, CORK. MEM. S.A. SOOT. (PLATES II., III., IV.) In the autumn of 1875, while on a tour in Knapdale, I visited the ancient burying-ground known as " Cladh Bhile." It is situated about midway dow westere nth n sid f Loco e h Caolisport a heigh t a , f oveo t r 200 feet abov e sea-levelth e d e nearlcentrsteee th an ,th f pn yi eo hill- slopes immediately abutting upon this portioe lochth f , o nbetwee e nth Eilean-na-Bruachai Eudh-an-Tubhaidh.e t Ellaryna th d an , 1 There are no ecclesiastical remains connected with it, nor tradition of any. shoreClose th o ecouplt a , f mileeo s neare loche heae th t th rf a , d o Cove, lie interestinn sa g grou ruinsf po , comprisin glittla e chapel dedicated to St Columba, and the cave with its rudely-built altar and carved in the living rock, which gives its name to the locality. 1 In the Ordnance Survey map, the remains of a fort are indicated on the crest of hile th l immediately above this burying-grovmd notico n t s takee siti bu , th e f no itself, not even the usual $.(8. KitE OBUEYING-GKOUKK N,TH O D TEEMED " CLAUH BHILE.3 3 "

In marked contrast to that upon the eastern side, the western shore of Loch Caolisport is exceedingly rugged, seamed by water-courses, and hrokerocky b p ynu brows running inte sea th o thats ; , until quite recently varioue th , s localitie s margiit n so n were accessible chiefly from the higher ground above, traversed by the road between Kilmory-Knap and Auchahoish purchase Th estate .Tarratth x D.y f eb Fo o , Esq.s ,ha entirely altere little casee Th dth e .onstea Ellarf do gives yha n placa o et spacious mansion, a private road being conducted to it at great expense water-sidee closth o t e I stat. e thi shoo t s w that, although distances are not great, there may be no immediate connection between remains like those at Cove and Cladh Bhile. Even now the latter site lies in a trackles sequestered an s dn extensive hear a spotth f o n ti , e woodd an , could not be found except by some one acquainted with the locality. At the date of my visit, although the surface still lay in its natural state I foun, site th de itself cleared froe densmth e growt copsf ho d ean underwood previously encumbering it. Scattered here and there without order of any kind, lay the incised stones to which I have this evening the honou f directino r g your attention I trus d tan ; that, althougt hno numerous, their antique character may render them not uninteresting. They are in all twelve in number, and range from the magnificent pillar stone or erect slab, No. 1, a and b, down to the half quern-stone, No. 12. None remain in situ, or erect, but they lie half-buried in the soil, or tossed about among tree-root d stonesan f irregulao s r shap varioud ean s sizes, exhibitin traco gn humaf eo n handiwork. Beyond these remnants onle th , y other indicatio f thino s place having been used for the purpose of interment is the evidence that, to a quad- rangular outline, measuring over the boundary 120 feet from east to west and 80 feet from north to south, it has been at one time enclosed on all four sides. Lik cashee e Iristh th e hf o l cemeteries, this enclosure took probably the form of a dry-stone dyke. Its principal trace is a thickly- strewn bel f stoneso t , abou feex si t t broad t sombu , e portions still remain partially intact, or mounded up under accumulated moss and soil. There , howeverbe n ca possibilito n , f mistakeo y s thia , s enclosure forme th s well-defined recene limith f o tt clearance.1 Proceedinge th n I 1 s Societye ofth , Capt. "White states that this "burial-grouns di "without enclosure kin y ; se 5 an ed f als38 "so . (volop . "x . Arch . Sketche Knapn si - VOL. XII. PART I. C 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1876. In contrast with, the great majority of those in tha West Highlands there.i curioue son s peculiarit f thiyo s burial-place whico t , hI wil l only for the present allude, viz., that—as I think, with the exception of one or two indeterminable fragments, I shall be able, in every case, to prove— ther entirn a s ei e absenc f flarecumbenr eo o t t slabs, sculpture unsculpr do - tured, everythin e rankeb gy s upo a dwa e groun y th n an dn i than ca t memorial deae th d f so bein g exclusively pillar-stones d intendean , t dno to lie flat upon the grave, but to be set upright either at its head or foot. The burying-groun n questioi d s localli n y termed " Cladh Bhile." Cladh r Claodh,o s primarit n i y signification applicabl artificiallyn a o et - constructed earthen mound, bank, or ditch,1 is not only used in the Scottish Highland generaa s sa l terplaca r mburialf fo eo t constitutebu , s not unfrequently part of the local designation.2 Although of common occurrenc place-namea s ea Beever D , s state abovse thath n eti senses i "t i rarely used in Ireland." 3 O'Eeilly's Dictionary gives Cladh, s.m., a grave, dike, ditch, bank, mound d alsan o; Cludh, s.m., burying-ground; remarky buma I t , tha e tchapte eveth n n namei o r s commemorating "Monuments, Graves d Cemeteries,"an , s "Irishi n i h4 Namef o s Places, wore "th neves di r once mentione r JoycD y thin ei db s relation. It is quite otherwise with tbe term Bhile, or, in the nominative, Bile, a tree, a cluster of trees,—a word equally known in both dialects, but, owin o alteret g d circumstance d sociaan s l customs, findin s mosit g t striking illustration originae th n si le Scoto-Celt homth f o e . According r JoycetoD n Irelani , d " Bilegeneralls wa y applie a larg o t de tree, which ,reason y fo an helrs veneration dwa ,i peoplee th y nb ; for instance one under which their chiefs inaugurated e useb o dt r periodicao , l games celebrated. Trees of this kind were regarded with intense reverence and dale," p. 57). That there is no marked enclosure indicative of modern use or atten- tion is true; but that it must have been carefully protected at some former period is . evident. Cladh "generally means a raised dyke of clay, but sometimes a sunk ditch or 1 fosse;" "an artificial mound, dyke, or rampart of any kind." Vide Joyce's " Irish Names of Places," p. 31, and 2d series, sub. "Artificial Works," p. 214. n lonI a alone r ReeveD , s enumerates four several site whico t s e terhth s m i 2 applied (Reeves' Adamnan, sub. Cemeteries in " Additional Notes," pp. 417-419, and Explanatio f Nameno n Mapi s . varieta 426)p ,d f an othe;yo r instances coule b d adduced, both fro mainlane mth westerd dan n islands. 3 Reeves' Adamnan, p. 428. 4 First Series^ part iii. chap. iii. ON THK BURYING-GROUNKIR LO D TERMED " CLADII BIIILE.5 3 " greatese affectionth f o e t triumphon ; s tha triba t e could achieve over thei t rdow enemiescu o nt s theiwa , r inauguratio outrago nn treed ean , was more keenly resented, or, when possible, visited with sharper retribu- tion. addse H " l: " These trees were pretty commo pasn ni t times; some of them remain to this day, and are often called Bell trees, or Bellow word ol trees de lile.echn th a , mos n f I oo 2 t cases, however, they have It was under these trees that the Liafail, or Stone of destiny, pertaining to the

trib1 e was placed—to break it up or carry it away being a necessary complement to the destruction of the tree. Dr Stuart suggests that Edward I. may have been actuated by analogous motives in carrying off the Scottish " Stone of destiny " from Seone (Proceedings, vol. viii . 104)p . . archaeologise th o T interestinn a t g surviva thif o l s ter place-namea ms a thad an ,t whic2 h suggeste presens dit t application, occur connection si monasterd n ol wit e hth y of Magh-bile counte th n i ,y Down, founde t Finiae sixtS th y dhb n n i century, and Danee burnth y differene b st825r o circaTh 4 . 82 t term e sannalist th use y b d s in recording its destruction have supplied Dr Petrie, in the sub-sections of his Essay on the Round Towers, with interesting illustrations as to the dcrthech or oratory, and erdame th porcr o h (Eccl. Arch Irelandf o , . 340pp , , 435). The term Magh-bile, i.e., " the plain of the old or ancient tree," occurs in various other localities in Ireland, but in all of them it is now modernised as " Moville;" e.g., thermonastere th s ei Magh-bile,f yo Domnach-bile,r o founde t PatrickS y db n o , e bankth f Loco s h Foyle (Archdall's Monasticon Hib. . 103)p , a distric, t lying within sight of Loch Caolisport. followine Th g instance e compoune terth th f mf so o occurrine dus r Joyce'D n gi s "Irish Name e f Places,citeb o s s additionay da ma " l illustrations: Bile-chuais, e "thcoo th r tred cave, so f eol eo " modernise s Ballyhoosa d n Clonferti , , Galway, . (pClochdn-bile-teine,8) . "the stepping-stone fire-tree,e th f so calleo s " d "froma large tree which grew nea crossinge rth , under which May-fire slighted,e useb o t d " (p. 209), modernised as Cloghaunnatinny, in the parish of Kilmurry, Clare. Bile- teineadh, fire,e "th nama treth d s f e"i ol e o e Fou e giveth ry nb Master placa o t se identified by O'Donovan as being near Moynalty, in Meath, and " now called in Irish Coill-a'-bhile, treed e ol tile, e th woor " th o f o Anglicised s Billywooa d d (Ibid.). AU-a'-bhile, " the glen-side of the old tree," modernised as Altavilla, in Limeric Queen'kand s Count 374)y(p. . Binn-bhile, "the bilepoin ancienthe or of t t tree," modernised as Ringville (p. 393). Tobar-bile, "the well of the ancient tree"— "some wells" taking "their names from the picturesque old trees that overshadow them whicd preservean e , h ar people th y deb with great veneration,"—a t Tobera s - billy in Antrim, and Toberavilla in Westmeath (p. 436). Cfarran-a'-bhile, "the shrubbery of the ancient tree," situated in Tipperary (p. 482), modernised as Garna- villa. Similar instances occur in such combinations as Gort-a'bhile, ICnock-a-bhile, Achadh-a'-bhile; and at Rathvilly, in Carlow, "one of these trees must have, at some former time, flourished on or near an ancient fort, for it is written by the annalists Rath-UU 483). "(p . 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1876.

