The Discovery of the North Coast of According to an Anonymous Map in the British Museum Author(s): J. Denucé Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Jul., 1910), pp. 65-80 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1777655 Accessed: 21-06-2016 10:04 UTC

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This content downloaded from 128.111.121.42 on Tue, 21 Jun 2016 10:04:01 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE DISCOVERY OF THE NORTH COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. 65 whale fishery is depressing. Only one right whale was sighted from the Arctic during two seasons. In 1907, with eight steamers, the take was only three whales, yielding 97 tons of blubber and 32 cwt. of bone. One ship, the Windward, was lost and became a total wreck at the Cary islands. One is glad to hear that the good old Morning is still in being. The whalers now have to take out a licence from the Canadian Government.

THE DISCOVERY OF THE NORTH COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA ACCORDING TO AN ANONYMOUS MAP IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM.' By Dr. J. DENUOE. THE cartography of South America, as of the rest of the continent, dates from the year 1500 with the map of the world by , the pilot of . It is generally admitted that this document is based upon the explora- tions of Vicente Yanez Pinzon and of Diego de Lepe. The author, in point of fact, was well acquainted with the American coast from Cape San Roque to the mouth of the Orinoco, and there he commenced observations of his own in the course of Hojeda's expedition in 1499. Thirty years later we come across another map issued by official Spanish cosmographers; this is the map of the world of Diego Ribeiro, of the year 1529. This pilot gives information to the effect that the coast between the Rio Dulco (Orinoco) and Cape San Roque, after having been travelled along once or twice since the discovery of the New World, was not further known to Spanish navigators.t This would lead to the belief that the Seville Cartographical Service, which was specially charg3d with preparing and preserving a model chart, or " padron real," knew only of the discoveries of Pinzon and Lepe. These two captains had furnished to Andres de Morales, map-maker of Seville, information for the construction of a map which he had prepared of the region in question, and which had probably served as a model for Ribeiro. Now, the outline and nomenclature of the map of 1529 differ very markedly from those of Juan de la Cosa's map, and it is evident that Ribeiro borrowed from other sources. Be the declaration of the royal cosmographer whom we have just named what it may, and the prototypes which he may have had before him, it is clear that the Hydrographic Service at the Casa de Contratacion of Seville ignored or took no notice of some very good maps at the command of travellers, such as the portulans of Freducci, Reinel, Maggiolo, etc., which were derived in part from Spanish mcdels. One would think that the Casa would have made a selection from the sometimes contradictory information upon the subject of new explorations; the study of the above-mentioned charts, and notably of that which we now intend to examine, shows, however, that the authors of the " padron real" often preferred the information of later travellers whose memoranda are not always handed down to us, to the data derived from the first discoveries. In my ' Origines de la Cartographic portugaise' ~ I have referred to an anony- mous manuscript atlas of Italian composition which occurs in the Egerton Collection

* Map, p. 128. t Orville A. Derby, 'A Costa Nordete do Brasil na Cartographia Antiga' (Extrahido do Livro do Tricentenario do Ceara) (Ceara, 1903), p. 8; ' The North-East Coast of in Ancient Cartography,' from Science, N.S., vol. 19, 1904, p. 681. t Page 80. NO. I.-JULY, 1910.] F

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(No. 2803) at the British Museum. It comprises twenty maps, the greater number referring to Europe, and seven or eight treating of the other continents. According to the catalogue of the office manuscripts, the date of the atlas is 1508,* but H. Harrissc, misled by the ephemeris-table at the end of the volume, which commences with the year 1507, assigns a date prior to 1507.t This great authority has published the part of it dealing with Newfoundland, while the small map of the world on the first page of the manuscript has been reproduced by me in the aforesaid work. The representation of America which I here give on nearly the original scale, oc:upies in the Collection the leaves 7 verso, 8 recto, and 9 verso, and is the part of the atlas devoted to Spanish discoveries in the New WVorld. There is wanting a scale of latitudes and longitudes. Approximately the South American continent extends in it from 10? S. to the latitude of Cuba, about 23? N.- that is to say, to the point where the voyage of Pinzon and Juan Diaz de Solis in 1509 termlinated. On the other hand, the absence of Florida and the i,thmus of Panama points to the year 1513 as the date of completion of the work. It should be noted, however, that in the small map of the world in the same atlas, the isthmus of Panama is roughly delineated. T''he two margins of this map representing Eastern Asia and Western America are not concordant; further, a still more indefinite Gulf of Mexico lends support to the hypothesis that this sheet may have undergone a modification afterwards. Comlparison with the maps of the epoch which are preservel shows, that a certain relationship exists between the portulan of America in the B:itish Museum and those of Freducci :: (1514-15) and the Reinels of Paris (1516), as well as the first Spanish map of the New World published-that is to say, the outline in certain exemplars of the first decade of the "REebus Oceanicis " of Peter Martyr (1511-12). The most striking feature of the London map is the p.rofusion and originality of the nomenclature, although the spelling is bad and highly Italianized. Com- paring it with the original documents we possess bearing upon the earliest explorations of the South American continent, the peculiar impression which the Egerton-work at first sighlt p:roduces disappears, and one comes to regard it as extremely interesting, unique indeed, as regards certain parts represented in it.

