DOCSLIB.ORG

SIMULATION of CENTAURO EVENTS at CASTOR Introduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SIMULATION of CENTAURO EVENTS at CASTOR Introduction ALICE/97{06 Internal Note/PHY 6 March 1997 SIMULATION OF CENTAURO EVENTS AT CASTOR 1 2 3 E. Gladysz-Dziadu s ,Yu. V. Kharlov ,A.D.Panagiotou , 2 S. A. Sadovsky 1 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland 2 Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia 3 University of Athens, Athens, Greece Abstract We present the rst Monte Carlo mo del of Centauro events based on the phe- nomenological mo del of Panagiotou et al. and show the quantitative consequences for kinematics, baryon numb er, mass and decay prop erties of the Centauro reball. The simulation of Centauro events for the CASTOR detector is p erformed. The signatures of these events are discussed in details. Intro duction In this pap er we present the rst Monte Carlo mo del of Centauro events based on the phenomenological mo del [1, 2 , 3] and discuss results on MC simulations of Centauro events for the CASTOR detector of the ALICE exp eriment at LHC [4]. Originally the mo del of Centauro event pro duction was based on exp erimental facts from cosmic ray studies and assumptions of some geometrical characteristics of the events; exp erimentally observed transverse momenta, energies of di erent spices of secondary particles and scenario of the Centauro reball evolution allow to calculate thermo dynamical parameters and the lifetime of the Centauro reball. The extrap olation of this mo del to the higher energy allowed to estimate some observables of Centauro events, when taking into account the collider kinematics [5]. In this approachwe attempt to predict more precisely the characteristics of such kind of events. In the current pap er we present this mo del of Centauro events in heavy ion collisions on assumption of some fundamental characteristics of the Centauro reball which lead to the predictions of observables in such kind of events. The mo del is for- mulated in terms of impact parameter of ion collisions, two thermo dynamical parameters 1 baryochemical p otential and temp erature which are assigned to the Centauro reball pro duced in the scenario of Centauro eventevolution, and the nuclear stopping p ower. Since we construct the fully quantitative mo del wehave to formalize all assumptions of the original mo del and intro duce some additional assumptions. The event generator cal- culates the Centauro reball parameters and pro duces the full event con guration. Thus the mo del predicts all kinematical parameters of the Centauro events whichwere observed in cosmic ray exp eriments. In section 1 we give the gradual thermo dynamical and kinematical description of pro duction and evolution of Centauro-typ e events in relativistic heavy ion collisions and showcharacteristic mass, energy and multiplicity distributions of these events. In section 2 results of the detection simulation of these events with the CASTOR apparatus are given. Centauro events are compared with minimum bias events pro duced by the HIJING generator. Signatures of Centauro events are discussed. 1 Physics of Centauro events Centauro reball evolution. The description of Centauro events [6] was intro duced in pap ers [1, 2 , 3 ]. According to this mo del Centauro events o ccur in nuclear collision in the pro jectile fragmentation region when the pro jectile nucleus p enetrating through the target nucleus transforms its kinetic energy into heating and formats of a slightly hot quark matter with high baryochemical p otential [2, 3]. We refer to this quark matter as a primary Centauro reball. On the rst stage of its evolution it contains u and d quarks and gluons. The high baryochemical p otential results in imp ossibil ity for gluons to fragmentinto uu and dd pairs due to Pauli blo cking [2]. Therefore gluons quickly fragmentinto ss pairs. The partial chemical equilibrium is achieved by couplings -quarks + 0 with u and d-quarks and emission of K and K from the primary reball which decreases the temp erature and entropy. After this stage the Centauro reball b ecomes a slightly 13 strange quark matter SQM with relatively long lifetime 10 sec [3]. Finally the SQM reball decays explosively into baryons and some light metastable strange matter ob jects with A> 6 called as strangelets. Baryon numb er of Centauro reball. We consider collisions of nuclei with atomic numb ers A and A and charges Z and Z resp ectively with impact parameter b. The 1 2 1 2 impact parameter is roughly