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Stewart I. the Handy Chemistry Answer Book (Visible Ink, 2014

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About the Authors Ian C. Stewart is a chemist at a petrochemical company. He formerly worked with Nobel Prize-winning chemist Robert H. Grubbs and is the recipient of several fellowships. He lives in Houston, Texas. Justin P. Lomont is a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow whose doc- toral research at the University of California Berkeley focuses on organometallic reaction mechanisms using ultra-fast infrared spectroscopy. He lives in Berkeley, California. Also from Visible Ink Press The Handy Anatomy Answer Book The Handy Ocean Answer Book by James Bobick and Naomi Balaban by Patricia Barnes-Svarney and Thomas E. ISBN: 978-1-57859-190-9 Svarney The Handy Answer Book for Kids (and Parents), ISBN: 978-1-57859-063-6 2nd edition The Handy Personal Finance Answer Book by Gina Misiroglu by Paul A. Tucci ISBN: 978-1-57859-219-7 ISBN: 978-1-57859-322-4 The Handy Art History Answer Book The Handy Philosophy Answer Book by Madelynn Dickerson by Naomi Zack ISBN: 978-1-57859-417-7 ISBN: 978-1-57859-226-5 The Handy Astronomy Answer Book, 2nd The Handy Physics Answer Book, 2nd edition edition By Paul W. Zitzewitz, Ph.D. by Charles Liu ISBN: 978-1-57859-305-7 ISBN: 978-1-57859-190-9 The Handy Politics Answer Book The Handy Biology Answer Book by Gina Misiroglu by James Bobick, Naomi Balaban, Sandra ISBN: 978-1-57859-139-8 Bobick, and Laurel Roberts The Handy Presidents Answer Book, 2nd edition ISBN: 978-1-57859-150-3 by David L. Hudson The Handy Dinosaur Answer Book, 2nd edition ISB N: 978-1-57859-317-0 by Patricia Barnes-Svarney and Thomas E. The Handy Psychology Answer Book Svarney by Lisa J. Cohen ISBN: 978-1-57859-218-0 ISBN: 978-1-57859-223-4 The Handy Geography Answer Book, 2nd The Handy Religion Answer Book, 2nd edition edition by John Renard by Paul A. Tucci ISBN: 978-1-57859-379-8 ISBN: 978-1-57859-215-9 The Handy Science Answer Book®, 4th edition The Handy Geology Answer Book by The Science and Technology Department by Patricia Barnes-Svarney and Thomas E. Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, James E. Svarney Bobick, and Naomi E. Balaban ISBN: 978-1-57859-156-5 ISBN: 978-1-57859-140-4 The Handy History Answer Book, 3rd edition The Handy Sports Answer Book by David L. Hudson Jr. by Kevin Hillstrom, Laurie Hillstrom, and Roger ISBN: 978-1-57859-372-9 Matuz The Handy Law Answer Book ISBN: 978-1-57859-075-9 by David L. Hudson Jr. The Handy Supreme Court Answer Book ISBN: 978-1-57859-217-3 by David L Hudson, Jr. The Handy Math Answer Book, 2nd edition ISBN: 978-1-57859-196-1 by Patricia Barnes-Svarney and Thomas E. The Handy Weather Answer Book, 2nd edition Svarney by Kevin S. Hile ISBN: 978-1-57859-373-6 ISBN: 978-1-57859-221-0 Please visit the “Handy” series website at www.handyanswers.com. THE HANDY CHEMISTRY ANSWER BOOK Ian C. Stewart and Justin P. Lomont Detroit THE Copyright © 2014 by Visible Ink Press® This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and HANDY other applicable laws. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief CHEMISTRY passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper, or Website. ANSWER All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. Visible Ink Press® 43311 Joy Rd., #414 BOOK Canton, MI 48187-2075 Visible Ink Press is a registered trademark of Visible Ink Press LLC. Most Visible Ink Press books are available at special quantity discounts when purchased in bulk by corporations, organizations, or groups. Customized printings, special imprints, messages, and excerpts can be produced to meet your needs. For more information, contact Special Markets Director, Visible Ink Press, www.visibleink.com, or 734-667-3211. Managing Editor: Kevin S. Hile Art Director: Mary Claire Krzewinski Typesetting: Marco Di Vita Proofreaders: Shoshana Hurwitz and Crystal Rosza Indexer: Larry Baker ISBN 978-1-57859-374-3 Cover images: Background image: Shutterstock. All other images: iStock. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stewart, Ian (Ian Christopher), 1980– The handy chemistry answer book / by Ian Stewart and Justin Lomont. pages cm — (The handy answer book series) ISBN 978-1-57859-374-3 (paperback) 1. Chemistry—Miscellanea. 