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A Grammar of Savosavo Mouton Grammar Library 61 A Grammar of Savosavo Mouton Grammar Library 61 Editors Georg Bossong Bernard Comrie Matthew Dryer De Gruyter Mouton A Grammar of Savosavo by Claudia Wegener De Gruyter Mouton ISBN 978-3-11-028947-3 e-ISBN 978-3-11-028965-7 ISSN 0933-7636 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. ” 2012 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Printing: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen Țȍ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Contents List of tables xi List of figures xiii Abbreviations xv 1 The language and its speakers 1 1.1 Location and linguistic affiliation.................. 1 1.2 Typological profile......................... 5 1.3PreviousworkonSavosavo..................... 8 1.4Thenatureofthedatausedinthisgrammar............ 8 1.5 Orthography and conventions used in examples . ......... 9 2 Phonology 13 2.1 Phoneme inventory ......................... 13 2.1.1Consonants.......................... 13 2.1.2Minimalcontrastbetweenconsonants............ 18 2.1.3Vowels............................ 19 2.1.4Minimalcontrastbetweenvowels.............. 20 2.1.5Vowelcombinations..................... 20 2.1.6 Diphthong .......................... 20 2.2Syllableandrootstructure..................... 22 2.3Stress................................ 23 2.3.1Rootstress.......................... 24 2.3.2 Influence of affixes and clitics on stress . ......... 24 2.4 Morphophonology ......................... 28 2.4.1 Influence of affixes and enclitics . .............. 29 2.4.1.1 Avoidance of identical vowel sequences . 29 2.4.1.2 Stem modifications................. 30 2.4.2Reduplication......................... 32 2.5Intonation.............................. 34 2.5.1Basicclausalpitchcontours................. 35 2.5.2 Intonation associated with some discourse particles . 40 3 Word formation 43 3.1Terminology............................. 43 3.2 Morphological processes . .................... 45 3.2.1 Affixation and cliticization .................. 45 3.2.2Reduplication......................... 46 vi Contents 3.2.3 Stem modification...................... 46 4 Word classes and phrase types 48 4.1Verbsandtheverbcomplex..................... 48 4.1.1Verbs............................. 48 4.1.1.1Transitiveverbs................... 50 4.1.1.2Intransitiveverbs................... 55 4.1.1.3Ambitransitiveverbs................. 56 4.1.2Verbcomplex–shortoverview................ 56 4.2 Nouns and noun phrases . .................... 57 4.2.1 Nouns . .......................... 57 4.2.1.1Gender........................ 60 4.2.2Nounphrase–shortoverview................ 66 4.3Adjectivesandadjectivephrases.................. 68 4.3.1Adjectives........................... 68 4.3.2Adjectivephrases....................... 72 4.4 Quantifiers and quantifierphrases.................. 72 4.4.1 Quantifiers.......................... 72 4.4.1.1Numeralsandthecountingsystem......... 73 4.4.1.2 Other quantifiers................... 75 4.4.2 Quantifierphrases...................... 76 4.5 Pronominals . .......................... 77 4.5.1 Personal pronouns . .................... 77 4.5.1.1 Free personal pronouns . .............. 77 4.5.1.2 Enclitic subject personal pronouns ......... 79 4.5.2 Possessive pronouns . .................... 80 4.5.3 Emphatic pronouns . .................... 81 4.5.4 Mapamapa ‘RECIP’..................... 83 4.6 Determiners and the demonstrative ai ‘this’............ 84 4.6.1 Determiners vs. personal pronouns .............. 85 4.6.2 Demonstratives vs. definitearticles............. 87 4.7Locationals............................. 89 4.7.1Anoteonframesofreference................ 91 4.8Derivativemarkers......................... 95 4.8.1 The attributive marker sua and sua-phrases......... 95 4.8.2 The proprietive marker lava and lava-phrases........ 98 4.8.3 The privative marker zepo and zepo-phrases......... 101 4.9Postpositionsandpostpositionalphrases.............. 102 4.9.1 l-aka ‘with’.......................... 105 4.9.2 l-omata ‘at,to(wards),from’................. 105 4.9.3 l-omiti ‘for’.......................... 107 Contents vii 4.10 The emphatic modifier toa ‘really’................ 108 4.11 The modifiers memere ‘little bit’ and pono ‘only’......... 110 4.12Adverbs.............................. 111 4.12.1Temporaladverbs..................... 111 4.12.2Otheradverbs....................... 112 4.13Particles.............................. 113 4.13.1 Coordinators, subordinators and cosubordinators . 113 4.13.2Miscellaneousparticles.................. 113 4.14Interjections............................ 114 4.14.1Hesitationmarkers..................... 