long since disappeared t theibu , r names remai mann no y places o attest - t their former existence." J I think there can be little doubt, then, that this is the correct signifi- cation of the term, as applied to the old burying-ground under considera- tion; and when Captain White states that to the latter half of the name "s unablhewa clue,y -geo et amountt an i t l " 2al thats i o st , owin lapso gt e of tim changd ean f circumstanceseo a nam, e originally well understood appropriatd an s graduallha e y become quite archaic. Ther s nothini e g more common place-namthaa r nfo faithfulle b o et y handed down overa lengthened period, even whe e circumstanceth n s giving t i havris o t ee been altogether forgotten localite Th . precisels yi thosf o e whicn ei y on h some venerable monarch of the wood may have for centuries braved the winter's storm. It has never been under cultivation at any time, and onle th eveyw purposnno appliee b whico n et thas ca d i f growint hi o t g timber or feeding sheep. proceeI wilw no l describo dt extane th e t remains seriatim, thes a e yar numbered consecutively on Plates II., III., and IV. No. 1, a. and 6.—This is not only the largest incised stone upon the ground e ,sculpture rivallinth f o y gan d slabs themselve n dimensionsi s , alsy o ma wel t i lt challengbu e comparison with elaborate theth mn i e char- s ornament acteit e minutenes f th o r d an ,d delicac an s y with whict hi is finished. Like most of the others, the material of which it is composed is the mica-schist so prevalent in the district. The extreme length is 6 feet 9 inches, the breadth at top 20J inches, gradually tapering to 17J inches towar e bottom th de averag Th . e thicknes e undresseth f o s r o d lower portio 4s ni J uppee incheth n ri s; part , wher dresseeo thertw e dear surfaces, it is reduced to 3i inches. It appears also to have been rudely square shape d sidee dan topd th t san da , whic gableds accidenhi y b d ,an t perhaps, truncated at the point. In keeping with the geological character e stoneoth f e generath , l surface present flaksa y appearance, wit conha - stant tendency to assume circular shapes, owing to the irregular decay or exfoliatio e superficiath f o n le prominenlaminaeth l Al . e t th part n o s uppe r moro r e ornate, because exposed, sidflakee ear d and weatheredt no , delicate littla th f eo e ornamentation being obliterated, otherwis quits i t ei e 1 " Irish Name Places,f so 481-82. "pp . 3 " Arch. Sketches in Knapdale," p. 57. ON THE KIL OR BURYING -GHOUND TERMED " CLADH BHILE." 37 perfect, and forms a most beautiful and unique example of its own par- ticular class. When I first saw it, the stone lay embedded in the soil, with the enriched side upwards, undisturbed it may be from time im- memorial. Convinced froe roug mth d undresse han d appearance th f eo lower portion t what no t firss a , ttha wa sigh t i t t mighi t t easil takee yb n for—a recumbent slab—I requeste guidy dm turninn assis o i t e e m t g it over. This with some difficulty we did, and, on clearing off the adhering soil, the large but rudely inscribed device, represented on No. 1. b., mad appearances eit , provin a hea flat a r o d t gbu t onc ga no s e thawa t i t pillar-stone, and its true position vertical, and not horizontal. The first thin thin gi s slab that cannot fai attraco t l t attentio contrasn i t with all the other stones on the ground, is the purely ornate and carefully executed style of the incised work. In the others, the great object is the direct reproductio crose varieta th f n si no formsf yo , sometimes quite plain, at other times with such slight adornment as rather constitute specific varieties of this symbol than mere decoration. But on this particular stone, althoug e crosh th s undoubtedli s y represented, keps stili t i lt quite sub- ordinat artistio et principae cth effectn O l. face r moro , e highly enriched side, the ornament is composed of two distinct designs, having no neces- sary connection beyond that of mere juxtaposition. The uppermost of these is contained within a circle 20 inches in diameter, extending to e extremth ee stonverg th eithen o f eo e r side. This circl s formei e d by two incised lines, slightly irregular in breadth, but averaging each say J of an inch, and an inch over all, giving an internal diameter of 1 foot 6 inches. The space thus enclosed is up to its full limits occupied with a design so graceful, and in the distribution of its several parts so well com- posed and appropriate, that it seems rather a conventionalised transcript from nature, than the stereotyped reiteration of a mere symbol. The design is composed of twelve radiating figures, and if the reference to a natural type were admitted, would represent six leaves, six flowers. For the sake of illustration let us assume this to be the case. There are, then, firs allf pointex o t si , d lanceolate feuille leaver o s s extendine gth full circlee radiu th d constitutin f an o ,s g depression generae th n so l sur- face of the stone, the sides of which depressions slope down with a very flat curve, until they meea centra n i t le intermediatlineTh . e spaces are filled in with six trumpet-shaped flowers, from a narrow attachment 38 ' PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 187G.

gradually expanding with a curved outline, until the attenuated lips of the corolla on either side curve inwards upon themselves in two bold and decided spirals, the space between, these spirals being filled in with aft unattached double or C scroll. These floral figures are, like the leaves, forme well-markea y b d d depression, with this difference thae threth t e sides all decline till they meet in a point.1 Such are the simple, but gracefully combined features of the upper device. That beneath it is in charactes it r more distinctly conventiona symbolicd an l s basia It s .i s Greek , about 16 inches either way, without any enclosing circle. The centre is marked by a small pit; from this the arms gradually expand triangulaa n i e crosth r sn for i pattee s ma t rounde bu angle,e th t da s with a gently curved outline. A broad grooved V-sectioned line, doubled inter-

i As a source of enriched effect, these sinkings are often combined with incised work, down to the latest instances of its use. They jnay be either square-edged and equally reduced beveller o , d dow V-sectiona o nt , mitrin e anglesth meetint d ga an , g in central lines, straight or curved, or points according to the shape of the depression. Most beautiful instance f thio s s clas worf so n i k t occubu , Scotlandn se i r r pe t no , cases where, to give greater variety, incised work is used in combination with carved work, often in high relief. Two very fine examples, one of them, un- fortunately, only a fragment, are represented in the "Sculptured Stones of Scot- land" (vol i. pi. xxv. and pi. xxvi-xxvii.). They are both pillarrstones, and their original sites abou mile on te t Hiltoaparta e firs s i Th tf Cadbolln.o stone Th e, has'been fractured in the centre of the incised panel, but what remains of the pane s fillei l d wit a combinatioh f spira o nd crescenti an l e cinter th forms d - an , stices fille witn di h square-edged sinkings, generally developed fro incisee mth d lines themselves neighbourine Th . g stone from Shaudwic preciself o s ki e samyth e char- acter, a panel about 2 feet 9 inches square, and happily complete, being entirely filled wit a hsimila r design , e sinkingsomth f o e s being independent, others developed froe linesmth . Additional instance se Maide occuth n o rn StonChapee th t ea f o l Garioch ("S,c. Stones," vol. i. pi. ii. No. 2), the Abbotsford Cross (pi. xcix.), and also on the lower part of the cross at Kiels (MA. vol. ii. pi. xxxii.), and on the fragments at lona (pi. xlv. and xlvi. No. 3.), stated by Dr Stuart to be "of early design and most elaborate execution." (Notices of the plates p. 27.) The same peculiarities, in connection with an equally advanced style of work, occur on the highly ornate crosses at Kilklispeen, co. Kilkenny, figured in O'Neill's 'Sculp. Crosse Ancienf so t Ireland" (pi. iv-ix.) largA . e amoun e ornamentth f o t , upon them is incised, or, as the author puts it, "sunk below the general surface" (p. 2), the sinkings, where they are other than lines, having precisely the same bevelled section terminating triangularly in a point, or forming a continuous line straight or curved, as is noted above. See especially the plate of details (pi. viii.} where the ornament is given to a scale of oner fourth of the full si^e. BURYING-GROUNKIE R OLO N TH D TERMED " CLADH BHILE.9 3 " nally at each extremity, forms the outline, and the centre is filled in with a triangular depression precisely simila e devicthoso t rth n ei e abovee Th . spaces between the arms are filled in with delicately incised double or 8 scrolls, but in general so much weathered and worn down, that the full design cannot be traced. All the incisions upon this face of the stone are cleanl weld yan l cut, wit entirn ha e absenc f tooo e l marks. There ar e no sharp or hard lines, but all is soft and rounded; even the depressions are carried down to a curved section, and the work is finished throughout with the greatest care.1