* ' Catalogue,' p. 552: Portolano, 1508. " The tables are calculated from 1508 onwards, and the maps were evidently executed about that date, probably at Naples. The volume appears to be a copy of one of the carly portolani of Visconti Maggiolo of Genoa, and is the earliest Italian portulano now known which shows the North Atlantic coast of America. Vellum, 11 x 8- inches." We know that Maggiolo is the author of a collection of portulans belonging to the year 1511, containing a map of the world in which America is represented. According to the description of it left to us by d'Avezac (' Annales dc Voyages,' p. 30. Paris, 1870, Juillet), it is impossible to identify MIaggiolo as the author of the Egerton atlas. The only names and inscriptions ~Yhich refer to the part of America concerning us are the following: Coba, Izabella, Terra trovata per Colombo de Rey de Spania, Cabo de Sta croce de Rey de portugall, Terra de Brazille. There is talk of another atlas composed of four maps of Maggiolo of the year 1512 in Mario Longhena, ' Atlanti e carte nautiche dal secolo XIV. al XVII. conservati nella Biblioteca e nell' Archivio di Parma.' Congr. S. Ital. Progr. Sc. Parma, 1907. Extract from Archivo Storico per Ie Provincie Parmiense. New Series, vol. 7, p. 30. The first leaf shows oa the margin of the map a small part of the "'Tera de brazile," but furnishes no information about the New World. ' ' Decouverte et evolution cartographique de Terre-Neuve ct des pays circoneoi- Fins, 1497-1501-1769,' p. 70. Paris-London, 1900. ; E. Casanova, 'La Carta nautica di Conte Ottomanno Preducci.' Pubblic. R. instituto studi sup. Firenze. Sez. filos. e filol., 1894.

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In order to get a clear idea upon the subject, let us here mention the principal sources of which the author has availed himself. First of all, he has utilized the map of the world of Juan de la Cosa; secondly, the anonymous portulans Nos. II. and III. of the Kunstmann atlas; * among accounts of travel those of Hojeda and Columbus, but above all those of Pinzon and Solis of the years 1500 and 1508-09. WVe will examine successively the importance of each of these factors. The table comparing the nomenclatures of the principal maps of the time shows, more- over, the original character of our portulan, and its relative independence in face of contemporary productions. A cursory glance over the list of names is sufficient to show that Juan de la Cosa's map of the world served as a basis for the map, especially for the length of coast which extenis from the Gulf of Maracaibo to Cape San Roque. Now, this part of the outline is so modified in the Freducci, Reinel, Maggiolo (1519),t Turin map (1523),: and Ribeiro, that one scarcely finds anything more in common. Where did Cosa get his information ? This question has often been dis- cussed. Orville A. Derby, one of the authorities who was occupied with it last of all,? argues that he got it from a person belonging to the expedition of Diego de Lepe, not of Pinzon. But is this expedition alone responsible for the nomenclature of Cosa's map ? T'rhe Brazilian writer whom we have just referred to, after having declared that Cosa is based upon the diagrams of D. de Lepe (who came to in June, 1500), now admits that his map was corrected by a member of Pinzon's expedition, who, returning to Spain in September, 1500, should have added the two capes of S. Maria, curtailed in form and with quite different handwriting. The Egerton map has preserved many other names which Pinzon gave to points on the Southl American coast. What is known about the voyage of this pilot in the years 1499 and 1500 is contained in the " Capitulacion," signed at Granada on September 5, 1500, afterwards in the much-abridged account of Peter Martyr and in certain disclosures of Pinzon himself and his associates in the course of the action commenced at Seville against the Crown by Diego Columbus.ll Of the five names which we find from this source, Santa Maria de la Consolacion, Rostro Hermoso, Santa Maria de la Mar Dulce, Marinatabalon, and Cabo San Vicente, none figure with Cosa, reservation being made for the two C? de Stm%. In the London map the first of these designations occurs in a distorted form--s. maria da colon-but at a spot which can permit of no doubt about its identity with the cape of Pinzon's expedition. This is very probably the point of Calcanhar which forms to the north of Cape San Roque, the eastern extremity of the north coast of Brazil, which Peter Martyr considered to be the cape of S. Aug,ustin of the Portuguese.~ So far as we know, there is no trace of Rostro Hermoso in the cartography of the period. Santa Maria de la Mar Dulce, which indicates the mouth of the Amazon, is called on our map "colpho grando." At the entrance of this gulf Pinzon marked out the Marinatabalon isles, a designation which occurs on the Egerton map in the form " s. maria candelor." In this case identification is undoubtedly a