restricted by 0 <b<R + R ; 1 2 1=3 fm i =1; 2 are radii of colliding nuclei. Centauro reball is where R =1:15A i i pro duced in a region of the twonuclei overlapping. The baryon number N of the reball b can b e estimated from a simple geometrical consideration. We assume that all nucleons of the pro jectile nucleus which o ccur in the overlapping region with the target nucleus can interact. Really only the most central part of the overlapping region of the pro jectile 2 900 800 700 ), arbitrary units b 600 f(N 500 Figure 1: Baryon numb er of the reball 400 pro duced in Pb-Pb collisions with impact 300 parameters 0 <b<5 fm. 200 100 140 150 160 170 180 190 Nb forms the reball. Assuming the uniform distribution of nucleons in a nucleus one can nd N through the volume ratio of overlapping region V and the whole pro jectile b ovrlp nucleus V : 1 V ovrlp N =0:9 A : 1 b 1 V 1 Here the factor 0:9 gives the most central part of the overlapping region. In other words the primary reball baryon number N is de ned bya number of nucleons of the pro jectile b nucleus which impacts in the interaction region. It is naturally to assume that pro jectile and target nuclei are distributed uniformly in 2 the transverse plane, i.e. the squared impact parameter b is distributed uniformly. All cosmic Centauro events were observed with rather high hadron multiplicityN > 70, h hence in our mo del we restrict the Centauro reball pro duction by N > 50. In our b quantitative mo del we use a simple assumption that eachnucleus collision with di erent impact parameters results in Centauro reball pro duction with one and the same ther- mo dynamical characteristics. In the real nature it is not so but it seems to b e reasonable when the impact parameter varies a little. Central collisions are more likely to pro duce the Centauro quark matter reball than p eripheral collisions are. Therefore we calculate the distribution of the baryon numb er of the primary Centauro reball for Pb-Pb colli- sions for impact parameters 0 <b<5 fm which corresp ond to the central collisions, the plot is shown in Fig. 1. The form of the distribution f N is rough enough b ecause of b the motivation discussed ab ove. From the other hand this distribution gives the right representation on the baryon number N range b ecause N is de ned strictly for the xed b b impact parameter. This remark also concerns shap es of other distributions given in the pap er. 3 Mass of Centauro reball. The pro duced reball is a glob of decon ned quark matter whichcharacterized by a temp erature T and baryochemical p otential of a nucleon .As b the basic phenomenological mo del [2, 3] predicts, the Centauro reball has a very high baryochemical p otential which do es not p ermitu and d to b e pro duced. This phase of 23 the Centauro reball is unstable yet and after t 10 sec [3] gluons fragmentinto ss pairs. After that a chemical equilibrium in the reball is achieved. In the rst-order p erturbative QCD the energy density of the quark-gluon plasma containing u, d, s quarks and gluons at the temp erature T around a critical one T is expressed by see, e.g. [7, 8 , 9] c and references therein " = " + " + " : g q s Here q = u; d. Gluon and quark contributions " , " and " are q q s 2 8 15 4 " = T ; 1 g s 15 4 2 2 50 3 7 4 4 2 2 1 1 T + 3 T + ; " = s s q q q 2 10 21 2 " ! 2 4 2 18T m m T m m m s s s s s " = +6 K K : s s 1 2 2 T T T T Here K are i-order mo di ed Bessel functions. The strong coupling constant should b e i s taken at a scale Q 2T and equals =0:3 at a critical temp erature T = 170 MeV [8]. s c The is the strangeness equilibration factor 0:4. The net energy density for all s s degrees of freedom is given by 2 37 110 3 2 4 4 2 2 " = T 1 T + 1 + 3 + " : 2 s s s q q 2 30 37 2 Here baryochemical p otential of a quark can b e taken as = =3. q q b The other thermo dynamical quantities of interest, pressure P and quark numb er den- sity n = N =V are obtained from equation 2: q q fb ! 1 @P P = "; n = ; q 3 @ q T ! 3 2 q 2 1 : 3 n =2 T + s q q 2 Since the numb er of quarks N in the primary Centauro reball is de ned from the collision q geometry as N =3N one can obtain from 1 and 3 the volume of the reball V in q b fb the order O : s 3N 2 b ! V = : 4 1+ s fb 3 q 2 2 T + q 2 4 T = 130 MeV 18000 T = 190 MeV 16000 T = 250 MeV 14000 ), arbitrary units fb 12000 f(M tauro re- 10000 Figure 2: Mass of the Cen ball in Pb-Pb collisions at = 8000 b 1:8 GeV and T = 130, 190 and 6000 250 MeV.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Notas De Física