Fro generae mth l characte designe th especiall d f o ran , preference yth e evinced for1 the use of spiral lines, the first impression is that the ornament in question pre- sent affinitn sa Iriso yt h rathe re usua thath o lnt West Highlande typesth d an ; cross at Kiels, or St Martin's in lona, are naturally reverted to as instances on which to base a possible analogy. It requires, however, but little reflection to be convinced tha wore tth k befor s dineru e s materially from such example r theio s r Irish proto- types, representing rathe stylea r , or phasea style f o , which rarf i , n Scotlandei s i , by no means common in Ireland. Even in it, viewed topographically, and still more historically, there is great diversity of style ; and if the examples just cited are old, that is no reason why the stones in question should not be older still, or at least represent an earlier and more initial stage in the progress of Celtic art. It is true sense thal spiralon eal n ti ver e sar y much alike ford e t oncman , a th resule eth d an t embodimen same th f eo t principles, whether they occur upo tatooee nth de th ski f no New Zealander, or upon the volutes of the Erechtheium at Athens. Still there are spirals and spirals, and to compare the simple incised forms presented upon this slab with those highly intricate combinations of lines, which, like the swirling eddies of a whirlpool, diverge and converge either round about, or actually upon the convex sur- face of a series of bosses carved in bold relief, would be as great an error as to place the early products of an art alongside those of its highest perfection. Setting, then, types like these aside as too advanced, if we fall back on Ireland as the cradle of Celtic art, and look e spirirathestyla th f o varieo e tt rtha th o dnt form whicn si h that expressede b spiri n ca t , then, amon earliesr ghe t lithic monument Christiae th f so n fea agewt instanceno , occuo sd r wher analoge emerelth close o b to o es t yi y acciden- tal. Among other things I tak , mode e th f usin o e e spiralgth , that marked feature in Celtic art, to be a crucial test. Wherever employed, in illuminated MSS., in metal work, or on stone, the great and ultimate aim was intricacy, lines running off in different direction terminatind an s elaboratn gi e knot gangliir swhico f o t hou , other lines run, and so covering, it may ba, a large surface with involved and ever-varying repetitions of the one idea. Easily produced with the pen or the graver, nothing could be more difficult when attempted on stone, and only by great and long-continued practice could the art have attained its ultimate perfection. Between this Scottish example, then, and those to which I refer in Ireland, there exists this marked analogy. They exhibit a tendency to the use of the spiral, but only in'its simplest 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1876. ' incisee Th d ornamen e principath n o t l face having occupied so much 'attention briea , f description mus t e reverssufficth r fo ee side. 'and most rudimentary forms, and with no attempt at combination that is not equall}' simple. They might, indeed, be direct imitations of such forms as are daily presented naturen i therr fo ,littl s ei e about them tha s conventionali t nothind an , g intricate. With this, other points of analogy concur, but these will be best understood by the citation of particular instances. The first I shall adduce are from Kerry. Two of these are given in the recently published "Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Lan- guage " (vol , notice. figs8 ii . , t Cell-Fintenfirs5 a .e platesf s so i Th t . , 6) w pp , 5 no ,. Kilfountain pillar-stonea s i t I . , situate disuse ancientw e th no t n di bu cemetery, , attache ruinee th o dt d churc . FintenSt f ho , whose name appears prominently inscribed upon the stone, with an undeeiphered Ogham. On the upper part, within a circle 7 inches or 8 inches in diameter, a plain sunk cross is formed, the arms expanding t slightlbu y rounde bulbour do t thsa e extremities. Beneath thia doubl s si e gcroll, pronounced by Miss Stokes to be "one of the oldest examples of the divergent spiral design or trumpet pattern yet found incised on stone." ("Christ. Inscrip." vol. ii. p. 5). The lines forming this scroll expand as they approach the circle, so o aenclost s a ebroa d triangular sinking e side th f , whico s ha poin ruo t n t precisely in the same manner as do ten out of the sixteen sinkings in the Cladh Bhile stone. From the top of the circle a vertical line runs up, branching off on either singla sid n i e e C scrolle seconTh .alss di opillar-stonea w , no fro e mth disused burial groun t Eeasks s largedimensionda i it t I n i r. s than tha t Cella t - • Finten althougd an , h simpl s generait n ei l outlines e surface e spacth th th , n f o eo e • stone occupie e desigth y b dn extend o about s foo1 feeinches5 t8 y t b t . Withina circle 1 foot 9 inches in diameter, a plain sunk cross is formed, differing from No. I. b. only in two things, viz., the centre being cut out and so the limbs connected, and at the extremities, instead of being cleared to the circumscribing circle, segments are left; otherwise allowing for 3 inches of difference in point of size, the one cross is the precise duplicat e othere remaininth Th f o e. gdesige th parserie- a f re s no i tf so peating spirals almost as simple as the wave ornament of the Greeks, varied in their dimension symmetricalld san y arrange n eithedo r a verticasid f o e l line, ultimately terminatin doubla n gi e scroll like that upo Fintee nth n stone. Anothe thesf ro e incised stone gives si n Memoriale inth Adaref so Lory b , d Dunraven. Ther soms ei e linear- interlaced knot-work of simple character, but the most peculiar feature is the siifiik cross, produced in exactly the same manner as in the two stones just referred to and e Clade carefuth Th h lBhil . woodcub . e. 0 JewitI ston . y b t No et shows that this sinking presents the same pitted or dabbed appearance as do BO many of the stones at Cladh Bhile. The probable date of these stones must be to a great extent matte f conjectureo r . That the e earlyyar , eve n relatioi n e growtth o nt h and progress of Christian art in Ireland, there can be no doubt. In a letter to the Earl of Dunraven, Dr Petrie states : "With reference to the antiquity of your incised Kerrsimple th yo t t knoCrossese d no expressio wad o d n wha opinionI y , ca m I tf no , that I consider them unquestionably of the fifth, or at the latest sixth, century.'.' ("Me- morial Adare,f so . 153)"p addition I . thoso nt e just given, many other instances might BURYING-GROUNKIE R LOO N TH D TEEMED " CLADH BHILE.1 4 "

With respect to execution, indeed, the contrast is very marked. What design exists is broughboldy b t , square-edgedou t , roughly out- lined sinkings t firsa td sighan , t i appeart s doubtful whetheo t s i t i r e part e sinkingth th n reliei so t r f o s attention shoul e directeddb , i.e., •whether the carver intended to represent a cross-, or a Greek cross. turningn O , however carefulle th o t , y execute de principa crosth n so l face, it becomes evident that both are meant to express the same idea, the one being merely a rudely executed repetition of the other.1 There is the

be adduced fro earliese mth t clas f Christiaso n memorials n Ireland,i , wher same eth e principles apply, especially in the use of the simple involuted spiral, e.g., there is the Cros-na-Trinid t Inismurraa e y ("Christ. Inscrip. same " 14). volp Th e. . ii .featur e also occurs as a favourite terminal to the limbs of crosses formed of single incised lines, e.g. the Abecedarium pillar-stone at Kilmalkedar, (ibid. fig. 9), the "Cross of e Women,th " Inismurray (ibid. figlowee crose th . th 20) n rpillarse o d parth , an f to - stone at Kilnasggart (ibid. fig. 38). Although the ornament upon the Irish examples just cite mucs di h less elaborate than that upo slae nt Cladth b a h Bhile approxie th , - matio stylf o n e between theI think , mis , very markedpointe th f agreemend so an , t maybe classed as follows :—1. They are all pillar-stones, and situated in ancient, and now disused, cemeteries ornamene Th . l incised,2 al . s ti desige th n chiefly linear, with carvino n sculpturr go reliefn ei . Ther3 marke.a s ei simplf o d e tendencus e e th o yt involuted forms s distinca , t fro e latemth r elaborat highld ean y intricate spiral. 4 . There is the same tendency to combine with the ornament, broad, well-defined sink- ings, either square-edge r bevelleo d d down till they terminate ina centra l line, or , whe e sinkinth n s triangular—agi e Celth l n i sFinte d Cladan n h Bhile stones— in a point. In the Cladh Bhile stone, there are sixteen of these sinkings, viz., ten triangular iconvergingno s for d elongatedx man si d an , , with sidee th s sloping down- wards to a central line, while in the Finten stone there is but one sinking, also triangu- lar in outline and converging to a point, but the analogy is too marked and characteris- tic for the coincidence to be merely accidental. Such sinkings very rarely occur in advanced Celtic work in relievo, the principle being that the ornamentation of what- ever characte varyinr o r g degree relief normae so on ff o risefore l t planemTh sou . 5 . of the crosses are precisely analogous, being equal-armed and expanding, as in the Gree r Malteso k e cross t Clada , h Bhile this characteristic being maintained even when enclosino thern s i e g circle . Thes6 . e crosse y eithe sma e expresseh r y db incised lines, i.e., in outline .ay nb r entiro , e excisio stone a certaith f o ent o n depth equivalen o relieft t , with this distinction, tha tincisee likrese th f eth o t d wors i t ki stil crosse th l , i.e., designe th , whic sunks i h , whil e intermediatth e e spaces remain intact and in relief, these sinkings being also square-edged, and, in so far as can be judged from drawings, of the same rude, simple, and imperfect character. 1 The dubiety arises from the failure to connect the sinkings, as is usually done by clearing out the centre also. In the ornate cross this is unnecessary, because there the parts in relief form as important an element in the device as the depressions. 2 4 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , DECEMBE , 1876R11 . little pit in the centre, with the centre itself and the intermediate spaces remaining intact, but instead of the triangular sinkings and raised lines which giv ornamentan ea l characte e crosslimbe th th e surfac f o th s,o t r e unifor e t dowon cu o s nt i m circumscribinlevela d an , g circle 18 inchen si diameter run round the entire figure. s essentiai t I noticeo lt , that althoug thin ho slabe s th e sid f th , eo cross is brought out not by linear incisions, but by an entire excision e ston oa certaith f o et n depth, intagliostilln device i th s a ,s i e t i itsel, f which is sunk, and not the intermediate spaces, being in this respect the exact converse of relievo. I may also remark that the surface of the stone is tooled for about 9 inches belo circlee w th e remaindeth , r being left quite th e rougn o s ha other side. No. 2, a and b. — This is evidently the shattered remnant of a stone of considerabl pieceso frod tw sharpnese mean th ,n i e sizs th i e f t ;si o various ragged edges, and perfect fit of the small piece on the left, I fear tha e fracturtth s bee e resulha e th n f comparativelo t y recent violence. pieceputtino y B tw se gtogetheth r it form a mass verf so y irregular out- line fee2 ,inche 7 t sfoo 1 long . t 7by ,^ inches broad 3d \an ,inche s thick. It is inscribed on both sides, and happily the design seems to be complete. principae th n O l face meany b ,sligh a f so t sinkin incn a g hf -o fbroad a , circl s describei e inche5 d1 diametern i s ; within this another circls i e formed by a raised margin being left, varying from f inch to 1 inch in breadth, leaving an internal space 1 foot in diameter, within which is forme relien di plaia f n equal-armed cross arme th , s varying fro minche3 s to 3 J inches in breadth. The crossing of the arms is distinguished by four email circular pit sf inc n diameterhi , placed toward severae sth l angles. The cross itself is cantoned between four circular pellets from 1|. inch to 2 inches diameter. At the top and just outside the circle, there is also a small Greek cross, 2^ inches either waychiee Th f. peculiarity, however, generae muco s th liet n h i sextremno e l th design n i es a ,lownes e th f so relief given to it, and in the manner of its execution. The depressed