* ' Atlas zur Entdeckunugsgeschichte Amerikas.' Munich, 1859. t Ibid., No. V. t H. Harrisse,' The Discovery of North America,' p. 528. Paris-London, 1892. ' Atlas contenant un choix de cartes anterieures au traite conclu a Utrecht le 11 avril 1713 entre le et la ' (Rio Branco collection), No. 2. Paris, 1899. ? ' Os Mappas mais antigos do Brasil.' Extrahido da Rivisla do Instituto His torico de Sdo Paulo, vol. 8, 1903, p. 27. |I ' Documentos ineditos,' 1883, tome 39, pp. 329-475. ( De Orbe Novo,' Decade i., liv. vii. and viii. F 2

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little rash; it should nevertheless be remarked that with Peter Martyr, in 1511,* the name is already transformed into Mariatambol, and that it is applied there to all the region west of the Amazon. Cape S. Vincent was caught sight of by Pinzon between the Mar Dulce and the Gulf of Paria, and is regarded as the furthest point of his exploration. Upon our portulan it appears nearly opposite Trinidad, to the north of the Orinoco delta. It is found consequently 10? to the west of Cape Orange, with which it had been identified by the Brazilian committee when the boundary was fixed between and Brazil;t the French geo- graphical account 5 had no knowledge of this cape, since it did not figure on any known ancient chart. The Brazilian committee, not being better acquainted with a cape S. Vincent in this region, came near to that denomlination from the river Vicente Pinzon (the Oyapock of modern times), and finally identified it with the neighbouring Cape Orange, at the mouth of the river Vicente Pinzon, which occurred for the first time on Freducci's map. Does the extraordinary configuration of the Amazon (colpho grando), spread over with islands large and small, provided with an abundant nomenclature of which we in vain look for any trace in contemporary accounts, proceed alike from this same voyage of Pinzon ? Already Canerio's map of the world (1502), the rough outline of which is almost devoid of nomenclatutre, shows two great gulfs: the first, denoting the Gulf of Maranhao, bears the inscription "Canabales, Golfo fermoso"; the second is called " Rio Grande," and indicates the Amazon. The term "Canabales" proves that the travellers of 1500 entered this great indentation and there came in contact with the natives. Upon the Egerton map this is the "C olpho de muchas basas" (gulf with numerous shallows), which should be identified with the Gulf of Maranhao.? The Amazon (colpho grando) extends to about 10? into the interior of the land, and its western bank bears teu names. Six of these appellations refer to the feasts of saints in the Roman Catholic calendar, and permit the itinerary of the expedition which should have visited those regions, to be partly constructed. Thus on January 20 it is found in the entrance of the gulf at a spot which is dedicated to the name of S. Sebastiano; on February 7 the ships should have reached a point called after S. Antonio; on March 12 they were at S. Gregorio, and on March 21 at a place named S. Benedecto. " Aldea bella" makes one suppose that the navigators may have caught sight of a village which was not without character; whilst " quatro iletas " would refer to the group of five or six considerable islands in the Canal do Norte situated between Balique and Curua. At the end of the gulf one reads "siete robuebar," appearing to indicate the point where the expedition commenced to return. The dates suggested by the names of the afore-named saints are not against the supposition that this first acquaintance with the Amazon was made by Vic. Yanez Pinzon, in his voyage undertaken

* ' De Orbe Novo.' The first decade. appeared at Seville, in the year 1511. i ' Second mcmoire prescnte par les Etats Unis du Bresil au Gouvernemenft de la Confederation Suisse,' tome 1, p. 29. Paris, 1899. X ' Memoire de la France,' p. 241. ? It is true that the riuo de medano~ perhaps refers also to the Marabou; with Freducci, indeed, " maronon " succeeds a c. blanco and a Rio fresco; upon the London map the riuo de medanos similarly follows a capo blanco. Is it legitimate to regard medanos as a bad reading of maranon ? We will only say that the appellation of Mar Dulce (colpho grando) did not long remain in use; the term " maranon," which soon replaces it, was first pronounced in the course of the proceedings of Diego Columbus, by the witness Juan Rodriguez, on April 6, 1513. Peter Martyr mentions it in a letter dated December 18 of the same year, afterwards in the edition of his ' Decades' of 1516.

