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02 Un02 Sci8 Skp87-176.Pdf 02-SK8-Unit2A 3/29/10 4:30 PM Page 87 U n i t 2 Optics and Vision ight comes. You are ready to fall asleep. You turn off your bedside light, and the room is suddenly thrown into N darkness. For a moment, you cannot see a thing. What happens to the objects in your room? Why can’t you see them? Do they disappear? Do their colours turn to black? Do you need light to see them? Do objects have a light of their own? Optics is the scientific study of the properties of light and the way technology uses these properties. It is a A photographers’ gallery subject that has fascinated and puzzled people for centuries. In this unit, you will study the properties of visible light as well as those of other types of radiation. By answering Sunglasses affect vision. the questions above, you will broaden your understanding about the way light is produced, transmitted, and detected. You will learn that colours have special meaning for First Nations and Métis peoples and relate to the stages of life as shown in the colours of the medicine wheel. BIG IDEAS 1.0 Light travels in straight lines and illuminance decreases with distance from its source. The rainbow is a natural splitting of light. 2.0 The law of reflection describes how light reflects from a plane mirror. 3.0 Light is refracted by transparent materials, and this is what makes lenses so useful. 4.0 The properties of light explain how the eye and the camera capture images. 5.0 The visible light spectrum is made up of different colours. Colours hold special meaning for First Nations and Métis peoples. 6.0 Visible light is only one part of the electromagnetic spectrum. ©P Unit 2 Optics and Vision 87 02-SK8-Unit2A 3/29/10 4:31 PM Page 88 InvitationInvitation toto ExploreExplore SKILLS CANADA SASKATCHEWAN Wollaston Lake Cree Lake Reindeer Lake Montreal Lake Prince Albert North Sa R. sk n atchewa Saskatoon outh Sa . S sk R atchewan Regina Skills Canada Saskatchewan Moose Jaw provides students with chances to explore skilled occupations and to meet students from 100 Km their province, Canada, and around the world. Photos courtesy of WorldSkills International 88 ©P 02-SK8-Unit2A 3/29/10 4:31 PM Page 89 How can projects in secondary, post-secondary, and apprenticeship courses lead to light and graphics demonstrations in an international competition? Skills Canada Saskatchewan could International Photo courtesy WorldSkills have the answer. Four Saskatchewan cities take turns to host the annual Olympic-style skills competitions that provide a forum for secondary, post-secondary, and apprentice students to compete to be the best in the province. Students compete in more than 25 trade and technology areas. Those who win at the Skills Canada Saskatchewan competition have an opportunity to compete at the Canadian Skills Competition. Every two years, In September 2009, 51 countries/ the top Canadian Skills competitors have an additional opportunity regions competed at the International WorldSkills Competition at Stampede to compete at a WorldSkills competition and to meet students Park in Calgary, Alberta. from many other countries. Skills Canada Saskatchewan’s mission is “to promote skilled trades and technologies as a first-choice career option for youth in Saskatchewan.” Skills Canada Saskatchewan directly involves industry in evaluating student performance at the competition. Photo courtesy WorldSkills International Photo courtesy WorldSkills Light, Optics, and Technology Light, colour, optics, and waves are used in the various trades and technologies that are associated with Skills Canada Saskatchewan. Electricians connect fluorescent and incandescent lights. Web designers use colourful graphics and animations in website layouts. Graphic artists use colour to design graphics for Welders wear protective eyewear print resources. Hairstylists use colour in a different way in hair to shield their eyes from radiation dye to colour or de-colour hair. Electronics technologists use produced from the welding arc. light-emitting diodes (LEDs), strobe lights, and black lights. Robotics specialists manoeuvre their robots using radio waves from a radio controller. With a partner or in a small group, brainstorm other uses of optics and light in careers in trades and technologies such as: • Computer Animation (2-D and 3-D) • Office Manager (using software applications) • IT PC/Network Support • Plumbing • Aesthetics Architectural technologists use • Baking • Autobody Repair computer monitors that combine colours to produce the image of • Industrial Control • Car Painting blueprints and to show 2-D and • Offset Printing • Painting 3-D structures. ©P Unit 2 Optics and Vision 89 02-SK8-Unit2A 3/29/10 4:31 PM Page 90 I