The discrepanc curiousys i showins ,a g that, same beinth en gprincipleo n i , hood both were carved by the same man, but at the same time he failed to perceive that what was right to do in the one case, viz., to leave the centre intact, was decidedly inappropriat othere th n ei . ON THE KIL OK BURYING-GROUND TERMED " CLADH BIIILE." 43 surface l pitteal e r dabbeddo sar f producei s a , repeatey db d blows froma pointed tool vertically delivered, and so the removal of the superficial laminae effected, but to an extent just sufficient to show the design. This slightnes e principa th f relie o sn o f l face become e morth l e al scuriou s when we turn to the reverse side and find there, the one planted within othere th doubla , e cross sharpl weld yan l cut bola o ,dt rounded section. Both these crosse equal-armede sar externae th , measurine on l g 8^ inches either way, with arms 3^ inches broad incisee ,th d lines measuring abou| - t incn o a fbreadth hn i internae th ; l one, singlformeo tw ey db line s varying fron inca m breadthn f h i -go o ^t , their extreme length being 5£ inches vertical by 6 inches horizontal. They are rounded at the extremities, and so contracted at the centre that the horizontal bar is discon- tinuous.1 d b.—an Thisa pillar-stona No , s 3 i . f unmistakeableo e character3 , feet 10£ inches long, 10£ inches broad at the upper part, and tapering to 6 inches at the bottom. The greatest thickness is 5^ inches, thinning off toward either endprincipae Th . l face show o crossetw s reliefn si e on , above the other. The uppermost, a Latiu cross, is 12^ by 10 inches, the limbs 3 inches broad, with deep circular indentations at the axillee, sunk £ of an inch. The cross stands on a rudely-formed , and the, reduced surface is semicircled at the top. The cross below is much smaller. It is equal-armed, and about 6J inches either way, the limbs broa proportion i d theio nt r length, varyin inches3 g t o frot I m.2 also stands on a kind of stepped Calvary, but like all the other sculp- turings in relief, as distinct from the incised work at this burial-ground, the execution of these two crosses is exceedingly rude, and, owing to the schistose character of the stone, they are much exfoliated and weathered. At the very top of the stone, on the reverse side, is a small equal-armed 1 A double cross, very similar to this one, enclosed in a circle, and incised on what s evidentlha y bee na pillar-stone s figuree i ,Proceeding th n i d e Eoyath f o sl Irish Academy serd (vol . 2n 275).p burying-groun d . .i ol t e I occur. th n i s d closo t e Killyliiigh Castle, co. Down. The writer of the notice describes it as " a small and very curiously-shaped slab .... different both in shape and design from anything tha havI t e seen." In the same plate a slab from the burying-ground at Glen Columbkille, co. Donegal, is also figured ; it is precisely similar to the other, differing only in this, that the two crosses—contained and containing—are both crosses potent. 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1876.

cross, formed by two well incised lines, each about 5J inches long and f of an inch broad, and rounded at the extremities. No. 4, a and b.—In its general proportions this stone is precisely similar to the last. It is 4 feet long, 7 inches broad at the .top, gradually expandin o 1t g0 J e centreincheth t a s, whenc t i tapere s agai8 o t n inchebottome th averaget d sa ,an s 5\ inche thicknessn si incisione Th . s e righth occun te ston o edgth facee t rf eo on eonl bu , ther a n yo s i e boldly cut cross, formed of two lines half an inch broad, the vertical one bein e transvers th inches6 g d an , e 4J inche n lengthi se Th . distance from the top of the stone to the centre of the cross is one foot. The incisions on the principal face are equally well cut. They are peculiar in their character, although unfortunately, in parts, very much a cros p scaledeeply-cus formeo i sto tw e dy th dawayb t A t .bisectin g lines, each half an inch broad, the vertical line being about 13 inches long, transverse th d an inchese9 fule th lr breadto , stonee th f ho . These lines terminate in triangles in the upper limbs, the incisions increasing in depth as well as width, and opening right out upon the sides and top. Although surfacston the thiat the esis of e part considerably wasted centrthe , eof the cross or point where the lines bisect also shows decided indica- tions of having been angled off in keeping with this mode of termina- tion.1 In the quarterings four pellets are introduced, fully an inch in diameter, and surrounded with a boldly-incised line. The most peculiar feature, however e manneth e cross i th ,n whici rf s o e uppe hth m ar r 1 There are three favourite modes of terminating the limbs of the cross frequently employe n Irelandi d througd an , l changehal f styleo s , froe simplesmth t incised e moslineth o tt s elaborate ornament, each distinctiv n retainow s it s e character. These are, the triangle, the semicircle, and the square. For leading examples in all these phases, vide, Miss Stokes' "Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language." In a vover . fig, ii l y71 . curious instance occur l threal f so e terminals being designedly exemplifie slabe on , n viz.o de triangl th ,e interlace th n i e d knotwor e printh f -o k cipa e semicircl squarth e l e th crosssmalled th d an e an n ,i e r crossee uppeth n ri s quarterings. In Scotlan triangulae dth r terminal headstone o occurtw n so t Millporsa t (" Sculp. Stones of Scot." vol ii. pi. Ixxiv. K"os. 2 and 8), and on the otherwise severely simple cross incisepillar-stone th n do e over the wel t Kilmory-Oia l b ("Arch. Sketchen i s Knapdale," pL xlvi. fig. 1), referred to by the author at p. 103 as "an unusual triangular-shaped head, which is new to me." The diamonded centre is also a characteristic feature, either in combination with the triangle or otherwise. . - - • • ON THE KIL OK BURYING-GROUND TERMED " CLADH BHILE." 45