This content downloaded from 128.111.121.42 on Tue, 21 Jun 2016 10:04:01 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms ACCORDING TO AN ANONYMOUS MAP IN THE BRITISH MUSEOM. 69 between November 18, 1499, and September 30, 1500.* We have not cited every source of information for the knowledge of this first exploration of America south of the equator. Although perhaps not so deserving of credit as Peter Martyr, the historian Oviedo t writes in more detail concerning the entry of Pinzon's flotilla in the mouth of the Amazon. The pilot should have ascended the river with four boats 15 to 20 leagues according to this author, 40 leagues according to a letter of Peter Martyr,: and 50 leagues according to Enciso.? Many Indians lived along the banks. At one spot, not precisely stated, where forty Spaniards disembarked, they soon saw thirty-two armed Indians, followed by many others, directed against them. In the fight which ensued eight Spaniards were killed and a dozen wounded, the survivors only with great difficulty managing to get back on board in time to save themselves. The Europeans then went over to the other bank of the river, seized thirty natives, killing some of them, and wounding some others, " because they had been assailed by these savages in a province called Mariataubal; this region is situated along the Maraion river, which contains many islands." From this insufficient evidence it would doubtless be unsafe to conclude that the Egerton document is founded upon the original map of the expedition of 1500. We know, however, from the statements of P. de Lendesma and other fellow-travellers before the Spanish Treasurer, that Pinzon as well as Lepe brought back maps of their discoveries in the years 1499-1500, and that their data were inserted in the " padron real." |[ But we shall see that as regards the voyage of Pinzon-Solis in 1508-09, the London map comprises details equally unique, but confirmed by written sources of recognized value. It would consequently be out of date to proclaim the nomenclature of the Colpho grando as purely imaginative, because traces of it are not found in the references of the period. The map of Juan de la Cosa has been considered as the document which comprises the most details concerning the discoveries of Alonso de Hojeda, the first explorer of the north coast of South America.~[ This voyage, in which Cosa himself took part, and Amerigo Vespucci in the capacity of a merchant, lasted from May 20, 1499, to April or the end of June, 1500. It is a curious fact that the Egerton map has preserved the memorandum of more details respecting this exploration of Hojeda than the map of the world of Juan de la Cosa, and the indications are ratified by the detailed statements of Las Casas** and Oviedo.tt According to these testimonies, Hojeda had reached the coast of Guiana towards lat. 3? S., and then turned north- west along South America as far as Cabo de la Vela. Of the different names assigned by the captains to the most interesting parts of the coast, our map mentions the following: uenzuela (Venezuela), c. de s. romano (Cabo de S. Roman), crailis (los Frailes), p. flecade (puerto Flechado), aquebocoa (Coquibacoa), caira (Cariaco ?).

* There do not occur the dates of the feasts of S. Petro (August 1), and S. Luca (October 18), which are out of harmony with the series of points along the Colpho Grando coast. t G. F. de Oviedo y Valdes,' Historia general y natural de las Indias.' Madrid edition of 1851-5, book xxiv. cap. ii. t ' Opus Epistolarum,' No. 532, dated December 18, 1513. ? Fern. M. de Enciso, ' Suma de geographia que trata de todas las partidas y provincias del mundo.' Seville, 1519. |1 H. Harrisse,' The Discovery of North America,' p. 413. ? Fern. de Navarrete, ' Goleccion de los viajes de los Espa5oles desde fines de siglo XV,' vol. 3, p. 544. Madrid, 1825-37. ** ' Historia general de las Indias,' vol. 2, pp. 274 and 389. Madrid, 1875. tt Loc. cit., lib. iii. cap. iii. and viii.

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Of all these names, Cosa only cites p. flechado and aguada lago. The last name appertains to a bay and locality to the east of the Gulf of Maracai'bo; it likewise appears on the drawing spoken of by Peter Martyr (1511). We have already spoken of the typical resemblance existing between this work and the map of London, but the analogy of the drawing extends also to the nomenclature; of the twenty names which the document of Martyr includes (abstracting Florida), fifteen can be identified with the appellations, generally somewhat altered, in the Italian portulan of London; in other words, all the names referring to the continent are common, except Cabo de la Vela, which is from Hojeda's nomenclature; the Gulf of Pearls, which goes back to the third voyage of Columbus; Gracias a Dios and Aburema, which are derived from the fourth voyage of the admiral.

Peter Martyr m~ap.* Egerlon Map. baya d'lagartos castello et prouincia de liguri guanasa guanasa i. el marmol p1orto del penol tariene angla taringis equibacos aque bocoa uraba uraba beragua castello la margarita margedua sant just s. ioanne ilha de cuba cuba insula r? grande colpho grando la tnidad rindat g. de paria colpho de parias zamascha insula c. de cruz terra sancte crucis

Before passing on to examine the configuration and nomenclature of Central America according to Martyr and the Egerton map, derived from the expedition of Solis-Pinzon (1508-1509), let us notice something of what has been borrowed from the diagrams of after-explorers of the South American coast in the first years of the sixteenth century. For the Spanish part of the map there is first the third voyage of Christopher Columbus. With respect to this expedition Las Casas said that out of all the names (fifty) which the admiral gave to this region of the New World, there had been handed down to his time only the four following: isla de la Trinidad, boca del Drago, los Testigos, and la Margarita.t The words of the prelate, however, again do not apply to our map, since one finds in it several designations which go back to the third voyage of the Genoese; the majority of them appertain to the neighbourhood of Trinidad: manacapan (Manacapana), cariana (Curiana), camana (Ceumana), margedua (Margarita ?), plaia de islas (punta de la Playa, opposite Trinidad), colpho de parias (punta de Paria). Other names are derived directly from the fourth voyage of the admiral, which lasted from May 11, 1502, to November 7, 1504. Columbus started, one must not forget, from the island of Haiti, towards Guanaja and the east coast of Yucatan. He then travelled along the coast as far as tlhe Isthmus of Panama, in search of a

* According to A. E. Nordenskiold,' Facsimile Atlas to the early history of carto- graphy,' No. 38, p. 67. Stockholm, 1899. The nomenclature of K. Kretschmer, ' Atlas zur Entdeckungsgeschichte,' Taf. 10, ii. (Berlin, 1892), differs rather materially from ours. t Loc. cit., vol. 2, p. 262.