2. Chemistry—Examinations, questions, etc. I. Lomont, Justin. II. Title. QD39.2.S75 2014 540—dc23 2013020166 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents A CKNOWLEDGMENTS vii I NTRODUCTION xi HISTORY OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY … 1 CHEMISTRY … 79 Structure and Bonding … Electricity and ATOMS AND Magnetism … Organometallic Chemistry MOLECULES … 13 Structure of the Atom … Trends in Reactivity ANALYTICAL and the Periodic Table … Properties of Atoms CHEMISTRY … 95 and Electrons in Atoms … Molecules and A Little Math … Measure Twice … Chemical Bonds Electrochemistry … Analytical Chemistry in Our Lives MACROSCOPIC PROPERTIES: THE WORLD BIOCHEMISTRY … 113 WE SEE … 33 Molecules of Life … Genetics … Metabolism Phases of Matter and Intensive Properties … and Other Biochemical Reactions … Brains! Food and Senses PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL THEORETICAL REACTIONS … 49 CHEMISTRY … 135 Kinetics and Thermodynamics … Acids and Energy Is Everything … Kinetics … Faster Bases … Catalysis and Industrial Chemistry Than a Speeding Wave … Big Freaking Lasers … Other Kinds of Chemical Reactions … Other Spectroscopy … If You Can Imagine It ORGANIC CHEMISTRY … 63 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY … 151 Structures and Nomenclature … Reactions of Chemistry Inside the Atom … Nuclear Organic Compounds Chemistry at Work v POLYMER SUSTAINABLE “GREEN” CHEMISTRY … 163 CHEMISTRY … 233 Polymers Are Chemicals Too! … Polymers in and around You MATERIALS SCIENCE … 247 ENERGY … 177 ASTROCHEMISTRY … 259 Energy Sources … Pollution … Emerging Sources of Energy … Quantifying Power CHEMISTRY IN THE KITCHEN … 271 THE MODERN CHEMISTRY LAB … 191 CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTS Purification Is Essential … Spectroscopy and YOU CAN DO AT Spectronomy … Other Measurements … HOME … 283 Safety First! THE WORLD AROUND US … 203 Medicine and Drugs … Chemicals in Food … Chemicals in the Natural World … Chemicals in Our World P HYSICAL CONSTANTS 313 CONVERSION FACTORS 315 GLOSSARY 319 H ISTORY OF C HEMISTRY TIMELINE 333 NOBEL PRIZE IN C HEMISTRY WINNERS 337 B IBLIOGRAPHY 361 FURTHER READING 365 I NDEX 369 vi Acknowledgements We would first like to thank Roger Jänecke and Kevin Hile at Visible Ink Press for their assistance, patience, and for taking a chance on two young science writers. College students at the University of Michigan and Brandeis University submitted many of the questions in the chapter titled “The World around Us.” Our thanks go out to these people for their creative and inspiring questions: Jon Ahearn, Krishna Bathina, Alex Belkin, Matt Benoit, Emma Betzig, Jeetayu Biswas, Ariana Boltax, Nick Carducci, Gina DiCiuccio, Alice Doong, Christina Lee, Shelby Lee, Greg Lorrain, Jake Lurie, Sotirios Malamis, Aysha Malik, Yawar Malik, Katie Marchetti, Nicholas Medina, Leah Naghi, Humaira Nawer, Logan Powell, Nilesh Raval, Alexandra Rzepecki, Minna Schmidt, Leah Simke, Sindhura Sonnathi, Eva Tulchinsky, Afzal Ullah, Anna Yatskar. Finally, we would like to dedicate this book to the person who initially brought us together, inspired and challenged us with this project and many others, taught us what it really means to learn and to teach, and so much more. This is for you, Brian. vii Photo Credits All line art illustrations by Kevin S. Hile. Photographs in the “Chemistry Experiments You Can Do at Home” chapter by James Fordyce. All other images courtesy of Shutterstock, with the following exceptions: page 18: Armtuk; page 62: BrokenSphere; pages 67, 79, 129, 156, 186, 193, 222: public domain; pages 106, 141: Wikicommons; page 136: Patrick Edwin Moran; page 163: ; page 252: AlexanderAlUS; page 271: Miia Ranta from Finland. ix Introduction What’s inside of a zit? Why does eating turkey make you sleepy? How do glow sticks work? What causes a hangover? Chemistry (and this book!) holds answers to all of these ques- tions. There are many wonderful stories about chemistry and the people behind these discoveries. Whether you have studied chemistry in high school or college, or even do chemistry for a living, we think you will enjoy this book. We certainly enjoyed writing it. As you will see right away, our approach is quite different from a textbook. If you’re curious about the answers to hundreds of interesting questions about all the things in the world that you touch, feel, and taste every day, then you’ve come to the right place. The Handy Chemistry Answer Book uses a simple question-and-answer format to ex- plain the chemistry in our daily lives. There are entire chapters on sustainable chemistry, the chemistry of cooking, and the chemistry of space. Some of these are questions we got from people like you! The questions in the chapter called “The World around Us” were all submitted from college students at the University of Michigan (our alma mater—Go Blue!) and Brandeis University. We think that you’ve probably wondered, for just one more example, what sodium laureth sulfate is doing in your shampoo, but maybe never had a chance to ask. We are interested in explaining these things in plain language, and we’ve kept a conversational tone throughout the entire book, even with some very challenging subject matter. We hope that reading this book feels like you’re talking to someone about chemistry, even if you wouldn’t be caught dead doing that. There are chemical structures throughout this book, and we’ve used a simplified drawing system. Take what you can from these ab- stract drawings, but don’t dwell on them.