    ISSN OO29-3865 MINISTÉRIO DA CIÊNCIA E TECNOLOGIA CNPo| CBPF CENTRO BRASILEIRO DE PESQUISAS FÍSICAS Notas de Física CBPF-NF-027/88 ARE CENTAURO EVENTS A MANIFESTATION OF AN UNUSUAL TYPE OF PHASE TRANSITION? by I. BEDIAGA, E.N.F. CURADO and E. PREDAZZI RIO DE JANEIRO NOTAS DE FÍSICA é uma pré-publicação de trabalho original em Física NOTAS DE FÍSICA is a preprint of original works un published in Physics Pedidos de cópias «lesta publicação devem ser envia dos aos autores ou ã: Requests for copies of these reports should be addressed to: Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas Area de Publicações Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud, 150 - 49 andar 22.290 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ BRASIL ISSN 0029 - 3865 CBPF-NF-027/88 ARE CENTAURO EVENTS A MANIFESTATION OF AN UNUSUAL TYPE OF PHASE TRANSITION?* by I.BEDIAGA, E.M.F. CURADO and E. PREDAZZI > Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas - CBPF/CNPq Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud, 1bO 22290 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Trasil 'Dipartimento di Física Teórica Universita di Torino, Italy and 1st. Naz. Física Nucleare, Sezionc di Torino. •Contribution to the homage to Professor J. Leite Lopes on his seventieth birthday. CBPF-NF-027/88 SUMMARY We argue that the Centauro events found in cosmic rays by the brazilian-Japanese collaboration could be the manifesta- tion of an unusual phase transition in which a new ordered phase of quarks separated from antiquarkc takes place at ex- tremely high densities. This new phase should then be fol- lowed by yet another disordered phase which might correspond to freeing the quark components.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents (Print)
    PERIODICALS PHYSICAL REVIEW D Postmaster send address changes to: For editorial and subscription correspondence, PHYSICAL REVIEW D please see inside front cover APS Subscription Services (ISSN: 1550-7998) Suite 1NO1 2 Huntington Quadrangle Melville, NY 11747-4502 THIRD SERIES, VOLUME 70, NUMBER 7 CONTENTS D1 OCTOBER 2004 RAPID COMMUNICATIONS Measurement of the eeÿ ! D D cross sections (6 pages) . 071101 T. Uglov et al. (Belle Collaboration) p Study of double charmonium production in eeÿ annihilation at s 10:6 GeV (6 pages) . 071102 K. Abe et al. (Belle Collaboration) Testing soft electroweak supersymmetry breaking from neutralino, chargino, and charged Higgs boson pair production at linear colliders (5 pages) .......................................................... 071301 M. Beccaria, H. Eberl, F. M. Renard, and C. Verzegnassi Universal neutrino mass hierarchy and cosmological baryon number asymmetry (4 pages) . 071302 Zhi-zhong Xing ARTICLES New measurements of 1S decays to charmonium final states (18 pages) . 072001 R. A. Briere et al. (CLEO Collaboration) Underlying event in hard interactions at the Fermilab Tevatron pp collider (10 pages) . 072002 D. Acosta et al. (CDF Collaboration) Measurement of 3 with Dalitz plot analysis of B ! D K decay (14 pages) . 072003 A. Poluektov et al. (Belle Collaboration) Study of the eeÿ ! ÿ0 process using initial state radiation with BABAR (22 pages) . 072004 B. Aubert et al. Nucleon contribution to the induced charge of neutrinos in a matter background and a magnetic field (10 pages) 073001 Jose´ F. Nieves Large logarithms in the beam normal spin asymmetry of elastic electron-proton scattering (10 pages) . 073002 Andrei V. Afanasev and N. P. Merenkov Improving extractions of jVcbj and mb from the hadronic invariant mass moments of semileptonic inclusive B decay (17 pages) ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • New Results from Cosmic Rays
    0 NEW RESULTS FROM COSMIC RATS S.C. Tonwar Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hoasi BhaSsha RoasS, Bombay-400 005 I wish to discerns here some of the interesting results that have become available In last few years fro m experiments carried out using cosmic ray beam. These results provide information about particle physics at energies well above these available at particle accelerators. I have also included in this discussion some experimental results which were obtained many years back but have been reinterpreted recently in the light of our present knowledge of high energy processes v . , and cosmic ray composition. I must emphasize right in the beginning that most of the interesting results obtained in cosmic ray experiments suffer from poor statistics due to very low luminosity of the cosmic ray beam at high energies. Further the