This content downloaded from 128.111.121.42 on Tue, 21 Jun 2016 10:04:01 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms ACCORDING TO AN ANONYMOUS MAP IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 71 navigable passage by which he could lead his squadron into Chinese waters. On his return, carrying out a threat which he had formerly uttered, he did not give up a map of his discoveries.? From that difficulties arose concerning the question as to the part of Central America discovered by the admiral; this was the reason of there being no stipulation in 1508 to prevent Solis and Pinzon from seeing the lands already visited by the Genoese. Caira and caramari on the Egerton map recall the regions of Cariay t and of Caramaira t: of Columbus. The latter distinguishes, besides these two provinces, a third country Saturma, which may be the " turua " of our map. P. Martyr, in a letter dated December 18, 1513,? speaks of the region Caubana, and this name can no doubt be found in the " cubon " of the document in London. "La prouintia de ma " is to be compared with the " tierra de Maya or Maia " of Christopher Columbus in the Yucatan. "Guanasa i." is evidently the little island of Guanaja or Bonacca opposite the bay of Caxina (Cajinas) of the admiral.ll " Porto del penol" alludes to Penon, a rock situated three leagues from Cubbigas in the Vibba country, according to Martyr. Our cartographer recognizes a " caste]lo veragua " where Columbus only speaks of a rio de Veragua; this fortress should no doubt recall the colony which Diego Nicuesa wished to establish in this region, whose endeavours met with the same failure as those of Hojeda, who with four hundred men had desired to found a town on the Gulf of Uraba.t " Corcoboro" designates the region of Cerabaroa,** to the left of the Aburema, in the lagoon of Chiriqui. The discoveries of Columbus in Central America extended as far as the Aburema; there ought to be located his gulf of St. Mathew, or los Perdidos.~t Is this the " c. de s. mirtino " upon our map ? t: It is precisely in this place that one is struck by a very distinct change in spelling and in the system of nomenclature. It may be concluded from this that the province of Camamora of Juan D. de Solis com- mences to the west of Corcoboro, and that all the western part of the portulan has been borrowed exclusively from the diagrams of the famous pilot. To this we shall refer again soon. Chronologically, we have still before 1508 the expedition of and Juan de la Cosa from October, 1500, to September, 1502. The results of this voyage serve as a link between those of Columbus and the data supplied by Hojeda's mission in the year 1500. According to P. Martyr, the names on the American coast proceeding from Bastidas and Cosa have been sometimes attributed to Columbus; notwithstanding this we identify the following names on our map with those given by Bastidas and Cosa: carthagena (puerto de Cartagena), angla taringis (Darien), and Uraba.?? Let us note in the Gulf of Uraba, " marduza," the sea of fresh water which, from the evidence of Pinzon, has been confused with the Gulf of the Nativity, and which has given rise to so many false commentaries. The number of localities which we have just interpreted for the part of the South American coast from Veragua to Aquabacoa remains small, nevertheless, in

* Ph. J. J. Valentini,' Pinzon-Solis, 1508,' Zeitschr. d. Gey. f. Erdkunde, Berlin, xxxiii., 1898, p. 265. t P. Martyr, loc. cit., Dec. iii. lib. iv. * Ibid., Dec. ii. lib. i.: Caramari, Caramairi, and Caramairana. ? ' Opus Epistolarum,' No. 532. 1] Navarrete, loc. cit., vol. 3, p. 557. ? P. Martyr, ' Opus Epist,' No. 532. ** " Zarabora," Ibid. tt P. Martyr, ' De Orbe Novo,' Dec. ii. lib. x. :$ In the rough sketch of the map of the world heading the Egerton atlas, the "C. Mirtino" has become "C. de S. Martino." This is the only denomipation in Central America. ?? Navarrete, 7oC. Cit., vol. 3, p. 26; Oviedo, 7oC. cit., lib. iii. cap. 8.