114 4.14.2Exclamations........................ 114 5 Noun phrases 116 5.1NPstructure............................. 116 5.1.1 Order of constituents within an NP .............. 116 5.1.1.1 NPs headed by a noun or nominal compound and headlessNPs..................... 118 5.1.1.2 NPs headed by a pronoun .............. 124 5.1.1.3NPsheadedbyalocational............. 126 5.1.2Numberandgendermarking................. 127 5.1.3Possession.......................... 130 5.2Casemarking............................ 131 5.2.1Nominative.......................... 134 5.2.2Accusative.......................... 136 5.2.3Genitive............................ 137 5.2.4Locative............................ 140 5.2.5Ablative............................ 145 5.3CompositeNPs........................... 147 5.3.1CoordinationinandbetweenNPs.............. 148 5.3.1.1 Coordination by juxtaposition . ......... 150 5.3.1.2 Coordination with zu ‘and’............. 152 5.3.1.3 Coordination with bo ‘or’.............. 153 5.3.1.4 Coordination with tei kia ‘or’............ 154 5.3.2 Appositional construction .................. 155 5.3.3Inclusoryconstruction.................... 156 6 The verb complex 161 6.1Structureofindividualverbstems................. 161 6.2 Inner layer morphology . .................... 164 6.2.1Objectmarking........................ 164 6.2.1.1 Object affixes: agreement or pronominal suffixes? . 167 viii Contents 6.2.2Transitivity-changingdevices................ 169 6.2.2.1 The transitivizing suffix -vi ............. 169 6.2.2.2 Thedetransitivizing suffix -za ............ 171 6.3 Outer layer morphology . .................... 172 6.3.1Finiteness........................... 172 6.3.2Tenseandaspect....................... 174 6.3.2.1 The future marker ta ................. 174 6.3.2.2 The anticipatory marker -ata ............ 175 6.3.2.3 The simultaneous marker -a ............. 176 6.3.2.4 The present and past imperfective markers -tu and -zu .......................... 177 6.3.2.5 The background imperfective markers -ale and -atu 177 6.3.3Mood............................. 179 6.3.3.1 The imperative markers -a and -lu .......... 179 6.3.3.2 The apprehensive marker -le ............. 180 6.3.3.3 The irrealis marker -ale ............... 180 6.3.4 The same-subject marker -a ................. 181 6.4Reduplication............................ 183 6.5Serialverbconstructions...................... 186 6.5.1SVCswithfullylexicalverbs................ 187 6.5.2SVCswithaspectualverbs.................. 189 6.5.2.1 Completive: SVC with l-aju ‘finish’......... 189 6.5.2.2 Background imperfective: SVC with pale/patu ‘stay’ 191 6.5.2.3 Ingressive: SVC with alu ‘stand’.......... 192 6.5.3 SVCs with verbs that increase the transitivity of the verb complex............................ 192 6.5.3.1 Benefactive: SVC with l-ame-li ‘give’....... 193 6.5.3.2 Causative: SVC with l-au ‘take’........... 194 7 Independent basic clauses 196 7.1 Affirmativedeclarativeclauses................... 196 7.1.1Verbalclauses......................... 197 7.1.1.1 Verb-initial minimal clauses ............. 200 7.1.1.2Adjuncts....................... 202 7.1.1.3 Summary and a note on basic word order . 203 7.1.2Non-verbalclauses...................... 204 7.1.2.1Locationalclauses.................. 206 7.1.2.1.1 Subject–predicate locational clauses . 207 7.1.2.1.2 Predicate–subject locational clauses . 207 7.1.2.2 Property clauses and classificational clauses . 210 7.1.2.2.1NPpredicates............... 212 Contents ix 7.1.2.2.2 Sua-andlava-phrase predicates . 215 7.1.2.3 Non-verbal clauses with a NVC predicate . 217 7.2 The emphatic morphemes =e and te ................ 218 7.2.1 The emphatic enclitic =e ................... 219 7.2.1.1 Non-verbal clauses and =e ‘EMPH’......... 220 7.2.1.2 Verbal clauses and =e ‘EMPH’........... 224 7.2.1.3 Nominalized verbal clauses marked by =e ‘EMPH’ 224 7.2.1.4 Functions of =e ‘EMPH’.............. 227 7.2.2 The emphasizing particle te ‘EMPH’............ 233 7.3Negation............................... 237 7.3.1 Oma ‘not’........................... 237 7.3.2 The negative existentials baigho and baighoza ....... 239 7.3.3 The irrealis suffix -ale .................... 240 7.3.4 The prohibitive particle sika ................. 240 7.3.5 The apprehensive suffix -le .................. 240 7.4Questions.............................. 240 7.4.1Contentquestions....................... 241 7.4.2Polarquestions........................ 244 7.5Apprehensiveclauses........................ 244 8 Complex clauses 247 8.1Coordinationofclauses....................... 248 8.1.1 Coordination with zu ‘and,but’............... 249 8.1.2 Coordination with bo ‘or’.................. 250 8.1.3 Coordination
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