interpretations of observed phenomena, in some cases, are not unique due to our lack of precise knowledge of the composition of primary cosmic rays at these'energies. Therefore, the cosmic ray experiments, by their very nature, can provide in some cases only a glimpse of the interesting phenomenon which may be occurring at very high energies. An idea of the statistical problems faced by a cosmic ^ray^physicist may be given by a comparison of the cosmic ray particle flux with the beam luminosity obtained, say, at ISR machine. For - 262 - - 263 - energies above 2000 GeV (2 TeV) the proton flux at the top of atmosphere is about 70 m"^sr"*hr“l and only about 0.5 m '^sr^day*1 at mountain altitude (730 g.
    [Show full text]
  • Centauro and Strange Object Research in Nucleus
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE CASTOR: Centauro And Strange Object Research in provided by CERN Document Server nucleus-nucleus collisions at LHC Ewa G ladysz-Dziadu´s for the CASTOR group A L S Angelis1, X Aslanoglou2,JBartke3, K Chileev4, 3 4 4 4 EG ladysz-Dziadu´s ∗,MGolubeva,FGuber,TKaravitcheva, YVKharlov5,ABKurepin4, G Mavromanolakis1, A D Panagiotou1, S A Sadovsky5 VVTiflov4, and Z Wlodarczyk 6 1 Nuclear and Particle Physics Division, University of Athens, Athens, Greece. 2 Department of Physics, the University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece. 3 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Cracow, Poland. 4 Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia. 5 Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia. 6 Institute of Physics, Pedagogical University, Kielce, Poland. Abstract. We describe the CASTOR detector designed to probe the very forward, baryon-rich rapidity region in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the LHC. We present a phenomenological model describing the formation of a QGP fireball in high baryochemical potential environment, and its subsequent decay into baryons and possibly strangelets. The model explains the Centauro events observed in cosmic rays and the long-penetrating component frequently accompanying them, and makes predictions for the LHC. Simulations of Centauro-type events by means of our Monte-Carlo event generator CNGEN were done. To study the response of the apparatus to new effects, different exotic species (DCC clusters, Centauros, strangelets and so{called mixed events produced by baryons and strangelets being the remnants of the Centauro fireball explosion) were passed through the deep calorimeter. The energy deposition pattern in the calorimeter appears to be a new clear signature of the QGP state.
    [Show full text]
  • Do Energetic Heavy Nuclei Penetrate Deeply Into Earth's Atmosphere? (Cosmic Rays/High-Energy Interactions/Hypothetical Particles) P
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 77, No. 1, pp. 44-48, January 1980 Physics Do energetic heavy nuclei penetrate deeply into Earth's atmosphere? (cosmic rays/high-energy interactions/hypothetical particles) P. B. PRICE, F. ASKARY, AND G. TARLt Space Sciences Laboratory and Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 Contributed by P. Buford Price, October 25, 1979 ABSTRACT We calculate the expected fluxes of cosmic ray (11), monopoles (11, 12), tachyons (11, 12), and other massive nuclei with charge 5 < Z < 28 at various depths in the earth's hypothetical particles (11, 12) by using the earth's atmosphere atmosphere, taking into account the initial charge distribution, to screen out primary cosmic rays or as a target within which ionization loss, and various modes of fragmentation. The flux of surviving heavy nuclei is too low by a factor t10-10 to ac- the hypothetical particles might be generated in high-energy count for the ultra-high-energy Centauro events. We describe cosmic ray interactions. Only two of these groups designed their an experiment to search for highly ionizing particles that may detector to look exclusively for very highly ionizing particles or may not be nuclei. (13, 14). Both groups obtained negative results. A third reason is the possibility that the spectacularly ener- Because of the rapid, exponential absorption of energetic getic cosmic ray interactions discovered at Mt. Chacaltaya by complex nuclei in the earth's atmosphere, essentially all of our a Brazil-Japan collaboration (15) and dubbed Centauro events knowledge of the primary cosmic ray charge composition might be caused by a very heavy nucleus or a more exotic object comes from experiments on stratospheric balloons and space- (16).
