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Enzymes in Detergents

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Enzymes in Detergents P a g e || 11 AMITY INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY ASSIGNMENT-I ENZYME S USED IN DETERGENTS DATE OF SUBMISSION- 22.O4.08 SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:: DR. S.M. BHATT MAYANK JAINN FFACULTY,ENZYMOLOGY ROLL NO.-77 AIB SECTION-U AIB CONTENTS: PPAGE NO. HISTORY................................................................................. 3 INTRODUCTION................................................................... 3 DETERGENT ENZYMES PROTEASES....................................................................... 5 AMYLASES......................................................................... 7 LIPASE................................................................................ 8 CELLULASE...................................................................... 9 P a g e || 22 MISCELLANEOUS DETERGENTS PEROXIDASES................................................................. 10 PULLULANASE................................................................ 10 ENZYME FORMULATION................................................... 11 PRODUCTION OF ENZYME BASED DETERGENT........ 13 ENZYME STABILITY............................................................. 14 APPLICATION OF ENZYME BASED DETERGENT........ 16 BENEFIT OF USING ENZYME IN DETERGENT.............. 19 CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 20 BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................... 22 History The original idea of using enzyme as detergents was described in 1913 by Dr Otto Rohm, who patented the use of crude pancreatic extracts in laundry pre- soak compositions to improve the removal of biological stains. In the same year, the first enzymatic detergent named Burnus was launched, but was not popular because of its own limitations. Subsequently, Bio- 40 - a detergent containing a bacterial protease was produced in Switzerland and launched in the market in 1959 and it gradually became popular. In the period from 1965 to 1970, use and sale of detergent enzymes grew very fast. In 1970, the use was distorted due to dust production by formulations leading to allergies to some workers. This problem was overcome in 1975 by encapsulating the granules of enzyme. From 1980s to the 1990s, several changes took place in the detergent industry like development of softenining ththrorough the washsh, development of concentratetedd heavy-duty power detergents, development of concentrated or structured or non- aqueous liquid detergent. Introduction Enzymes have been used to improve the cleaning efficiency of detergents for more than 35 years, and are now well accepted as ingredients in powder and liquid detergents, stain removers/laundry pre-spotters, automatic dishwashing detergents and industrial/institutional cleaning products. Deterergent enzymess account for about 30% of the total worldwide enzyme production and represent P a g e || 33 one of ththe lalargrgest and most succecessful applplicications of modern indusustrialal biotechnology. The largest segment within the global industrial enzyme market is the market for technical enzymes, estimated at around uss 980 million in 2002. In the technical enzymes category, detergent additives make up for nearly two-thirds of the market. These enzymes are used as functional ingredients in laundry detetergrgents and automated didishwashing deterergents. This articicle gigives an overview of the detergent enzymes industry and discusses its manufacturing and downstream processing. Enzymes used in detergents are protein catalysts that consist of long chains of amino acids. They are similar to protein catalysts present in all living cells wherere ththey control metabololic procecesses, converert food nutrtrients to simplplee molecules, convert these molecules to energy and to new cell material. As catalysts; enzymes speed up specific chemical reactions, in mild conditions of tetempererataturure and pH, withthout beining alalteterered or consumed in ththe prprocesess.s. Consequentntlyly, smalall quantititities of enzyme can rerepeatatedly catatalylyze ththee breakdown of millions of molecules in minutes. Enzymes function optimally in detergents at temperatures of 20 - 60C and within a pH range of pH 7.5 - 10.5. The performance of enzymes in detergents depends on number of factors,s, inincludiding the detetergrgent’t’s compositiition, type of stains to be removed, washsh temperature, washing procedure and wash-water hardness. To help formulators optimize enzymatic detergent washing efficiency, Specialty Enzymes provides wash laboratory technical services. In our wash laboratory, customerr, basee detergents are evaluated on standard soils in both a model wash system (Terg-O- Tometer) and