This content downloaded from 128.111.121.42 on Tue, 21 Jun 2016 10:04:01 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 72 THE DISCOVERY OF THE NORTH COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA comparison with the crowd of names which escape our control. The table of nomen- clatures shows that the Egerton map has hardly borrowed anything from the known documents of the epoch. The abundance of appellations may be explained in one of two ways: either they go back to one of the numerous voyages undertaken in the first years of the sixteenth century by Spaniards who obtained the royal licence, but whose references are not within our reach; or else the data of our compilation are borrowed from the drawings and narrations of known explorers, such as Columbus, Hojcda, Cosa, Bastidas, Lepe, Pinzon, Peralonso Nino, and Christobal Guerra, whose informations were incompletely chronicled by the first historians of the discovery of the New World. As regards the names which are familiar to us through being met with in other maps, many do not occupy the place usually given to them. This is, for example, how the names on the portion of the coast in question follow one another in the celebrated Suma * of Fernandez de Enciso: puerto Flechado (our p. flecade); puerto de canafistola (canafistola), not far from the preceding port; cabo de Sant Roman (c. de s. romano); Puerto del Pico (monte de picho); isletas, between the preceding cape and the cabo de Coquibacoa (aque bocoa); Tucuraca (turua ?), 30 leagues from Cabo de la Vela. Then from Caria (Caira), Aldea grande (aldea grande); islas de arena (insule de arena); Cartagena (carthagena); Caramari (caramari). It is now time to notice the expedition of Solis-Pinzon in the years 1508-09, and examine his results as apparent in the London map. According to the stipulations of the enterprise as they are known from papers recently published in the 'Documentos ineditos relativos al describumiento ... en America,' the two pilots should have sailed along the American coast in a westerly direction from Guanaja, and searched for the hypothetical passage, north of the equator, which would lead to the East Indies. Solis and Pinzon, in fact, after accom- plishing the circumnavigation of Cuba, explored the region comprised between Cape Casinas and the Gulf of Amatique; they then sailed up the coast in a northerly direction, rounded Cape Catoche, and probably pushed forward as far as Cape Palmas. Having thus made their first acquaintance with the coast of Yucatan they reached S. Domingo. The confusion which has existei for a long time upon the subject of this voyage is due in large measure to the false accusation of t that Solis and Pinzon, in 1509, only rediscovered the lands already seen by his father. According to this, the two pilots got to Cariai, on the Mosquito coast, then went north as far as to double Cape Gracias a Dios, but did not pass beyond the Guanaja isles. What is true is this, that Cariai discovered by Columbus, to-day the Bay of Gorgons, was the starting-point of the expedition in Central America. Pedro de Lendesma, pilot of Solis and Pinzon, in reply to the inquiry of the Treasurer as to whether the admiral had discovered Darien, clearly said that the lands explored by Solis and Pinzon in 1508-9 were called Chavanin and Pintigua, the province of Camarona, the sierra of Caria and Gran Bahia de la Natividad.: The documentos ineditos corroborate these statements in a peremptory manner. Peter Martyr ? had preserved for us several names of Lendesma, the two first, for example, under the form of Chiavac&ham and Pintiguanum. The Maggiolo map

* " Suma de geographia," etc., loc. cit t ' Historie del Sig. Fernando Colombo,' cap. 89. Milano, 1614. : J. Tor. de Medina, 'Juan Diaz de Solis. Estudio historico,' ii. p. 101. Santiago de Chile, 1897. ? Loc. cit., Dec. ii. lib. vii.

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of 1519 indicates a rio de camaroma, a baida xagoa, and the g. de nauida. In the Egerton portulan all the.names of Lendesma figure. First of all we have " Camarona." There this appellation refers to the whole of the coast of Central America between Veragua and the northern extremity of the continent. Three times the name has been reproduced-the "prouintia de canarona" and "prouintia de camera" in the region of Cape Gracias a Dios; it constitutes, besides, the last inscription on the American coast, "riuo nela prouincia de canaro." The unique name of the drawing of Peter Martyr (1511), who refers to the exploration of this coast, is the mysterious legend "baya d'lagartos," written not in a bay, but across a great promontory. In our opinion, lagartos and liguri (Egerton map) are bad readings for Higueras, the gulf which, according to Lendesma, marked the extreme point reached by Solis and Pinzon, and which was situated about 23? 30' N.* Upon the map of the Reinels of Paris (1516), the Punta de las Higueras appears likewise as the last indication on the coast of Yucatan. The second land discovered by Solis-Pinzon is called by Lendesma, Chavanin; by the Documentos ineditos, Chabaca and Chabagua; by Vinc. Pinzon, Chabanin; in another evidence, Chuaca; by P. Martyr, Chiavaccam. It is la baida xagoa of Maggiolo's map (1519), and "la baia de lexagua" of the London portulan, to- day the river Chapagua between the Aguan and the Punta de Casinas. The name of the third land, Pintigua, Pintigron (Documentos ineditos), Pintuguanum (P. Martyr) has not been identified up to now upon any known cartographical document. Valentini t wanted to see in it the archipelago of Guanaja, an hypothesis which our map partly confirms. " Pentigua" is, in fact, written there opposite the Gulf of Honduras, whilst a " pintegua " refers to the province west of Chabagua. The map then marks the " capo de grambaia de mauidat," the other discovery of Solis-Pinzon; it is doubtless the Bay Amatique at the end of the Gulf of Honduras, where the ships arrived on December 24, 1508. After three months spent il this region a course was struck towards the north, and it was during this journey that the Spanish discovered sierra of Caria. Our anonymous cartographer has made a province of it, " la prouincia de cari." In the range of Caria of Solis one must evidently place Mount Coxcomb, the unique mass on the Yucatan coast which rises to a height of over 1300 metres. The fact of the name of Cari occurring in this locality affords formal proof that P. Martyr's account of the events which should have taken place ia the Gulf of Paria occurred in the Gulf of Honduras. The picture of flooded country which the historian has left us is very characteristic of a large part of the coast of Yucatan, especially of the aspect it is liable to present during the rainy season. There would, in fact, be produced the very pronounced effect of a country full of lagoons, and the island of Turneffe would appear like an oasis among the banks and mud-hills. The appearance of this region is very well represented, not only in the British Museum map, but also in the portulans of Freducci and the Reinels of Paris. It is none the less singular that the name of Caria, belonging already to a region known to Columbus, should have been applied a second time to a point of Yucatan.. Could Lendesma have been struck by the analogy between this desolate coast and the country of Paria, which he had explored in company with the admiral ? J: It is

* A " rio de Lagartos" was discovered by Columbus near Veragua and figured upon different maps. P. Martyr, loc. cit., Dec. ii. lib. ii.; Harrisse, ' Discovery of North America,' p. 476, note 260. Enciso, in his ' Suma,' recognized a " cabo del lagar " about 50 or 60 leagues north of Cape Caxines, in 16? N. lat. t Loc. cit., p. 269. : P. J. J. Valentini, loc. cit., p. 276.

This content downloaded from 128.111.121.42 on Tue, 21 Jun 2016 10:04:01 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 74 THE DISCOVERY OF THE NORTH COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA permissible to conclude that P. Martyr was induced by the name of Caria to have the Honduras events displayed on the coast of Paria. We have here perhaps the explanation of two other errors on the part of the official chronicler in relation to the expeditions of Pinzon. According to the information with which this pilot personally furnished the author of the 'Decades,' the name Camamnoro, which obviously recalls that of Canarona on the Egerton map, should not have designated the great province of Central America, but the region stretching away from the right bank of the Mar Dulce, or Alllazon, the left or Guianese bank being called Paricora, or Paricura: "P(ro)vintiamrn appellant indigene Mariatambal. Regio autem ab eius fluminis oriente Camomorus dicitur: ab occidente Paricura." * On no known map does Camomorus relate to the nomenclature of Brazil; on the other hand, "paticura" occurs in the locality indicated by Martyr on the Egerton map, with Freducci, Maggiolo, and on the Turin map (1523). The portulan of London clearly mentions Candelor (s. maria candelor), which vaguely recalls Camombro, but the term refers to the same bank of the Colpho grando as paticura. Peter Martyr adds, regarding the same expedition, that it advanced as far as a great cape pointing towards Africa. One would suppose this to be Cape San Roque; but as Solis-Pinzon had not passed the Amazon, it is right to identify the famous promontory of 1508-09 with Cape Gatoche, which faces, not Africa, but the island of Cuba, from which it is 100 kilometres distant. A certain number of other indications on the map referring to the same expedi- tion are not found in the written sources; the latter mention some Cazic names, but the nomenclature of the cartographer, which is very loose, does not permit us to make any comparisons other than those spoken of above. In the Egerton portulan the drawings are in every case more directly referable to Solis-Pinzon than in any other cartographical document we know of. The two pilots brought back a map of their 1508-09 expedition, and the fact was certified by Ferdinand Columbus, Ant. Garcia and Andres de Morales in their evidence before the Treasurer. A portulan of Pinzon relating to the same voyage was utilized by Cordova and Grijalva, and was mentioned in one of Cortes' letters, dated July 10, 1519. In no way does one learn that the map of the expedition of 1508-09 may have been exhibited in the course of Ferdinand Columbus' lawsuit with the Crown. Harrisset con- cluded from this that the document at this moment was already lost. For reasons of which we are ignorant, but with which the imprisomnent of Solis may perhaps have had something to do, the drawing alone was resumed by Spanish cartographers to the almost complete exclusion of nomenclature. We may cite as examples the sketch in the first ' Decade' of P. Martyr (1511) and the portulans of Freducci and the Reinels. It should be added that our map rejects, by way of compensation, certain names of Columbus, such as the Cape Gracias a Dios and Aburema, which figure with P. Martyr and later cartographers. The date of the Solis-Pinzon voyage proves that our work cannot be attributed to the year 1508, as was suggested. Among the old authors, Herrera, in spite of his mistakes, is the only one to correctly fix the dates and duration of the voyage in accordance with the Documentos ineditos-that is to say, from July 29, 1508, to the end of August, 1509.~ Our map, which is far from representing an original

* First Decade, Seville, 1511. t ' Discovery of North America,' p. 459. $ Navarrete (loc. cit., p. 474) fixes June 29, 1508, as the date of departure, and November 14, 1509, for the return, according to the manuscript of Mu5oz. H. Harrisse, ' Discovery of North America,' p. 463.