    [Show full text]
  • C E R N European Organization for Nuclear Research
    ORGANISATION EUROPÉENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCLÉAIRE CERN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH // I-NIM'.K r MKNTS AT CERH IN L l> N 1 ''S S ORGANISATION EUROPÉENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCLÉAIRE CERN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH 0: 8512090081 EXPERIMENTS AT CERN IN 1985 GENEVA November 1985 INTRODUCTION I/This book is a compilation of the current experimental program at CERN. { The experiments listed are being performed at one of the following machines: the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), the Proton Synchrotron (PS) and the Synchro-Cyclotron (SC). The four experiments to be done by means of the Large Electron Positron machine (LEP) are also listed. •Ttlgnro gramme has been determined—by- the-€€-RN~ -Rea^ageh—Bea-gd-y-whéch the Director^GenetaJL^on^ experiments to be carried out at CERN. The Research Board acts on recommènaarr±o»-^ma4e_by the Experiments Committees which are _the_._S£SC-, the " PSCC and the LEPC. The compb"Sttioa .-0.fL4.he Exper- ~~iTfi5n¥«—Goamit-fcees and- of the Research Board as of 1st -November$ The schematic layouts of beams and experiments at the various machines are given in the beginning of the report. ri fry a fnrfp wh^cfr includes-A-gar-laA- number and- chacacter*.-dônoting--the- machine used- and its location.—~£n•—addi-rtorr;—a •tnaaonic dgscripJ-laa-of Its. physics. ,pjUXpj3.a&->hA&--be«n--«dded--(tyn:Iy fut active- in the hope of—faeil-itating its idontifica-tion. The experiment goals and methods are briefly described and a schematic layout of the apparatus is included. Lists of participants and their institutions are also given.
    [Show full text]
  • CASTOR: Centauro and Strange Object Research in Nucleus
    CASTOR: Centauro And Strange Object Research in nucleus-nucleus collisions at LHC Ewa G ladysz-Dziadu´sfor the CASTOR group A L S Angelis1, X Aslanoglou2, J Bartke3, K Chileev4, 3 4 4 4 E G ladysz-Dziadu´s ∗, M Golubeva , F Guber , T Karavitcheva , Y V Kharlov5, A B Kurepin4, G Mavromanolakis1, A D Panagiotou1, S A Sadovsky5 V V Tiflov4, and Z W lodarczyk6 1 Nuclear and Particle Physics Division, University of Athens, Athens, Greece. 2 Department of Physics, the University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece. 3 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Cracow, Poland. 4 Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia. 5 Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia. 6 Institute of Physics, Pedagogical University, Kielce, Poland. Abstract. We describe the CASTOR detector designed to probe the very forward, baryon-rich rapidity region in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the LHC. We present a phenomenological model describing the formation of a QGP fireball in high baryochemical potential environment, and its subsequent decay into baryons and possibly strangelets. The model explains the Centauro events observed in cosmic rays and the long-penetrating component frequently accompanying them, and makes predictions for the LHC. Simulations of Centauro-type events by means of our Monte-Carlo event generator CNGEN were done. To study the response of the apparatus to new effects, different exotic species (DCC clusters, Centauros, strangelets and so–called mixed events produced by baryons and strangelets being the remnants of the Centauro fireball explosion) were passed through the deep calorimeter. The energy deposition pattern in the calorimeter appears to be a new clear signature of the QGP state.