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  • Archive Accessions 2011 Nobel Prize Diploma Awarded to Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910-1994)

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    Archive Accessions 2011 Nobel Prize diploma awarded to Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910-1994). Illustrated by Elsa Noreen and with calligraphy by Kerstin Anckers. The prize for chemistry was won by Hodgkin in 1964. 1 item in a leather presentation wallet. Presented 10 March 2011. Photograph albums compiled using original prints by Brevet Colonel Albert Ernest Hamerton (1873-1955), documenting the Royal Society Sleeping Sickness Commission, Uganda, 1908-1910. 2 albums. Presented 11 March 2011. Letter from James Tisdall to Sir Robert Southwell FRS (1635-1702) on financial matters regarding the construction of a fort near Kinsale. Ireland. 1 item. Purchased 24 March 2011. Personal papers of Alec Bangham FRS (1921-2010), biochemist, including correspondence and papers on Liposome research, 1950s-2010. 29 boxes. Presented 3 April 2011. Scientific notebooks of David Tabor FRS (1913-2005) materials scientist and pioneer of tribology. Includes work on friction, rolling bearings and indentation and scratch hardness of steels. c.1929-1954. 4 notebooks and 1 file. Presented, 12 April 2011. Additional papers of Professor Gustav Victor Rudolph Born FRS (b.1921) pharmacologist. 1950s-2000s. 17 boxes. Presented 20 April 2011. 2010 Letters of Dr Edward Bancroft FRS (1744-1821) 1773 and nd..3 letters. Purchased April 2010. Letters of Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond and Duke of Aubigny FRS (!701-1750), to Martin Folkes FRS (1690-1754), President of the Royal Society. Personal and scientific letters including material on Royal Society business, notably elections. Contains material on the hydra experiments of Abraham Trembley FRS (1710-1784).1725-1744, 36 items. Presented 20 May 2010.
  • Alfred Mirsky

    Alfred Mirsky

    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES A L F R E D E Z R A M IRSKY 1900—1974 A Biographical Memoir by S E Y M O U R S . CO HEN Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1998 NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS WASHINGTON D.C. CourtesyoftheRockefellerUniversityArchives,NewYork,NewYork ALFRED EZRA MIRSKY October 17, 1900—June 19, 1974 BY SEYMOUR S. COHEN LFRED EZRA MIRSKY, SON OF Michael David Mirsky and Frieda AIttelson Mirsky, graduated from the Ethical Culture School in New York City and from Harvard College, obtain- ing a B.A. degree in 1922. He studied at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University for two years. On receipt of a fellowship from the National Re- search Council in 1924, he worked at Cambridge University under Joseph Barcroft during the academic year 1924-1925, and completed his graduate studies under Lawrence J. Henderson at Harvard. He wrote a dissertation titled “The Haemoglobin Molecule” and received a Ph.D. from Cam- bridge in 1926. The molecularity of haemoglobin and the molecular weight of the protein were established by Theodor Svedberg and Gilbert Adair in 1925. Their results demonstrated that pro- teins are rigorously definable species of large molecules, and were important in showing that proteins, despite their size, should be described in the molecular terms of the chemist. The initial postulates of protoplasmic components as being essentially undefinable, dispersible, and colloidal aggregates were eventually replaced by the view that the Reprinted with permission from Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol.