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Anais De História De Além-Mar ANAIS DE HISTÓRIA DE ALÉM-MAR Periodicidade Anual Apoio Apoio do Programa Operacional Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação do Quadro Comunitário de Apoio III Direcção João Paulo de Oliveira e Costa Conselho Editorial Artur Teodoro de Matos; Luís Filipe Thomaz; Ana Isabel Buescu; Maria do Rosário Pimentel; João Paulo Oliveira e Costa; Ângela Domingues; Pedro Cardim; Jorge Flores Secretária Ângela Domingues Edição, propriedade, Centro de História de Além-Mar assinaturas e divulgação: Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas Universidade Nova de Lisboa Av. de Berna, 26-C 1069-061 Lisboa [email protected] Preço deste número: 30 R Capa: Patrícia Proença Revisão: Francisco de Paiva Boléo Tiragem: 1.000 ex. ISSN: 0874-9671 Depósito Legal: 162657/01 Composição e impressão: Barbosa & Xavier Lda. Rua Gabriel Pereira de Castro, 31 A-C Telefs. 253 263 063 / 253 618 916 • Fax 253 615 350 4700-385 Braga Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in HISTORICAL ABSTRACS and AMERICA: HISTORY AND LIFE N.º 5, 2004 Anais de História de Além-Mar ÍNDICE ARTIGOS CEREMONIES OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY IN A COLONIAL CAPITAL. THE KING’S PROCESSIONS AND THE HIERARCHIES OF POWER IN SEVENTEENTH CENTURY SALVADOR, Stuart B. Schwartz................................................................. 7 A ORGANIZAÇÃO RELIGIOSA DO PRIMEIRO ESTADO DA ÍNDIA. NOTAS PARA UMA INVESTIGAÇÃO, Ângela Barreto Xavier...................................................................... 27 O «TESTAMENTO POLÍTICO» DE DIOGO PEREIRA, O MALABAR, E O PROJECTO ORIENTAL DOS GAMAS, Luís Filipe F. R. Thomaz ................................................... 61 RENDIMENTOS DA CAPITANIA DA PRAIA, ILHA TERCEIRA, 1533-1537, Rute Dias Gregório............................................................................................................................... 161 JOGOS DE PODER E EMERGÊNCIA DE NOVAS UNIDADES POLÍTICAS REGIONAIS VERSUS PRESENÇA PORTUGUESA EM TERRAS DE SOFALA, NO SÉCULO XVI, Ana Cristina Roque.............................................................................................................. 185 O «AVISO» ANÓNIMO SOBRE JOÃO MICAS NA COLECÇÃO DE S. VICENTE, José Alberto Rodrigues da Silva Tavim................................................................................. 253 DE DIAMPER A MATTANCHERY: CAMINHOS E ENCRUZILHADAS DA IGREJA MALABAR E CATÓLICA NA ÍNDIA. OS PRIMEIROS TEMPOS (1599-1624), João Teles e Cunha.................................................................................................................. 283 ASPECTS OF THE MISSIONARIES’ ROLE WITHIN THE POLICY OF INDIAN ASSIMILATION IN BRAZIL AND IN THE UNITED STATES, 16TH – MID-19TH CENTURIES, Anne-Marie Libério ................................................................................ 369 RIO DE JANEIRO 1650-1659: ECOS DO DASASSOSSEGO, Ana Guerreiro ..................... 389 AS DISTÂNCIAS DOS CÉUS AOS INFERNOS NA COSMOLOGIA NANBAN, José Miguel Pinto dos Santos ................................................................................................ 415 GOVERNADORES E MAGISTRADOS LETRADOS NO GOVERNO DE ANGOLA DURANTE O SÉCULO XVIII, Maria Goretti Leal Soares........................................... 481 DOCUMENTOS A EMBAIXADA ENVIADA PELO REI DOM JOSÉ I AO IMPERADOR QIANLONG, EM 1752, VISTA PELO PROCURADOR DAS MISSÕES ESTRANGEIRAS DE PARIS EM MACAU, A. M. Martins do Vale.............................................................................. 509 RECENSÕES ........................................................................................................................... 537 NOTÍCIAS ................................................................................................................................ 551 RESUMOS / ABSTRACTS ...................................................................................................... 569 Artigos ANAIS DE HISTÓRIA DE ALÉM-MAR, Vol. V, 2004, pp. 7-26 CEREMONIES OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY IN A COLONIAL CAPITAL. THE KING’S PROCESSIONS AND THE HIERARCHIES OF POWER IN SEVENTEENTH CENTURY SALVADOR por STUART B. SCHWARTZ It was said that Salvador, the capital of colonial Brazil, was born in a procession. The first Governor,Tomé de Sousa, had organized a procession in 1549 when the city was founded, and from that point forward public cere- monies often sacralized by their association with the religious calendar became part of the city’s life and its public function *. The Governor’s expe- dition had also included six Jesuits who had accompanied him in order to begin a missionary effort among the indigenous peoples of the coast, and they also had soon found in religious processions a technique to attract and interest converts. The purpose of these public displays was sometimes cele- bratory and sometimes penitential, but in either case, the processions proved to be a successful way of conveying the messages of the Church and the State. At times, the processions could have an immediate purpose such as ending an epidemic, a drought, or a flood, often by a display of penitence, and at times they might be celebratory, to mark a royal birth, a marriage, or a victory. Then too there were the processions of the Catholic calendar that, while religious in nature, might also have political implications and uses 1. ——————————— * The author wishes to express his gratitude for the research suggestions and help provided by Neusa Esteves, director of the archive of the Santa Casa da Misericórdia of Salvador, Bahia. 1 João da Silva CAMPOS, Procissões tradicionais da Bahia, Salvador, 1941, pp. 1-2. My analysis has been guided by the general discussion of Edward MUIR, Ritual in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge, 1997, and in the case of Portugal by Diogo Ramada CURTO, «Ritos e cerimó- nias da monarquia em Portugal (séculos XVI a XVIII), in F.BETHENCOURT and Diogo Ramada CURTO (eds.), Memória da nação, Lisbon, 1991, pp. 201-65; and by José Pedro PAIVA, «Etiqueta e cerimônias públicas na esfera da igreja (séculos XVII-XVIII)», in Istvan IANCSO and Iris KANTOR 8 STUART B. SCHWARTZ Salvador had been established to announce conquest and settlement rather than to consummate it. Its foundation had proclaimed to foreign rivals and to the existing small groups of settlers that Portuguese royal authority was now present in the person of the Governor, the royal treasurer, and a crown magistrate. A city was the appropriate context for that authority to be housed, but cities also implied community and a conjunction of legal, social, political, and ideological spaces that defined who was part of that community. In cities across Catholic Europe and in its overseas offshoots, the creation of the urban community was reinforced and ritualized in a number of ways, by the devotion to patron saints and by civic festivals and processions 2. This was true in all the cities of the Portuguese empire, but especially in those like Goa, Salvador, or later, Rio de Janeiro that were the seats of royal authority 3. To understand how that authority was symbolized and recognized, and the role that municipal government played in sup- porting that authority it is necessary to examine the role of civic ritual in daily life and to see how religious and secular pageantry could be joined for a common political purpose. In Salvador, as in other cities, that pageantry served a dual and contradictory purpose, demonstrating and reaffirming the loyalty and fealty of the community to the crown, but at the same time emphasizing local power and the freedom of action of the municipal corpo- rate entity 4. The role in these demonstrations of the social order played by the Senado da Câmara, the town council composed of propertied residents, was complex because the Câmara not only represented the presence of the ——————————— (eds.), Festa, São Paulo, 2001. Jaime Valenzuela MÁRQUEZ, Las liturgias del poder, Santiago, Chile, 2001, presents a model study of public ceremonies in another colonial context. I have not been able to consult Diogo Ramada CURTO, «A cultura política em Portugal (1578-1642). Comporta- mentos, ritos e negócios», Tese de doutoramento, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1994, or Luís Ramalhosa GUERREIRO, «La représentation du pouvoir royal à l’âge baroque portugaise (1687- -1753)», Tese de doutoramento, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, 1995. Fundamental for this subject in Brazil is István JANCSÓ and Iris KANTOR, Festa. Cultura e Socie- dade na América Portuguesa, 2 vols., São Paulo, 2001. 2 Edward MUIR, Ritual in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge, 1997, p. 233. 3 I have not considered here the many celebrations of the religious calendar, the funeral processions and saint’s days in which various lay confraternities took a leading role. See the classic study of A. J. R. RUSSELL-WOOD, Fidalgos and Philanthropists , Berkeley, 1968, on the Santa Casa da Misericórdia brotherhood and its role in Salvador’s urban life. For an interesting anthropological analysis of popular religion in modern Portugal see Pierre SANCHIS, Arraial. La fête d’un peuple, Paris, 1997. 4 While references to public ceremonies do appear scattered throughout the minutes or Actas of the municipal Council of Salvador, Documentos históricos do Arquivo Municipal. Actas da Câmara, 10 vols. to date (Salvador, 1949-) and its correspondence [Cartas do Senado] there is relatively little discussion of these events given their importance in the city’s life. The expla- nation for this relative absence may lie in the continual dependence on Portuguese traditional models and practices. CEREMONIES OF
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