finishes. From near the centre of the arm two diagonal lines of the same breadt e otherd deptth han s a hs strike outward r 2£fo s inches, and then return nearl righa t ya t angle, until they unite wit triangue hth ^ lar termination and so form a diamond-shaped figure, 5\ by 4 inches. Lower down, upo same nth e face, ther crosa s ei s saltire, formeo tw y db deep, well cut lines, fully 11 inches in length. The breadths vary, average- ing, say half an inch. The cross is cantoned between four rudely cut, equal-armed crosses, 2-'- to 3 inches either way, the lines about f of an inch, in breadth, and, like those on the cross saltire, all the extremities roundede ar . d.—d an e smallest , Althoughth c f , e o b th , e a ,Not a , thion 5 . s i s e mossamth f eto timinterestine eon g stones upo grounde nth , owino gt s beinit g inscribe l foual d r n uo twoo n sidese natura o tt Th ,bu . l form e stonoth f e itself favours this multiplicit incisionsf yrectano a s i t I - . gular block, slightly d rounde en e angles th e taperind t th da an t , a f gof by which it was evidently inserted in the earth. Except the incisions there is no trace of tool-marks or dressing of any kind. It is 1 foot 4 inche extremn si e length inche6 y , b face s , squarth sidese a n th O n e.o the surface of the stone, especially toward the upper part, is now very much chippe weatheredd e an markingd th d e consequentlan , ar s y very indistinct. There has undoubtedly been a cross of some form or other e undeth t r bu upopar , it nt alone remains - perfect e shafex s Th i t . tremely short, and sarcelled or voided at the foot. On the left side ther diagonaa s ei l lin f slightleo y elliptical form, sharpene endse th t d,a and pointin crosscentre e th th f o g.t eo Face b.—This side is very perfect. It is inscribed with a double- barred cross formed of single lines, from half an inch to five-eighths broad, and presents a close resemblance to the form of cross known as " patriarchal, e us f whicth "eo s restrictehi Romise th n i dh Churco ht cardinals and , with this distinction, that in the cross patri- archal the shorter bar, as emblematic of the , is placed above and not belo e transomwth e shafinche7 s Th i tn length. i s e transoth , m 5 inches, and the short bar, which may represent the suppedaneum or support for the body of the crucified, 2£ inches.1 In addition to this, This bar, placed below thetransom, forms another mar affluitf ko y with Irish work. In nallusio thio nt s feature writee a "Arch, th n ri . Cambrensis " (vol.1870 . 108p ) . 46 . PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBEE 11, 1876. however, thera vertica s i e l linn eaco e he cross th sid f o e; that oh righte th , nearl inchey9 n lengti s 1d ^ han inc h fro e centramth l line; the other nearly 9|- inches in length, and only f of an inch from the central line, thus cuttin ge transvers th bot f o h e bars, whil e firsth e t cuts the upper one only. Face c.— e surfacLiketh , a vers ei y much wor d weatheredan n d an , the incisions are very rude and undecipherable. There seems to be at the to horizontaa p l line, about 4| inches long, which crosirreguo tw s - larly disposed vertical line inche3 s d 4£an s long. Ther alse ear o two diagonal lines simila thao rt fac n . o t ea Face d.—Like face b this side is very perfect, and the surface smooth t d flatI carriean . a deepls y incise d welan dl graven Latin cross9 , inche n lengthi s stiletta f o ,r daggeo o r e formtransversTh s i . r ba e 5J inches lon d haln inca an gf h broad rounded e endse an , th Th t d.a s alsi uppe om rounded ar e rsam th ed breadt an ,e top t conth bu ,t -ha tractin t approachei s ga centree shafe sth Th t . proper whar ,o t woule db dagger e blade th th f eonlo s i inc ,n a y h f J tope o broa th , t graduallda y running out to a fine point. No. 6, a and 1.—A small slab of micaceous schist, incised on both sides, 1 foot 11J inches in extreme length, 9J inches broad at the top by 7| at the bottom, and 2| inches thick. On the face a there is a double cross, the one planted in the centre e othere firso th s fequal-armedi Th t . singlformeo d tw an , f edo cross lines 3 inches in length. The containing cross is 9 inches in length, of the Latin form, the arms averaging about 2^ inches in breadth. Beneath

states:—"A curious variety, which seems to belong to this period [ninth century], is found very often in the islands off the west coast of Ireland. It has two, and sometimes three arms; the widest being at the top, instead of the bottom as in the papa e patriarchalth cros d an s l e Holcrosth f yso Sepulchre." Examples occur in the "Christian Inscrip." vol. ii. fig. 20, the " Cross of the Women" at Inismurray, figs , 7 anbot2 .30 d h fro t Brecan'smS , Aranmor. Belo e transowth e th f mo relieved cross on the pillar-stone at Kilmory-Oib, there is apparently a similar bar, terminatin dilaten gi r bulboudo s extremities ("Arch. Sketche n Knapdale,i s " pi. "a paie b f leave ro o t xlvi 3 s 10 .branchin state , fig. p 2) . t da g fro shaft.e mth n I " "e Sculpth . Stone Scot.f so " vol pi. crosa .ii ., double-barredIxviii7 o s s . No . , incised in single lines and combined with the shears, is given from the burying-ground at Balquhidder. ON THE KIL OK BURYING-GROUND TEEMED " CLADH BHILE." 47 the transo twe moar circular pellets, about 1 \ inc diametern hi , planten di squares. The incised lines generally are irregular in breadth, and the execution rude. But the most peculiar feature of this cross is the manne whicn i r e elongatehth de shaf lineth f ts o terminate. Thee yar turned outward on either side, in the form of a bold and decided scroll o facre spiral.therth b e Lati a n s eO i n1 cross foo1 , t inche8 lon y gb s acros armse sth severae th ; l limb inche3 s n breadthi e shafs th td an , tapering slightly toward the foot, where it is sarcelled or voided. In the centre of the crossing there is a small pit |- inch'in diameter, and in the upper quarterings two pellets 1£ inch in diameter, giving a full breadth across of 4| inches. No. 7.—A small irregular-shaped stone, 1 foot 10J inches long by abou inche9 t breadtn i s thicknesd han e top th ,t gradualla s y tapering to the lower extremity. It presents one smooth face, of an elongated triangular form, and upon it is incised a well-defined , 11£ inches in vertical length, by 2f inches broad; the transom 8 inches long 2$y b inches broad incisee Th . d line froe incn sar a m h f • o §Jo broadt , e extremitieth runnin t a e transomutilis o t t th gs e fulf ou a so e th l o s , breadte stone th d givin f an o ,h a gbold , simple outline n perfeci , t preservation. The most striking peculiarity lies in the termination of e for s taperei th e mshaft a pointt th n I i wel o t ds . a ,l knowo t n —the cross fitche'e. Notwithstanding the extensive familiarity which the use of this form of cross in connection with pilgrimages must 1 Like most of the other specialities in these crosses, this must by no means be viewe mera s da e e carvera sla vagart th e parn Clonmacnoisa bf th O o t n . yo , attributed to the seventh century, the shaft of the cross is terminated in exactly the same manner (" Christ. Inscrip." vol . figi . .upo d 6)an ;n anothe e samr th sla t eba place, probably of the ninth century, in the shaft of a double-lined cross, the internal lines run down and tenninate in the triangular form characterising the cross fitchee; while the external lines are turned off on either side precisely as in this stone at Cladh Bhile (ibid. fig. 92). When the cross was afterwards adopted as a heraldic emblem, these variations acquired a well-defined and permanent character, the scroll in question being trans- muted into the cross molined, or anchored; for, in the quaint but graphic language oldesr ou f t o booke oheraldryon n f so , " Certe haue nw ea cross e whych callys i e d crossa e tornyd agayn thid an ,s cross callys ei d retornyd cause th r e fo :y * thendef so this cross euerysydn eo retornee ear d maneragaye th ramysa y nf b e o home "e ("Th . Albans,BooSt f o k"b Blasyngsu " f Armes,o e " Hazlewood's Reprint, 1810f ,o Wynky Worde'e nd . 1496sed , rev. iiij.)a . 8 :"4 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , DECEMBER 11,'1876.

have induced occurrencs it , vers i e y rare indeee inciseth n sculpr do do - tured stones of Scotland. It is, however, by no means infrequent in Ireland; and in the " Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language," nearly a dozen instances, ranging froe eightth m h century downwarde ar , given from different localities, and in a variety of interesting combina- tions.1 From instances such as these it is evident that the cross fitchee dates fro perioma a dheraldi s lona ge cus anterio e emblems th it t o t rA . same s undoubtedltime e wa earlies th t i , f o te varietieyon e crosth f sso so employed earle th yn I heraldi. c work already quoted e followinth , g quaint descriptio t occuri f n o connection si n wit crossee hth s patted an e fleury:— crossa f "O e patent iixibyll. This crosse paten mads i t e dyuere th n si fote of the same as it aperyth here, and thene it. is called a crosse patent fyxible. For in thende suche a crosse maye be pitched in ye whiche crosse thre of y° hyer partes are open in the corners and broder than in myddes e fots th hi s dysposeei d an , pytcho dt d therth.n ei An " . . .. knowe ye y* ther e maneb y crosse e madwhiche b th sy e fyxiblema e s a , it shall be shewed here folowynge in dyuersly.2 a cross f "O e flurry. This crosse flurry somtym s borni e n annei e s fyxabyll. And thende is called in armes a crosse flurry fyxabll; for in thre of his endes he is florysshyng, and ye fote pitehablyl or fyxabyll."3 No. 8.—Thi a fragmen is s t very irregula raggeand r outlinein d 1 , foot 9 inches long by 10 inches broad and 2 inches thick. It is in- cised upon one face only. The design has been a well-proportioned Latin cross, abou 3 inche1 t s lon 8y gJb ovearmse th r , whicinche3 e ar hn si breadth, while the shaft is only 2| inches ; it is also sarcelled or open at the foot. The lines generally are half an inch broad, and barely |- of an inch deep, with a slightly rounded section, and present the appearance having been formed by means of a small pick, or sharp-pointed tool.

plaia ( 9 1n5 Vide , Lati56 , nvol cross18 . figs. i , f approximatelo 14 ,. e samyth e size as the above, but more graceful in its .proportions. It is curious that here also the transverse arms are shown as being appreciably narrower than the shaft), 89, 92 ; , &c36 . , 30 vol . ii . 2 " . BooAlbans,St f ko "b Blasyng"su Armes,f eo " avj, 3 Ibid, aiij. OX THE KIL OR BU11YING-OKOUND TERMED " CLADH BJIILE." 49

