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A Phonological Analysis of Black English in Kendrick Lamar's Song Lyrics in the Album "DAMN""

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A Phonological Analysis of Black English in Kendrick Lamar's Song Lyrics in the Album A PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BLACK ENGLISH IN KENDRICK LAMAR’S SONG LYRICS IN THE ALBUM “DAMN” A THESIS BY : MUHAMMAD HASAN PRATAMA SIREGAR REG. NO. 140705070 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA A PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BLACK ENGLISH IN KENDRICK LAMAR’S SONG LYRICS IN THE ALBUM “DAMN” A THESIS BY MUHAMMAD HASAN PRATAMA SIREGAR REG. NO. 140705070 SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR Dr. Rohanie Ganie, M.Hum. Dian Marisha Putri, S.S., M.Si NIP. 19570203 198503 2 002 NIP. 19901029 201706 2 001 Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra From Department of English. DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2020 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as a thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination. Head, Secretary, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A, Ph.D Rahmadsyah Rangkuti M.A., Ph.D NIP. 19540916 19803 2 003 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan. The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on January 30 th, 2020. Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001 Board of Examiners Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A, Ph.D ___________________ Dr. Rohanie Ganie, M.Hum. ___________________ Dr. Eddy Setia,.M.Ed. TESP ___________________ UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I, MUHAMMAD HASAN PRATAMA SIREGAR, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION. Signed: Date : January 30th, 2020 iv UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION NAME : MUHAMMAD HASAN PRATAMA SIREGAR TITLE OF THESIS : A PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BLACK ENGLISH IN KENDRICK LAMAR’S SONG LYRICS IN THE ALBUM “DAMN” QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA. Signed : Date : January 30th, 2020 v UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Alhamdulillahi Rabbil ‗alamin, the greatest grattitude is expressed to Allah SWT for the blessings and the opportunity to complete this thesis. This thesis entitled ―A Phonological Analysis of Black English in Kendrick Lamar's song lyrics in The Album "DAMN‖ is submitted as the final requirement in completing the degree in English Literature Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of North Sumatera. In arranging this thesis, a lot of people have provided motivation, advice, support and also a lot of pressures which is being a vitamin for the writer. A lot of people who still give enthusiasm and advice to keep fighting from the closest people, especially the family to create enthusiasm and passion to keep trying. The first and foremost thank goes to my everlasting beloved Alm. Ir. Raja Junjungan Siregar who always waits patiently and give extraordinary spirit from the heaven for the writer to finish his bachelor program but regrettably he is no longer in life to give a handshake to the writer and see her child officially become a English literature bachelor. The researcher also would like to give the second thank to his mother mrs. Juliani Lubis who has introduced English to the writer since he was a kid and being a single mother for the writer at that time the writer was working on this thesis. The next thank to my brother and sisters who always give motivation and responsibility and close to the writer whenever there are joy or sorrow. The sincere appreciation goes to Dr. Budi Agustono M.S as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of North Sumatera. The appreciation also goes to Prof. T. Sylvana Sinar M.A Ph.D. as the head of English Literature vi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Department and Mr Rahmadsyah Rangkuti M.A Ph.D. for their advice, supervision and crucial contribution in the improvement of the result of this thesis. Also the grateful thanks should go to all of lectures that have guided the writer from first semester until the last semester. The researcher should be thankful to have guidance and motivation from Dr. Rohani Ganie, M.Hum for his supervision, advice and guidance from the very early stage of this reasearch. This also has given the researcher extraordinary experience in doing first thesis through the past few months. The researcher also should thank his second supervisor Dian Mayasari, M.Hum. who has helped the writer with kind heart and patience finishing the thesis with her guidance, suggestion and correction until the thesis is completed. It is very grateful to have some close friends who always support the researcher whenever there are joy or sorrow. The appreciation should go to the writer closest friend, Sinta Putri Amelia Ginting who always give support in attention and material to the writer in the procces of completing this thesis. Also the appreciation is dedicated to Summer Flings, nii nii jaa ngaronya, IMSI, English literature class of 2014 and to all friends who keep on supporting the researcher to finish his thesis. vii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Finally, thanks are dedicated to everybody who helped the researcher to complete this thesis. This thesis is far from perfect, for this reason, constructive thought, suggestion and critics are welcome. Medan, December 21, 2019 Muhammad Hasan Pratama Siregar viii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT The title of this research is "A Phonological Analysis of Black English in Kendrick Lamar's song lyrics in The Album "DAMN"". The objectives of this research are to find out the types the phonological processes of the Black English word pronunciation and the phonological characteristics of Black English in Kendrick Lamar selected lyrical songs. The concepts of phonological process are analyzed by using Victoria Fromkin, Beverley Collins and April McMahon theories. Qualitative research method is used in analyzing this research. The result of this research shows that some types of phonological processes are found in the data, with the alveolarization process as the most frequently used type of place of articulation based on April McMahon theory. The phonological process can be easier to understand by using the theory to analyze The Black English words or commonly called as African-American Vernacular English also revealed from the historical and cultural approach by David Crystal. It shows the condition of a language phenomenon that happened in African-American daily communication system even to other Americans besides black people. Keywords: Phonology, African-American Vernacular English, Fromkin and Crystal, Song Lyrics, Source Domain, Target Domain. ix UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK Judul penelitian ini adalah "Analisis Fonologis Bahasa Inggris Hitam dalam lirik lagu Kendrick Lamar dalam The Album" DAMN ". Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis proses fonologis pelafalan kata-kata Black English dan karakteristik fonologis Black English dalam lirik lagu-lagu pilihan dari Kendrick Lamar. Konsep proses fonologis dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori Victoria Fromkin, Beverley Collins dan April McMahon. Metode penelitian kualitatif digunakan dalam menganalisis penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa beberapa jenis proses fonologis ditemukan dalam data, dengan proses alveolarisasi sebagai jenis artikulasi yang paling sering digunakan berdasarkan teori April McMahon. Proses fonologis dapat lebih mudah dipahami dengan menggunakan teori untuk menganalisis kata-kata The Black English atau biasa disebut Afrika-Amerika Bahasa Inggris Vernakular juga terungkap dari pendekatan historis dan budaya oleh David Crystal. Ini menunjukkan kondisi dari sebuah fenomenom bahasa yang terjadi dalam sistem komunikasi Afrika-Amerika sehari-hari bahkan pada orang Amerika lainnya selain orang kulit hitam. Kata kunci: Fonologi, African-American Vernacular English, Fromkin dan Crystal, Domain sumber, Domain target. x UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHOR’S DECLARATION.........................................................................iv COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ..................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................. vi ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... ix ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................... x TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES
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