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Universidade Federal De Pernambuco Centro De Ciências Biológicas Centro De Ciências Biológicas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Biológicas UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS TAXONOMIA MOLECULAR DOS NEMATODA MARINHOS DE REGIÕES NO PACÍFICO E ATLÂNTICO SUL. NEYVAN RENATO RODRIGUES DA SILVA RECIFE DEZEMBRO, 2009 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS TAXONOMIA MOLECULAR DOS NEMATODA MARINHOS DE REGIÕES NO PACÍFICO E ATLÂNTICO SUL. NEYVAN RENATO RODRIGUES DA SILVA RECIFE DEZEMBRO, 2009 II Neyvan Renato Rodrigues da Silva TAXONOMIA MOLECULAR DOS NEMATODA MARINHOS DE REGIÕES NO PACÍFICO E ATLÂNTICO SUL. Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas. Orientadora: Dra. Maria Tereza dos Santos Correa Co-orientadora: Dra. Tania Tassinari Rieger Colaboradores: Dr. Paul de Ley Dra. Wilfrida Decraemer Dra. Verônica Fonseca Genevois Recife Dezembro, 2009 Silva, Neyvan Renato Rodrigues da Taxonomia molecular dos Nematoda marinhos de regiões no Pacífico e Atlântico Sul/ Neyvan Renato Rodrigues da Silva. – Recife: O Autor, 2009. 147 folhas : il., fig., tab. Orientadora: Maria Tereza dos Santos Correa Co-orientadora: Tania Tassinari Rieger Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. CCB. Ciências Biológicas, 2009. Inclui bibliografia e anexos. 1. Nematódeos marinhos Tul 2. DNA -Marcadores 3. Genética I Título. 592.57 CDD (22.ed.) UFPE/CCB–2010–030 IV "Nematodes are made to fool us" Paul de Ley V Agradecimentos A mamãe Verônica Genevois, pelo carinho sempre demonstrado por mim, por sempre acreditar na minha capacidade e me ter como filho. A professora Tereza por ter aceitado a orientação para o doutorado, sempre disponível e prestativa em vários momentos desse processo acadêmico. A minha co-orientadora e minha grande amiga Tania Rieger que de maneira sempre muito carinhosa e em diversos momentos, sempre acreditou no nosso trabalho e sempre ajudou em tudo no que foi preciso em diversos momentos de dificuldade e finalização do doutorado. A minha comadre Clélia Rocha e família, pelas palavras de incentivo e amizade e nos momentos mais difíceis, nos ajudou de diversas formas, deixo minha eterna gratidão por tudo. Ao meu compadre Chico (Bacana) pelo humor sempre fantástico e, também nos momentos complicados sempre esteve presente como um grande amigo. Aos alunos do laboratório de Genética Animal que sempre foram prestativos para desenvolvimento das atividades no laboratório. Ao Prof. Dr. André Esteves pela nossa amizade e carinho, por acreditar no trabalho, pela ajuda no resgate das amostras no Rio de Janeiro, pelo financiamento através do Nacional Esteves Bank da passagem até a Califórnia e todo apoio dado a execução desse trabalho. À solidariedade e ao carinho que encontrei em alguns amigos do laboratório da meiofauna, que torna este grupo forte na taxonomia dos Nematoda marinhos. A Lídia Maia, Alexandre Lacerda, Betania Guilherme, Rita e todos os que participaram direta ou indiretamente na construção desse trabalho, seja com palavras de incentivo ou algum procedimento prático da tese. Gostaria de agradecer muito pela ajuda de vocês. À Alessandra Prates pela ajuda na confecção das pranchas do gênero novo, amizade e carinho. À Adriane, Danielle Menor e Tita Linda do laboratório de Dinâmica, pelos momentos de descontração e apoio demonstrados. À professora Wilfrida Decraemer que incondicionalmente financiou grande parte molecular da tese de doutorado, que acreditou no nosso trabalho, sendo sempre uma grande colaboradora nessa empreitada. Não tenho palavras para descrever minha gratidão. VI Ao Dude De Ley e Dudette Irma, por terem me recebido afetuosamente no laboratório em Riverside, pela disposição em ajudar nas análises filogenéticas, pelas valiosas contribuições científicas nos papers da tese, auxílio no processamento das amostras e seqüenciamento na Universidade da Califórnia, além da nossa grande amizade, para eles o meu muito obrigado. Ao Andy Vierestraete pelo modo sempre prestativo que me ajudou durante minha passagem pelo laboratório do Dr. Jaques Vanfleteren, pelo seqüenciamento rápido das amostras e pela sua forma sempre gentil e auxílio durante parte do desenvolvimento do trabalho. A minha amiga Michelli Thomas pela ajuda incondicional na triagem dos bichos para captura de imagem durante nossa empreitada na Bélgica, pelos momentos de descontração nos pubs de Gent com a famosa cervejinha Belga e por tudo que fez para o andamento desse trabalho. Ao IF-RN pela concessão da licença para finalização da tese de doutorado em nome do Reitor do Instituto, Prof. Belchior de Oliveira Rocha e, agradeço também a diretora do Campus Zona Norte Profa. Anna Catarina pelo empenho na concessão da licença. Aos meus amigos do IF-RN, Débora Ionara, Juliana Rangel, Frederico Silveira (Fred), além de Allison Araújo (tozinho) e Tales Diogo pelos momentos de descontração, pela nossa grande amizade e por estarem presentes em momentos difíceis em Natal. Aos meus colegas de trabalho do Campus Zona Norte, Antonio Luis (toinho), Sérgio, Diego (Phelps), Tércio Lima, Érika Rocha e todos os professores, do qual aprendi muitas lições importantes de vida e profissional, além de ter admiração por fazer parte desta equipe, no qual considero profissionais competentes e de alto valor científico. Aos meus amigos da biologia da Unidade Central, Ricardo Maciel, Kelvin Barbosa, Francisca Ventura, Mara por nossa amizade, pelo nosso trabalho desenvolvido na criação do livro de práticas de biologia, por toda ajuda dada a mim no início do doutorado e sempre incentivando para finalização dessa etapa na minha vida. À PETROBRAS, representada pela Bióloga Ana Falcão, por ter viabilizado a realização deste trabalho, pelo auxílio à viagem para Bélgica para processamento das amostras e a bolsa concedida no início do doutorado. VII Enfim a minha esposa Cristina (Sossa) e minha lindoca Lara que são a parte mais importante da minha vida. Principalmente a minha esposa por ter abdicado por um tempo de entrar no doutorado em prol da minha formação, pelas palavras de incentivo, pelo seu conhecimento científico profundo taxonômico na descrição do gênero novo e, por me aturado nos momentos de chateação. Simplesmente, são as pessoinhas mais importantes da minha vida. Amo vocês. VIII Lista de Figuras Página Capítulo 2 Fig 1. Flowchart illustration of the sequence of steps taken in concept of integrative taxonomy in marine Nematoda. 28 Fig 2. Combinations of nuclear primers used in studies of molecular rDNA genes 31 for molecular taxonomy of nematodes. Fig 3. Combinations of mitochondrial primers used in studies of molecular taxonomy of nematodes. 32 Fig 4. Relation between the numbers of nematodes species sequenced among Enoplea class in comparison with number of nematodes species describe in 35 literature. Fig 5. Relation between the numbers of nematodes species sequenced among Chromadorea class in comparison with number of nematodes species describe in 36 literature. Capítulo 3 Fig 1. Numbers of marine nematodes taxa with sequences deposited in GenBank 76 in relation of molecular markers. Fig 2. Flowchart depicting mainly web databases for Nematoda that can be used for molecular inventory surveys and concept of nematode identification card (NIC). Weblinks: http://www.nematode.net.com (Molecular sequence database Center); http://www.nematol.com (Digital frames and molecular database); 80 http://www.nemys.com (Taxonomic database of marine nematode taxa); http://www.wormbase (Database of behavioral and structural anatomy of C. elegans); http://www.wormimage.org (Databases of electron micrographs and associated data mainly with C. elegans). Capítulo 4 Fig 1. Study area emphasizing the station where Cornurella gen. n. was found. 93 Fig 2. Cornurella verae sp. n. (A) Head region; (B) Male overview; (C) Pharyngeal region; (D) Body Cuticle; (E) Copulatory apparatus, tail and caudal 102 glands. Fig 3. Cornurella verae gen. n. sp. n. (A) Male overview; (B) Pharyngeal region; (C) Anterior emphasizing amphideal fovea and horns; (D) Dorsal tooth; (E) Body 103 cuticle with lateral differentiation; (F) Spicule, (G) Tail region. Fig 4. Cornurella verae sp. n. (A) Female overview; (B) Head region; (C) Pharyngeal region; (D). Body Cuticle; (E) Vulva; (F) Tail region with caudal 104 glands. Fig 5. Cornurella verae sp. n. (A) Female overview; (B) Amphideal fovea, cephalic capsule and horns; (C) Dorsal tooth and subventral teeth; (D) Body 105 Cuticle; (E) Vulva region (F) Tail region; (G) Reproductive system. IX Lista de Tabelas Página Capítulo 2 Table 1. Molecular markers used in marine nematodes for molecular taxonomy 33 Table 2. Reviews of marine nematodes families published. 38 Capítulo 3 Table 1. Molecular inventory of marine nematodes taxon sorted from public 61 databases. Table 2. List of new marine nematode taxa with molecular data reported on from Pacific and South Atlantic. 74 Capítulo 4 Table 1. Comparison of major morphological features among Cornurella gen. n. 98 and other genera within Desmodoridae. Table 2. Measurements of Cornurella verae gen sp n. Measurements in µm 106 X Resumo O filo Nematoda apresenta uma grande diversidade e elevada abundância em ambientes aquáticos (marinhos e água doce) e terrestres. A identificação do grupo usando caracteres morfológicos consome tempo, principalmente devido à alta plasticidade fenotípica entre as populações. Alguns métodos moleculares como “DNA barcoding” oferecem
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