No. 9.—This n irregularlia s y outlined bloc f micaceouko s schis1 t foot 9 inches long by 1 foot 5% inches broad and 2 inches thick, quite rough and undressed. It is incised only upon one face, with a double- barred cross, but it is difficult to tell whether the stone is complete or not. The cross itself r whao , t t pari remains f o t s 9i , ^ inches longe th , transom 7 inches, and the short bar 2J inches. Owing to the exfoliation e stoneoth f shafe th , vers i t y irregula rangy widthn i rma ed froan , m 1-J inch at the one extremity to \ at the other, and about f of an inch deep, bare th s being hal incn a f hquarteringe broadth n I . foue sar r little pits, -f of an inch in diameter. 'So. 10.—Thi larga s si e fragmentar yusuae slath f blo micaceous schist, quite shapeless and irregular in its outlines. Its dimensions are 1 foot 11 inche lengtn i sfoo1 y thb 5^ inche breadtn si 2-Jd -h an inche n thicki s - surfacee nessTh quit.e ar s e undressed therd ,an e woul nothine db g about it to attract attention save for the deeply marked and peculiar incisions which occus facesit f r o . upo e Theon n y evidently form a par f o t design f whico , e majoth h r portion s beeha , n lostI canno. t give a better probably ide f whao ma a t i t y have been tha y referrinb n g e crost th or pillar-stono s t a Millport,e o timeousls 1 y rescued from the destruction which befell the stone coffin found with it. A prominent feature on both sides of this stone is a hexagon, enclosed in a circle. The circles themselves, and the segmental ellipses hexagonally dividing them e formear , incisey b d hexafoilde th lines, t bu s radiating from the centre are in each case formed by deeply incised si-likings. If we suppose an entire absence of the enclosing circle, or any incised lines whatever, and that in their stead between the points of the radiating foils similar elliptical sinkings be placed, then we shall have a design precisely similar to that of which apparently this stone at Cladh Bhile presents a portion.2 If this idea be correct, the completed figure would be a hexafoil at least

1 "Sculptured Stone f Scot.o s " Noticed vol e . pian th ii . ., f 2 o Ixxiys . No . Plates. 37 . p , e SkeitTh 2 h Ston t Kilrennya e , Fifeshire, shows eight complete foils enclosed withi a ncircle , produce e sam("y th Sculpewa n i d . Stone f Scotland,o s " vol. ii . pi. cxxiv.). VOL. XII. PART I. D 0 5 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , DECEMBE , 1876R11 .

inche6 1 diametern si , inscribe a ston n do e possibly simila s dimenit n ri - s thea r y fa remain o s ellipticae n I th , . 2 sion ld Nossinkingo t san 1 . s are 5 or 6 inches in length, the marginal ones 1£ inch broad, the only remaining radiating foil being If inch l boldl The. al . t dowe yar cu o nt a square section nearl inchn a yf .o f deep . . 11.—ANo n irregularly outlined, bloc f mica-schistko fee2 fee 3 ,y t b t 9 inches, and 3\ or 4 inches thick. One end tapers at an obtuse angle pointa o t , suggestin s insertioe modit th gf o e n thi n e th earth n I . middl f tho e ee sidestone on a smal , n o , l cros s inscribedi s , formef o d single lines 5| and 5 inches in length and | an inch in breadth, contract- o facilitatt f e centrei th s e worin t A egth a incision f .ko e verticath , l line follows the track of a natural vein or channel in the stone. No. 12.—This stone belong quito st edifferena t category fro otherse mth , and yet while there are no marks upon it indicative of any monumental use, apart from such an object it is difficult to tell by what accident it occurs in such a locality. From the notches cut on each side of the feeding or grain-hole, for the admission of the cross-bar, it is evidently one-half of the rider or upper stone of a quern, which in its complete state has been 2 fee n diametei t 2-d Jan rinche s thickgraie Th n. hol s i 3eJ inches wide, the notches are 8£ inches over all, and cut ^ of an inch deep, and as muc width n hi stone Th quits ei . e notcheeth flan o tr lowedo r face, wit indicationo n h concavityy an s ver i f o sd y e uppean ,roug th n ro h surface.1 From the preceding description I think there can be little difficulty in determining true 'th e characte thesf o r e memorial t flag-stoneno e b t o st sbu pillar-stones. Unless there is reason to believe that the stone had been re-used r diverteo , d fro s originamit l purpose, wherever an incision occurs on other tha principae nth reasonably l facema t i , assumee yb d that such

1 An instance of the upper stone of a quern being used as a grave-stone is given by Dr Petrie, from Clonmacnois t iI s . richly ornamente wha n beeds o e undeha tnth r r grindino g surface stonth f eo e with four distinct ornaments— zig-zage "th , rope, bead, and Etruscan fret; and though it is not easy to fix its exact date, it will be sufficiently evident from tlie absenc a surnam f e inscriptioneo th n i e t a , s thai t i t least anterio elevente th o rt h cent inscribee u Th ." d name is conjecturer D y b d Petrie to be probably that of Sechnasach, "Priestof Dnrrow," who died 928 or 931 (" Eccl. Arch, of Ireland," p. 339 ; and E. I. Acad. Cat. p. 107). KIE BURYING-GROUNR OLO NTH D TERMED " CLADH BHILE.1 5 "

part of the stone was intended to be kept in view and not concealed. The form of the stones themselves also favours this supposition, present- ing as they do either a rough or a prolonged and un-incised extremity, by means of which they were evidently designed to be inserted in the earth. In addition to this, with exception of a few of the largest examples, e dimensionth s reall suce yar s mak ha t veri e y unlikely that they were intended to lie flat upon the grave. e questioTh n would indeed present very little difficultyt werno t i e that stones of similar character are very rare in the West Highlands. Embodying as it does the result of extensive and accurate surveys per- sonally conducted,1 on this point I may be allowed to quote the opinion of one than whom few are better entitled to be heard. Mr Muir, in his " Characteristic Churcd Ol f so h Architecture," combatin e prevalenth g t idea of the " sepulchral slabs " found so extensively distributed throughout Wese th t Highland burying-grounds having been purloined from lona, states:—"To imagine that all r eve,considerably o an n e number, came thence, would be to maintain, not only that stones of the lona type were not in use anywhere except in lona itself, but that until the monumental exodus took place, no memorial of any kind lay over the body of military chief or churchman deposited in less sacred ground than the Eeilig Grain: for it must be remembered, that saving the ' protestant' slab with its long-winded eulogy o othen , r descriptio f memorialo n s than those just referreanywhere ar o t d e existine countyth t n . a i 100)g (p "d An . page 94 of the same work we read:—" Headstone memorials of ancient date seem to be quite as rare as brasses." The complement of this state- ment bein ge previou founth n o d s page—"I s perhapi t s needleso t s remark that brasse t extincale bu lsar Scotland.n i t " varioue th n I s preface appendiced an s e " Sculptureth o t s d Stonef o s Scotland " Dr Stuart has so ably discussed the use of the pillar-stone as a sepulchral memorial not only in prehistoric and pagan times, but also its continuation for the same object into the Christian period, that for the elucidation of this point a simple reference to that work will be sufficient.2 1 Vide " Char, of Old Church Arch." sub Burying-Grounds and Sepulchral Slabs, , 10894 . . pp 2 Fide vol. i. Pref. pp i.-vi.; vol. ii. Pref. pp. 37, 38; Note p. 48; Appendix Prefacee th o t , chap. iii. "Early Pillars and Crosses, xliii.-xlviii. "pp . and'chap. .viii. "Early Modes of Burial," pp. lix.-lxv. 2 5 PROCEEDING THF SO E SOCIETY, DECKMBKE 11, 187G.

The supercessio pillar-stone th f no flae th t slay a differeneb s bi t ques- e determinatioth tion r fo , e anon df whico n h very slight materials unfortunately exis n thii t s country. Owine deficiencyth o gt , indeed, bot f well-authenticateho d remainf literaro d an ys record Wese th n ti s Highlands, a wide gap is all that marks our knowledge of the transition from the monolith of prehistoric and pagan times, erected- wherever he whom it commemorates was at once interred, to the "effigied . or sculp- tured slab, coverin spoe gth t where laten i , r ages remaine deadth e , th f ,so borne greaoftea r fo nt distance over lan sead dan , were lai consecraten di d ground. • n IrelanI s quiti t i de otherwise : there almost ever yproe steth -f po cess may be traced, through its several stages, from the one mode of commemoration to the other, her ancient and in many cases now dis- used cemeteries supplying the most authentic evidence regarding early practic thin ei s respect. Ther pillar-stonee eth , ogham-graven, or—if ins a , the majority of our own West Highland slabs, all personal reference to the dea absent—exhibitine db g such simple ascription DNs sa S. DJS . I DNO, takes precedence before any other form of memorial. .Instances occur at Killeen-Corraac, Kil-Finten, Eeask, Killpeacan, Kilnasaggart, ann connectioi d n wite oratorieth h f Galleruo s d Kilmalkedaran s . Inismurray and the Aran islands also contribute their quota, and it is just in remote localities like these we may naturally expect such relics oprimitivstila e f b existence n li o t e eag . That the pillar-stone, then, preceded the flag-stone there can be little doubt; but the change from the one to the other must in all likelihood have begu tako nt e n placearla t ya e period. Probabl o distinctioyn n between the practice of pagan and Christian times in relation to mode f intermeno s t would more effectually contribut o thit e s result thaconsecratiothe n a particula of n purposewas rthe areit for a as , deemed, of Christian burial. Interment within such ground was sup- pose confeo dt r peculiar advantages upon those whose dust might at last be found reposing withi s sacrenit de grea th limits; to t d thist an no 1,

curiou1A s instanc f thieo s feelin s exhibitegwa y Audeb d , wido f Olawo f Die White firse th ,t 'Norwegian Kin Dublinf go . Afte r husband'he r s deatl wene sh io t t Iceland, whic thes hnwa pagan died ,an d there. built Christian"Sha no s dd ewa di t bu , any church, erecting only some crosse t whicsa saie r prayershsh dhe beford an , e U^r ON THE KIL Oil BURYIMG-GROUND TERMED " CLADH BIULE." 53 only, or those to whom a mark of special distinction might be considered mattea s a duo t f religiouo r bu , s privileg necessitr eo allo yt , whether rich or t withipoorBu restricte.o ns n groun dspaceo a d dan , subjec freo t t - quent disturbance, the awkwardness of the pillar-stone, except when it wa f comparativelso y email dimensions, coul t faino dl soo o becomt n e apparent. Considerations of convenience would thus do much to subvert the one custom, and the ready command of suitable materials to make the introduction of the other natural and appropriate. Eeligious preposses- sions would also pla unimportano yn changee t parth n pillar-stone i t th , e passing into desuetude as associated with pagan times, the cross-graven flat slab gradually takin s placgit mors ea e distinctively Christian. While then the use of the pillar-stone in early Christian times must viewee naturae b th s da l continuatio long-establishea f no d custom, there calittle nb e doubt e practic, th tha o t t e introduced under Christianity of general sepulture withi limitena d area, must (excephumblesthe in t t class of memorials, and the more important cases, such as crosses, where proper security could be given to the foundation), be attributed the disuse erectl oal f merelr o , y earth Jast stones alss i t oI eviden. t that wha trus ti e of Ireland in this respect, would be equally true of the West Highlands, were it not reasonably open to doubt whether the intermediate stage, of which such unmistakabl e countryeon trace e d evefoune th di ,ar s r n di reall y othere t tha exisScoto-Cele th Bu th tpas n t saltumi .tr no spe d di t from the monolith, even to the earliest of the slabs, other evidence in addi- tio thano t t submitted this evening migh adducede th . For, bearing indis- putable evidenc f antiquityo e d chieflan , n out-of-the-wai y y localities, scattered instances do occasionally occur sufficient to render it at least probable that previou e generath o t s l introductio flae th t slabf no , erect stones of similar character to those at (Jladh Bliile, must have been in prevalent use. Society'e th n I s Museum1 ther interestinn a s ei g exampl sucf eo earln ha y headstone from Eilea smalna s Mohri lt I sla .chlorite-schistf bo fee2 , t

deat expressee hsh beace buriee wise pare th b d th th f o a ho tt n do se covere e th y db at flood time, not willing, she said, to rest in unhallowed soil" ("Chron. of Man anSudreys,e dth " edite Profy db . Munc h: Pref . xii.)p . . 1 Presented in 1862 by the late Sir J. Y. Simrson, Bart., and figured in the " Sculp- ' " tured Stone f Scotland,so " vol . pi.ii . ciii. 4 5 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , DECEMBER 11, "187C. 2 inches long by 1 foot at greatest breadth, and 2 inches thick. In the uppe f irregulao r pars i t ti r outline t taperbu , s gradually towar lowee dth r end, where, in the words of the original descriptive notice, it distinctly " shows marks of having been partly buried in the ground." It is incised upon one side only, and exhibits a cross-potent 12J inches long, the transom 6| inches, the traverses at the ends of the three upper limbs 2J inches, and that at the foot of the shaft barely 2 inches long. But the most curious feature is the incised line carried round the upper- most travers rectangulaa n ei rdistinc d formad o inches,t 2 - 4f y i |b s a , entircrosse e heae th Th tioth f ed.o o n t length , with this feature added, is 13^ inches, and as the transom exactly bisects the cross at this length verticainchee 2 1 th (no f e o sth t l limb) e terth , m "Latin cross" used e descriptioith n s thuni s scarcely appropriate e lineTh s. throughout var incn y a breadth fron boldlhf i e o mar f d o yJt channelle,an witt dou h a V-section to the average depth of \ an inch, and show evident traces at the sides that the sinking has been produced by vertical blows of some pointed tool, and left without much polish, except what time may have given eithen O . r side, right abov e traversesth e e threar , e little pits, inc\n ha broa \y db o f an inch deep, formin slightla g y isoscelesed triangle If inch on the side. An additional example both of the cross-potent and the headstone occurs in a small slab preserved in the garden at Taynish House, Loch Swen t sai bu o hav,t d e been brough d burying-grountol fro e mth t da Kilmory-Oib.1 In form and dimensions it approximates very closely to that just mentioned, except that it is still more triangular in outline. Of similar style, and fro e sammth e district e stonth s ei , apparently still remaining in situ at Ach-na-cille, on the farm of Oibmore. It is

about 4 feet by 2 feet, inscribed on both sides with Latin crosse2 s of antique character, variously decorated, and presenting a close analogy to those on some of the stones at CladhBhile. Thus, in fig. 3, with exception peculiae oth f r prolongatio shafe th tf no beyon circumference dth e th f eo circle, this circl broae e th itself d equal-armean , d cros t containssi , both design i dimensionsd nan , closely resembles tha thn o te principal facf o e

1 Describe figured dan d by-Capt. White, "Arch. Sketche Knapdale,n si " pi. xliii. Descripd figs . an an1 ., 98 d2 . .p "Arch. Sketche Knapdale,n si " Descrippid . an xlvi, 4 .d . p.-102figsan 3 . . 2 ON THE BURYING-GROUNKIR LO D TERMED " CLADH BHILE.5 5 " No. 2, aniea; and although this stone is only a fragment, there can be little s originalldoubwa t i t t leasa y s larga ts tha a et Oibmorea t . The crosses upon the other side, both large and small, so far as can be judged fro sketche m th equall y ma , matchee yb d from Cladh Bhile.l Ther s alsi e a oemai le Museumstonth n i e , presente y Captaib d n Thomas, evidently designed for the same purpose, but unfortunately mutilated in the under portion. It is of hornblendic gneiss, and barely 16 inche n extremi s e lengt y 9b hJ inches broad d 2f an , inches thick. side Oenon ther inscribes ei dLatia n cross ,1 inche 1 10 r |o s lon6 y gb inches acros armse th s singl,o formetw e f lineso d n a , f froo m f \o t inch broad, with a slightly-rounded section not exceeding in depth, at most inch n vera d , f an ^y,o simila thao t r t already mentione s charda - acterising No. 9, antea. The surface of the stone is wasted at the extremi- ties of the lines, except on the left line, which terminates in a decidedly triangular form, similar to No. 4, antea. The cross is cantoned between four little pits, f of an inch broad. Dr Stuart states that it was "found in the walls of a farm-house, and is said to have been removed from the ruined chape t Taran,S f islane o l th "f Taransayn d2i o , Harris. But what really constitutes the true peculiarity of Cladh Bhile is not only that it contains pillar-stones, but that it does so to the entire exclusion of the sepulchral slab or flagstone, in every form it can assume, and this in a district where it is evident that for centuries the use of the latter must have been universal r e MuiwordM th , f ro sbein g strictly applicable to its places of interment generally when he says—"No other descriptio memorialnof s than those just referre anywherare to d e exist- ing," 3 thos moderf eo n date excepted. Among West Highland burying-grounds, then, unique in what it has—

