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An Ethnography of Youth Aging out of the Child Welfare System

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An Ethnography of Youth Aging out of the Child Welfare System CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by D-Scholarship@Pitt “SOME TYPE OF WAY”: AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF YOUTH AGING OUT OF THE CHILD WELFARE SYSTEM by Lisa Ann Schelbe Bachelor of Arts, Washington University in St. Louis, 1998 Master of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, 2002 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of School of Social Work in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Work University of Pittsburgh 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK This dissertation was presented by Lisa Ann Schelbe It was defended on June 3, 2013 and approved by John Wallace, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Philip Hallen Chair in Community Health and Social Justice, School of Social Sara Goodkind, Ph.D., MSW, Assistant Professor, School of Social Work Mary Beth Rauktis, Ph.D., M.Ed., Research Assistant Professor, School of Social Work Martha Ann Terry, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Public Health Dissertation Advisor: Jeffrey Shook, Ph.D., J.D., Associate Professor, School of Social Work ii Copyright © by Lisa Ann Schelbe 2013 iii “SOME TYPE OF WAY”: AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF YOUTH AGING OUT OF THE CHILD WELFARE SYSTEM Lisa Ann Schelbe, Ph.D., MSW University of Pittsburgh, 2013 In the United States, the average 18-year-old is not expected to live without support and resources from his or her family. However, in many states, youth leave the child welfare system because at their age they are no longer eligible to receive services. In many states this is at age 18. These youth “aging out” of the system must negotiate the transition out of care simultaneously with the transition to adulthood. Unsurprisingly, youth aging out of the child welfare system experience poor outcomes compared to their age-mates across multiple domains including employment, education, housing, health, substance use, mental health, justice system involvement, and early parenting. While agencies offer services targeting youth aging out, hardships and poor outcomes persist. The difficulties these youth negotiate are complex and influenced by structural conditions. An understanding of how youth aging out negotiate the transition out of the child welfare system is lacking. This ethnography explores the experiences and struggles of youth aging out as they leave care. Additionally, the study examines and critiques services for youth aging out. Using a capital development perspective as a framework, this study offers unique insights about how policies and programs can assist youth transition out of the child welfare system more smoothly. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................ XI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... XII 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM ............................................................................. 7 1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY ........................................................................ 12 1.3 RELEVANCE TO SOCIAL WORK ............................................................... 15 1.4 “SOME TYPE OF WAY” ................................................................................. 16 1.5 OUTLINE OF DISSERTATION ..................................................................... 17 1.6 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 19 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 21 2.1 ADULTHOOD ................................................................................................... 22 2.2 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONTEXT TO BECOMING AN ADULT ... 23 2.3 THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTS ................................................................... 25 2.3.1 Emerging Adulthood Theory ..................................................................... 25 2.3.2 Life Course Perspective .............................................................................. 26 2.3.3 Capital Development Perspective .............................................................. 27 2.4 YOUTH AGING OUT ...................................................................................... 29 2.5 FEDERAL LEGISLATION ............................................................................. 31 v 2.6 AGING OUT IN THE CHILD WELFARE SYSTEM .................................. 32 2.6.1 Congregate Care ......................................................................................... 33 2.6.2 Independent Living Programs ................................................................... 35 2.6.3 Education ..................................................................................................... 37 2.6.4 Employment................................................................................................. 37 2.7 HETEROGENEITY OF YOUTH AGING OUT ........................................... 38 2.8 THEORIES ADDRESSING YOUTH AGING OUT ..................................... 42 2.8.1 Capital Development Perspective .............................................................. 45 2.9 CRITICAL THEORY ....................................................................................... 46 2.10 QUALITATIVE STUDIES OF YOUTH AGING OUT ................................ 48 3.0 METHODS ................................................................................................................ 51 3.1 RESEARCH QUESTION ................................................................................. 52 3.2 ETHNOGRAPHY.............................................................................................. 53 3.3 SAMPLE ............................................................................................................ 56 3.4 SITE SELECTION ........................................................................................... 59 3.4.1 Keystone County ......................................................................................... 59 3.4.2 Department of Human Services ................................................................. 63 3.5 DATA COLLECTION ...................................................................................... 67 3.5.1 Observation ................................................................................................. 69 3.5.2 In-depth interviews with youth. ................................................................. 71 3.5.3 In-depth interviews with service providers .............................................. 72 3.5.4 Consent process ........................................................................................... 73 3.6 FRAMEWORK DEVELOPMENT ................................................................. 75 vi 3.7 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ................................................................ 76 3.8 DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 77 3.9 REFLEXIVITY .................................................................................................. 80 4.0 “IT’S JUST BEEN AN ONGOING STRUGGLE”: AGING OUT ..................... 84 4.1 JADEN’S STORY .............................................................................................. 87 4.2 EMPLOYMENT IN CONTEXT ...................................................................... 96 4.3 JADEN’S APARTMENT .................................................................................. 98 4.4 LIFE SKILLS................................................................................................... 100 4.5 JADEN’S “MONEY PROBLEMS” ............................................................... 102 4.6 TA’QUAYLA’S FUTURE .............................................................................. 108 4.7 LIFE COURSE PERSPECTIVE ................................................................... 111 4.8 EMERGING ADULTHOOD THEORY ...................................................... 114 4.9 ISOLATED AND ALONE .............................................................................. 117 4.10 FLUIDITY OF SUCCESS .............................................................................. 122 5.0 “LIFE’S A GAME”: CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE ............... 125 5.1 CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE ............................................ 130 5.2 TITI’S STORY ................................................................................................. 136 5.3 MAGGIE’S STORY ........................................................................................ 139 5.4 CULTURAL CAPITAL .................................................................................. 143 5.5 TITI’S SUPPORT SYSTEM .......................................................................... 148 5.6 SOCIAL CAPITAL ......................................................................................... 150 5.7 BRYAN’S STORY ........................................................................................... 153 5.8 ECONOMIC CAPITAL ................................................................................. 155 vii 5.9 HUMAN CAPITAL ......................................................................................... 158 5.10 SUMMARY .....................................................................................................
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