NVESTIGATOR Light Up Your Life Before You Start Station C Working in groups, you will experiment • Put three coloured filters (blue, red, with light. At each station, answer the and green) separately over three light following questions. sources of equal brightness (three flashlights or ray boxes). Shine each 1 What do you observe? Explain coloured light source at a white screen. what you see. • Overlap (mix) two different coloured 2 What do you want to find out? lights together in different combinations. What happens? Mix all three coloured Station A lights. What happens? • Look at yourself in a concave mirror (the reflective surface is on the inside of the curve) and a convex mirror (the reflective surface bulges out). • What happens to your image in the mirror in each case? Station D • Look at a pencil standing in a glass of water. Observe the pencil through the glass at different angles. What do Station B you notice? • See what happens to a beam of white light when it hits (or goes through) a prism. • What is a rainbow? 90 Invitation to Explore ©P 02-SK8-Unit2A 3/29/10 4:31 PM Page 91 Station E Station F • Look at a sheet of graph or lined paper • Shine a light source through a glass using first a lens that is thicker in the (transparent), tissue paper (translucent), middle than at the edges and then a and a book (opaque). lens that is thinner in the middle. • What happens to the light in each case? • What happens to the distances between the lines when you move • State what you think the terms each lens farther away from the paper? transparent, translucent, and opaque mean. • What happens when you move each lens closer to the paper? Focus Your Thoughts 1 Look at the four photos to the right and create a title for each. Explain, to the best of your knowledge, how light or the properties of light account for each photo. 2 Below is a list of words whose definitions you may or may not know. Working with a partner, sort the words you know into groups. Predict how each group represents or demonstrates one of the key properties of light that you have explored so far. brightness rainbow energy reflection luminous colour refraction transparent concave mirror or lens translucent wavelength convex mirror or lens 3 Have you thought about a future career? Is it in the field of a skilled trade or technology? For this career, do you need to continue your education after grade 12? How might optics and light be involved in your career of choice? 4 Describe in a paragraph what you think are the properties of light energy. How did you know? How could you find out about any properties of light that you are not sure about? ©P Unit 2 Optics and Vision 91 02-SK8-Unit2A 3/29/10 4:31 PM Page 92 BBIGIG IDEAI DEAS Light travels in straight lines and illuminance 1.0 decreases with distance from its source. The people using shadow puppets have something in common with the designers of the lighting for this new theatre. They both need to understand where light comes from and how light travels in order to create the effects they wish. How does light travel from its source? What evidence do you have that this is so? Light travelling in straight lines can produce varied and beautiful effects. 1.1 How Does Light Travel? What source of light are you using to read this page? Put your hand between this source and the page. What happens? Experiment to see how the shadow changes if you change the angle of your hand or its distance from the page. What do you conclude about how light travels from this source to your page? Straight from Here to There You probably concluded (or knew from earlier studies) that light travels in straight lines from its source. Light cannot bend around objects. When you placed your hand between the light source and this page, it prevented the light from reaching the page and made a shadow. Your hand is an opaque material. Where is the Sun in this scene? Opaque materials, such as bricks, books, and people, reflect How do you know? (throw back) or absorb (take in) all the light that reaches them. 92 1.0 Light travels in straight lines and illuminance decreases with distance from its source. ©P 02-SK8-Unit2A 3/29/10 4:31 PM Page 93 A shadow is created whenever light hits an opaque material. A shadow is composed of two regions, a partially shaded region and a fully shaded region. The fully shaded region is known as the umbra (from the Latin word meaning shade). The partially umbra shaded region is known as the penumbra (from the Latin word meaning partial shade). The penumbra forms due to some of the light being blocked and some passing by the opaque object. penumbra See the table below for a review of some of the characteristics of objects and materials in relation to light.
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