in full-scale household washing machines. TTable 1 Compositions of an enzyme detergent CCoonnssttiittuueenntt CCoommppoossiittiioon((%% )) Sodium tripolyphosphate (water softener, loosens dirt)a 38.0 SSooddiiuumaa llkkaanness uullpphhoonnaatte(( ssuurrffaaccttaanntt)) 2255..00 SSooddiiuum ppeerrbboorraatte tteettrraahhyyddrraatte ((ooxxiiddiissiinng aaggeenntt)) 2255..00 SSooaap(( ssooddiiuumaa llkkaannecc aarrbbooxxyyllaatteess)) 33..00 SSooddiiuumss uullpphhaatte(( ffiilllleerr,ww aatteerss oofftteenneerr)) 22..55 SSooddiiuum ccaarrbbooxxyymmeetthhyyl cceelllluulloosse ((ddiirrtt--ssuussppeennddiinng aaggeenntt)) 11..66 SSooddiiuummm eettaassiilliiccaatte(( bbiinnddeerr,ll oooosseennsdd iirrtt)) 11..00 BBaacciilllluuspp rrootteeaasse(( 33%aa ccttiivvee)) 00..88 FFlluuoorreesscceenntbbrr iigghhtteenneerrss 00..33 FFooaamm--ccoonnttrroolllliinngaa ggeennttss TTrraaccee P a g e || 44 PPeerrffuummee TTrraaccee Waatteerr tto110000%% Detergent Enzymes Presesentltlyy, deteterrgent enzyme has become an inintetegrgral part of deteterrgentnt formulation. A look at the market share of detergent enzyme indicates it to be very high in comparison with other enzyme applications. Enzymes that have to be used as detergent composite must possess the following characters: Stability at temperature over a broad range of 20C to 50C and even above The optimum pH should be in alkaline or higher alkaline range It should be detergent compatible It should have specificity towards different proteins Major detergent enzymes include proteaseses, amylases, lilipases, cellulases,, miscellaneous enzymes such as peroxidases and pullulanase. A recent trend is to rereduce this phosphate contntent fofor environmentatal reasosonsns. It may be replaced by sodium carbonate plus extra protease. Proteases Proteases were introduced in the market in 1959 in the detergent Bio-40, produced by Schnyder Ltd in Switzerland. Most powder and liquid laundry detergents in the market, today, contain proteases. Proteases are of two types: Alkaline protease from Bacillus licheniformis, having optimum pH 8, for egg, liquid laundry product, (pH 7- 8.5), commercially known as Alcalase -Novonordisk Optimase- Genencor Inter . P a g e || 55 High alkaline protease from Bacillus alkalophilus and Bacillus lentus, having an optimum pH 10. For e.g., powder laundry products, automatic dish washing formulations, known by trade names of Savinase-Novo Nordisk, Purafet- Genencor Interr. Proteases enhance the cleaning of protein-based soils, such as grass and blood by catalyzing the breakdown of the constituent proteins in these soils through hydrolysis of the amide bboonndds bbeettwweeeen ininddiivvididuuaal amiinno aaccididss. IIn ththe casse oof sseeririnnee endopeptidase, it contains a catalytic triad of amino acids at the active site; •• An aspartyl residue containing ß-COO¯ •• A histidine containing the imidazole group •• A serine residue with p-OH as the functional group The serine hydroxyl group functions as a potential nucleophile, where as both the aspartyl and histidine functional groups behave as general base catalysts facilitating the hydrolysis process. The serine group initiates the nucleophilic attack on the peptide bond to form a tetetrtrahedraral inintetermediaiatete, whicich undergrgoes an actitive hydrdrogen trtransfsferer,, facilitated by both the histidine and aspartyl residues. The net effect of the addition of water across the bond generates the original protein. The protease hydrolysis involves the transfer of electrons between the amino acids at the active site and substrate. For proteases the three-dimensional arrangement of the catalytic triad is required for the enzyme to be active. Disturbances in the confirmation are likely to afaffefect enzyme efefficacacy and thereforore cleaniningg performance. These were susceptible to oxygen bleaches and calcium sequestrates. But now, stable protease can be obtained . Oxidative attack by peroxides or per acids on the methionine residue adjacent to the catalytic serine results in nearly 90% loss of enzyme activity. However, replacing methionine with oxidatively stable amino acids like alanine improves stability of enzyme towards oxygen bleach (Boguslawski et al, 1992) Protease substilisin requires at least one calcium ion, which maintains three- dimensional structure of enzyme. However, calcium- sequestering agents used in many laundry procedures to control water hardness can remove this calcium resulting in the decreased thermal and autolytic P a g e || 66 stabilityy. This can be corrected by the introduction of negatively charged reresidues near the cacalcium-bibinding sisite, which increreases the bindiding affinity of enzyme for calcium and results in improved stability towards calcium sequestrants (Krawczyk et at, 1997) Protease has limited applications
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