1 "Sculp. Stone Scot.f so " vol . pi.ii . ciii.Noticed an , s Platese o. fth 60 . p , Kintyre th n 2I e volum "e Archaologicath f eo l Sketches, smal"a l slab, similao rt the above, is given. It occurs in the burying-ground at Kilchenzie, and is described by Capt. Whit beins ea g "probably muc oldese hth t reli"s i a all.f ct o I roug " h oblong stone, abou fee4 t n lengthi t , wit hruda e for f wheel-crossmo , brought ou t by means of a broadish band or beading in relief" PI. v., Descrip. p. 127. When the exhaustive character of Capt. White's examination and the facilities at his com- mand are considered, it is matter of- surprise that Kintyre and Knapdale should furnish eo small a quota of these interesting relics. 3" Char, of Old Ch. Arch." p. 100. 6 5 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , DEUEMBEli 11, 187fi. pillar-stones exclusively, uniqu not—the-recumbens whan eha i t i t t slab, I would suggest with regard to Cladh Bhile, that, taken in .connection wit e earlth h y characte s existinit f o r g remains e mosth , t likely reason for this peculiarity may be that it had fallen into disuse prior to the general introductio e flagstoneth f o ne par t f th leasthosa ,o t n y o tb e whom such mementoes of the dead were likely to be employed. • And, after all, the majority of the sculptured slabs do not carry us very far back. In lona a few of early date do occur, but we have nothing to match that continuous serie e sisteth s r islan s abli d presento t e , lona apart, grant even that the earliest examples occasionally to be met wit e 13t hbaco th g herhthered o t ky centuryan e ma , lonw gho , a. period does even this require ere the custom became generally diifused ? By what, then, were these slabs precede d? That under Christianity they formed the earliest memento 'of the dead throughout the West Highland districts we cannot believe. They must, in all likelihood, have supplanted something more rude and simple. May the burying-grouud which has this evening occupied so much of your attention not help to give an answer to this question 1 One thing is certain, the name of the place itself, the style of the art, the form of the crosses, and their distinctive peculiarities, carr bacs a datyu o ket whe e intercoursnth e betweee th n twin branches of the Celtic race was much more intimate than in later times, so intimate, indeed, as to be in its results almost identical. A diligent scrutin f suitablo y e localities would doubtless brino t g lighvestigew ne t f thio s s interestin gd fres ad period h d linkan , s of connection betwee e earlie th nd th an er later practice f thao - s re t mote age. . As showing the special interest attachable both to the locality in ques- tion, and the district in which it is situated, I cannot more appropriately close this paper than by referring to one of the latest and most important contribution e earlth yo t sr nativhistor ou 0 th f 56 eo y landn I . Palriadic Scots -sustained a severe check at the hands of the Pictish king Bruidhe f Mailchuo n so , . Their king Gabhra colon e killeds th nwa d yan , driven back within its earliest limits. This success obtained on the part of a still heathen power against his own countrymen seems to have exercise dconsiderabla e influenc stimulatinn i e zeae d missionarth gan l y enterpris f Columbaeo . Three years aftee datth re mentioned e firsth , t OX THE KIL OR BURYING-GROUND TERMED " CIADI1 B1IILK " 57 ium hi Scotlane cour f th o glimps f t Cuiiallt o ta go s di e ew , nephed wan successor of Gabhran. The notic s almosi e t incidental d introducean , Adamnay db conu ni - nection wit "ha prophetic revelation, relatingr "o event doesn i a s o a t ,,t transpirin e momenth t ga Irelandn i t , morwhay ema t appropriatele yb calle casda f "eo secon d sight." Still this notice casts valuable lighn o t Columba's first movements pendin cessioe gth f Hygivend o an , s consist- s traditionaenchi o yt l connection wit e shoreth h f Locso h Caolisport. Alludin e battlth o et g between Bruidh d Gabhranean , and Columba's subsequent visi o Conallt e recentlt th n i , y issued volum s greahi f teo work on " Celtic Scotland," 1 Mr Skene states :— " The territories occupied by the Scots of Dalriada had in consequence been muc he tim restrictedth er fo probabl d an , d not-extenydi d much beyon e peninsuldth f Kiao n tyre (inclusiv f Knapdale)eo d perhapan , s Cowal whild an predecessors ; ehi termee sar d annad Hiol Allane - th y b list Tighernac, Conall beari Dalriada e titlM th sf eo s onlychieHi f. seat appears at this time to have been at a place which the annalist calls Delgon or Cindelgend,2 in Kintyre; and it seems to have been situated wese oth n t coas f Knapdaleo t e curiouTh . s cave chape t Covea l n o , Loch Caolisport, which, tradition says, was Columba's first church in Scotland before he sailed to lona, is probably connected with his resi- dence with King Conall."

In conveying my acknowledgments to Mr Joseph Anderson for much useful aid, I only express the-feelings of those similarly engaged for the courtesy with which his extensive information is placed at their disposal.

Gallowar [M y also exhibited drawing e Chape th t Saturninf S so f o l t a , t Wandrille-EangonS cantoe th n Caudebec-en-Cauxf ,i n o , Seine-Inferieurc, France. This very curiou anciend san t buildin s formerlgwa a smaly l chape r oratoro l y connected wit e monasterth h t WandrilleS f o y r o , Fontenelle, after the abbey of St Ouen, said to be the oldest foundation

1 Vol. ii. pp. 85, 86. Mr Skene also mentions a charter granted by John, Lord of the Isles, and dated 3 fro mplaca e called Clean dagUallagan, probably identical wit e abovehth . 0 6 PROCEEDING SOCIKTY/JANUARE TH F SO , 1877.Y8 -

Vase, with cove up-curved an r d side handles, 4J inches high; plain, hlack. Vase, with almost horizontal handles d projectionan , t eaca s h side, with cover painted, with a pattern of cross lines and dots, 3^ inches high. Aryballos, or small bottle-shaped vase, with side handle, 3^ inches high. • Two flat shallow dishes of bla'ck ware, 5 inches diameter, 1 inch in height, ornamente n thi d e centre with three small leaf-like impressed stamps. Terra cotta vas shapn i ecocka f eo , 4-|- inches high, with side handle, and perforations for filling. Small alabaster unguent vase 4 inche, n lengthi s , 1J inch diameter, with round bottom and flat projecting lip. ' " • Similar small vase of variegated glass or vitreous paste, 4^ inches long. Small vase of variegated vitreous paste, with flat circular foot and elongated neck, 3 inches in length. . Small mask in terra cotta, 1J. inches in length.

(2.) By JAMES T. GIBSON CRAiG/Esq., F.S.A. Scot. Five Scottish snuff-boxe lase th t f centuryo s , viz.:— 1. Snuff-box of hardwood, 2^- inches high, and measuring 2| by 2 inches in its greatest diameter at the top, narrowing to 2 by If inches bottome amountes i th t t I . d wit hsilvea r rim-and hinge d bearsan , n i , an oval space on the centre of the lid, a monogram of the initials W. P. Snuff-bo2. similaof x r for sizemand , but mad staveof e s alternately of wood and ivory. The lid is of inlaid work, round a central star of ivory. The bottom bears the date 1710-76, and on a silver hoop round the rim of the box is the inscription'JAMES FERGUSON, 1754. . Snuff-bo3 '•' f similao x r form, 2J inches high, mad f ivoro e y overlaid y alternatb e stave f tortoise-shelo s d mother-of-pearlan s li d li e Th . silver-mounted, and contains,, as a centre-piece, an' oval setting of amber, wit hcupia chas n di staga f eo . Round this centre-piec a borde s i ef o r alternate panel f mother-of-pearo s d tortoise-shellan l , wite letterth h s D. J. G. The rim is bound with silver, and decorated with the figure of a winged heart, ove a brancr h wit a hscallo e bottoth p n shellmO . as i n oval silver plate, wit lettere hth . sG M . J . DONATIONS TO Till? MUSEUM. 61

. Smalle4 r same boxth ef , o ford similaman r workmanship 2 inche, s high, with plain silver mountings. f similao x rBo workmanship. 5 t circulabu , r insteae f th ovao d n i l transverse section, silver-mounted bottoe th , f mmother-of-pearlo d li e th , painted wit hminiatura femalea f eo . (3.) By KEITH STEWAR.T MACKENZIE, Esq. of Seaforth, F.S.A. Scot. Cinerary urn, 14£ inches high, 14 inches diameter at the mouth, nar- rowing to 5 inches across the bottom. The upper part is ornamented iu a

Urn found at Eumsfort Park, Co. Wexfonl Ireland <]4J inches high).

very unusual styl y rowb ef rouno s d flat-topped discs d roundean , d mouldings running parallel to each other round the body of the urn. Under the first row there is a border of chevrony ornament, which is repeated underneath the bulge, and the tapering lower part of the urn is decorated with nearly vertical bands or mouldings, which stand out .from 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THB SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1877. boln i founs n d ur reliefdigginwa n di e t bodI e th .th f ggraveya o t pi l at Eamsford Park, County .Wexford, Ireland n 1868i ,urn e Th ,. whic h is interesting on account of its large size and peculiar ornamentation, is well represented in the accompanying figure. (4.) By Miss JESSIE KENNEDY, through JAMES DALGAKNO, Esq., Corr. Mem. S.A. Scot. Arrow flintd hea re inc 1 ,f dlengtho n h i , with barb stemd an s , barbs broken, slightly serrated along the edges. Leaf-shaped, almost triangular hea f yellodo w flint, f inc n lengthi h , bot he Meikl founth t a de Loch, Slains, Aberdeenshire. (5.) By JAMES DALGARNO, Esq., Slains, Corr. Mem. S.A. Scot., the Author. Notes on the Parish of Slains and Forvie in the Olden Days. Printed for private circulation. 4to. . 187620 . Pp . (6.WILLIAy B ) M LONG, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. Scot. Authore th , . Stonehenge and its Barrows. Large paper. 8vo. 1876. (7.) By the Hon. WILLIAM OWEN STANLEY. F.S.A., the Author. Cyttiaur Gwyddelod. Antiquitie n Holyheasi d Islan d Angleseadan , explored in 1862-76. Lond. 8vo. 1876. (8.) By JAMES BURGESS, Esq., Archteological Surveyor of "Western India, the Editor. The Indian Antiquary, Vols. II.-IV., and parts 1-4 of Vol. I. 4to. Bombay 1872-76. e CONGEESSth (9.y B ) . Congre's ArchaBologique de France. XLI. Session. Seances a Agen t Toulousee . 8vo. 1876. e POLYMATUIth (10. y B ) O SOCIET f MOKBIHANYo . Bulletin de la Society Polymathique du Morbihan. Annee 1875.

There were also exhibited :—Two Original Documents deposited in the Museum by the Trustees of the late Miss AGNES BLACK, Perth, viz.:— 1. A Copy, with Signatures, of the National Covenant, 1638, on vellum. DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. 63 Soleme 2Th . n Leagu d Covenanan e f 1643o t s renewea , n 1648i d , also with original Signatures on vellum. [See the subsequent coumuni cation by Mr LAINO.] followine Th g Communications were read:—