    [Show full text]
  • CASTOR Detector: Model, Objectives and Simulated Performance(∗)(∗∗)
    IL NUOVO CIMENTO Vol. 24 C, N. 4-5 Luglio-Ottobre 2001 CASTOR detector: Model, objectives and simulated performance(∗)(∗∗) A. L. S. Angelis(1), X. Aslanoglou(2),J.Bartke(3), M. Yu. Bogolyubsky(4) K. Chileev(5),S.Erine(4),E.G%ladysz-Dziadu´s(3), Yu. V. Kharlov(4) A. B. Kurepin(5), M. Lobanov(4), A. I. Maevskaya(5) ∗∗∗ G. Mavromanolakis(1)( ), N. Nicolis(2), A. D. Panagiotou(1) S. A. Sadovsky(4)andZ. W%lodarczyk(6) (1) Nuclear and Particle Physics Division, University of Athens - Athens, Greece (2) Department of Physics, University of Ioannina - Ioannina, Greece (3) Institute of Nuclear Physics - Cracow, Poland (4) Institute for High Energy Physics - Protvino, Russia (5) Institute for Nuclear Research - Moscow, Russia (6) Institute of Physics, Pedagogical University - Kielce, Poland (ricevuto il 21 Ottobre 2000; approvato il 12 Febbraio 2001) Summary. —We present a phenomenological model describing the formation and evolution of a Centauro fireball in the baryon-rich region in nucleus-nucleus inter- actions in the upper atmosphere and at the LHC. The small particle multiplicity and imbalance of electromagnetic and hadronic content characterizing a Centauro event and also the strongly penetrating particles (assumed to be strangelets) fre- quently accompanying them can be naturally explained. We describe the CASTOR calorimeter, a subdetector of the ALICE experiment dedicated to the search for Centauro in the very forward, baryon-rich region of central Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC. The basic characteristics and simulated performance of the calorimeter are presented. PACS 12.38.Mh – Quark-gluon plasma. PACS 25.75 – Relativistic heavy-ion collision.
    [Show full text]
  • 7 X 11 Long.P65
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-56108-2 - Quark-Gluon Plasma: From Big Bang to Little Bang Kohsuke Yagi, Tetsuo Hatsuda and Yasuo Miake Index More information Index adjoint representation, 18, 399 Big Bang, 1, 6, 193 AGS, 338 binary collisions, 279 Alternating Gradient Synchrotron, see AGS Bjorken flow, 270, 335 analytic continuation, 68, 89 Bjorken formula, 275, 340, anisotropic lattice, 110 348, 360 anisotropy parameter, 110 Bjorken picture, 250 anomalous dimension, 152 Bjorken’s x, 303 anti-hyperons, 315 black body radiation, 60 anti-screening, 2, 30 black hole, 228 aperiodic gauge transformation, 111 blue shift, 297, 310 area law, 100, 102 Bohr radius, 174 asymptotic freedom, 2, 24 Boltzmann entropy, 282 IR, 149 Boltzmann equation, 280 UV, 150 Boltzmann H-theorem, 283 asymptotic scaling, 104 boost invariance, 271 asymptotic series, 79 Bose–Einstein distribution, 44 AU (astronomical unit), 395 bottomonium (), 107, 108, 170 auxiliary field method, 166 BRST transformation, 21 average transverse momentum, 314 bulk viscosity, 269 axial anomaly, 29 azimuthal angular correlations, 372 azimuthal anisotropies, 366 canonical dimensions, 148 azimuthal distribution of particle emission, 319 Carlson’s theorem, 68, 89 Casimir operator, 70, 398 -function, 157 Centauro event, 325 background subtraction, 386 center-of-mass frame, 259 bag constant, 30, 32, 48 center symmetry, 54, 112 bag EOS, 212 central collisions, 247, 256, 358, 375 bag model, 32, 46 central plateau, 253 Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula, 94 central rapidity region, 253 balance
    [Show full text]
  • A Hidden Dimension, Clifford Algebra, and Centauro Events
    Preprint A Hidden Dimension, Clifford Algebra, and Centauro Events Carl Brannen∗ A Quality Construction, Woodinville, WAy (Dated: June 15, 2005) This paper fleshes out the arguments given in a 20 minute talk at the Phenomenology 2005 meeting at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, Wisconsin on Monday, May 2, 2005. The argument goes as follow: A hidden dimension is useful for explaining the phase velocity of quantum waves. The hidden dimension corresponds to the proper time parameter of standard relativity. This theory has been developed into a full gravitational theory, \Euclidean Relativity" by other authors. Euclidean relativity matches the results of Einstein's gravitation theory. This article outlines a compatible theory for elementary particles. The massless Dirac equation can be generalized from an equation of matrix operators operating on vectors to an equation of matrix operators operating on matrices. This allows the Dirac equation to model four particles simultaneously. We then examine the natural quantum numbers of the gamma matrices of the Dirac equation, and generalize this result to arbitrary complexified Clifford algebras. Fitting this \spectral decomposition" to the usual elementary particles, we find that one hidden dimension is needed as was similarly needed by Euclidean relativity, and that we need a set of eight subparticles to make up the elementary fermions. These elementary particles will be called \binons", and each comes in three possible subcolors. The details of the binding force between binons will be given as a paper associated with a talk by the author at the APSNW 2005 meeting at the University of Victoria, at British Columbia, Canada on May 15, 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • CENTAURO EVENTS and a SEARCH for THEM in Ual DATA at E 155 Tev LAB --'---'-=
    203 CENTAURO EVENTS AND A SEARCH FOR THEM IN UAl DATA AT E 155 TeV LAB --'---'-= D.P. Dallman EP Division, CERN and Institut fur Hochenergiephysik der �AW, Vienna Abstract The phenomenon of Centauro events reported from cosmic ray experiments is discussed. A search for such events in data from the UAl experiment at the CERN SPS pp collider has so far yielded a negative result. The upper limit on the cross-section is about 1 pb. 204 1. Introduction The Centauro phenomenon is an example of a confrontation between two different fields of experimental physics, namely those of cosmic ray physics and particle accelerator physics. The different techniques involved (and some­ times even the different jargon) make direct comparisons rather difficult. In the case 'of accelerator experiments one has the advantage of controllable initial conditions, simpler interactions and a high event rate. In contrast, even the primary cosmic ray interaction is complex, involving at least one multi-nucleon nucleus, and, since the incident flux falls off rapidly with increasing energy l) , for sufficiently high energies the chance of directly observing this primary interaction in the detector is small. Where cosmic rays will always win over accelerator experiments in the forseeable future is in the maximum energy which can be attained, for the primary cosmic ray spectrum extends to at least 108TeV. In comparison, the present energy of the CERN SPS pp collider (540 GeV in the centre-of-mass system) is equivalent to 155 TeV for an interaction on a stationary target. Even if the proposed rise to 900 GeV centre-of-mass energy becomes feasible 2) , this will still give only E LAB = 430 TeV.
    [Show full text]
  • An Estimate of the Flux of Free Quarks in High Energy Cosmic Radiation*
    Aus!. J; Phys., 1983,36, 717-23 An Estimate of the Flux of Free Quarks in High Energy Cosmic Radiation* C. B. A. McCusker Falkiner Nuclear Department, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W. 2006. Abstract The flux of quarks in air shower cores at sea level is estimated from four different types of experiments. All four estimates agree and yield a quark flux of 8 x 10-12 cm- 2 s-1 sr- 1 • The calculated concentra­ tion of quarks in the Earth's crust resulting from this flux is compared with that found in niobium in the Stanford quark search. 1. Introduction In 1968 the Sydney Air Shower Group began a search for quarks in the central region of extensive air showers (EASs) of cosmic radiation. These showers were mostly due to primary cosmic ray particles of energy between 1015 and 1017 eV. In 1969 we found a track in event 66240 with all the expected characteristics of a quark track and no contra-indications (McCusker and Cairns 1969). This event led to other searches in air shower cores and it also led to some criticisms and suggestions for other explanations of the event. In the last 13 years we have been able to answer the various criticisms. It is now possible to use results from our own and other experiments to estimate the flux of free quarks in high energy cosmic radiation. In this paper, I summarize our rebuttal evidence (most of which has only appeared in theses or in-house reports) and make and compare estimates of the flux from various experiments.
    [Show full text]