This content downloaded from 128.111.121.42 on Tue, 21 Jun 2016 10:04:01 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms ACCORDING TO AN ANONYMOUS MAP IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 75 document, is then posterior to this date; we assign it to the period 1510-13, anterior, consequently, to the discoveries of Balboa and of Ponce de Leon. The drawing of the Brazilian coast does not form the less interesting part of the Italian map in London. Its most conspicuous defect is the extraordinary narrowing of the coast between the Colpho grando and Cape San Roque; it is a well-marked intention for which the author is not responsible, but which accrues to the prototype he had before him. It is known that the first Portuguese portulans of America present the contrary exaggeration-that is to say, the coast between the Amazon and Cape San Roque is inordinately drawn out; we will only recall the case of the Brazil of the Reinels of Paris. They have pushed back the Amazon far too much towards the east, so that the meridian which passes near its mouth falls to the west of the Rio Plate. In the London map, as with Freducci, the distance between the Amazon and Cape San Roque is, on the contrary, much too shortened, so that the greater part of South America is made to enter the hemisphere which had been assigned to the Crown of Castile by the Pontifical demarcation of 1493. The nomenclature of Brazil is derived almost entirely from Cosa's map of the world. The coast-line between the Gulf of Paria and the Amazon looks towards the south-east, and presents a series of openings all similar to one another. With Freducci the corresponding delineation is much more satisfactory, and even the maps of the world of Cantino and Cosa are from this point of view better than the work in London; but all these documents are surpassed by the Portuguese map, of Italian origin, constituting No. II. in the Kunstmann atlas. The numerous discrepancies among the different nomenclatures show that there were at least three individuals belonging to one or several distinct expeditions, who went up this coast independently of one another. The appellations of the Egerton atlas again serve to throw confusion upon the question of the different origin of these names, and show how little we know of the discovery of America from the sole written documents. We know nothing, as it were, of Joao Coelho's voyage, made in 1502 or 1503,* in the region between the Amazon and Cape S. Augustin; of that of Joao de Lisboa; of a Diogo de Ribeiro, who was killed by Indians; or of that of Fernam Froes, who was accompanied by the pilots Franc. and Pero Corso. In 1513-14, and probably before, some Portuguese sailors passed the coast of Guiana, according to statements made at by the ambassador of Castile.t We have, in fact, indications to an entire series of South American maps, lost to-day, dating from the first years of the sixteenth century.$ The want of a scale of latitudes hinders one from telling whether our carto- grapher located the Amazon above or below the equator. Peter Martyr, in 1513, again drew attention to the discordance of the sailors upon this point; in the works of Cosa, the Reinels, Freducci, and Maggiolo (1519), the river opens into the sea south of the equator. If Cosa's map of the world constitutes the main source of information for our representation of the Brazilian coast as far as Cape San Roque, a comparison of the nomenclature teaches us that it is the Kunstmann map, No. II., which has lent the greatest number of designations for the western part of this country, the portu]aU

* Capistrano de Abreu, 'Descobrimento do Brazil e o seu desenvolvimento no seculo XVI.,' p. 67. Rio de Janeiro, 1883. p Viscount of Santarem, ' Quadro elementar das rela(oes diplomaticas de Portugal,' ii. p. 20. Lisboa: Herrera, ' Historia general de los Hechos de los Castellanos en las Indias y Tierra firme del mar Oceano.' Dec. i. lib. x. cap. xvii., and Dec. ii. lib. i. cap. xii. Madrid, 1601. { Harrisse, ' The Discovery of North America,' pp. 416 et seq.

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of Canerio and Kunstmann No. III. coming next. Let us point out upon the last- mentioned the Rio das Ostras at the southern end of the map, which does not figure, excepting the Egerton, upon any of the maps we have just mentioned. Canerio's map of the world and the portulans of Kunstmann, Nos. II. and IlI., show the South American continent above the parallel of Rio de Janeiro; but our map, although more recent, is interrupted higher up, about the same latitude as in the case of Freducci's, ending, that is to say, considerably before the 40th parallel, which HIerrera and some modern geographers had proclaimed to be the terminating point of the Solis-Pinzon voyage in 1508-09. Our cartographer, who gives the results of this expedition more clearly than the author of any other known docu- ment, should certainly not have failed to notice so important a discovery as a stretch of coast reaching to 40? S. Facing the east coast of Brazil, we observe the small " s. leo insula "; then farther down, at the edge of the map, the large "insula de s. ioanne baptista." This land affords the last reminiscence of Cosa's map of the world; this cartographer does not, however, name the large island, and one simply reads the legend, "ylla descuberta por portugal." Must one suppose that the Spanish intended in so open a manner to separate their recent acquisitions in South America from the Portuguese discovery of Brazil, news of which had been brought to Lisbon by Gaspar de Lemos ? With Cantino (1502), one finds the island Anaresma opposite Cape San Roque; no map prior to 1504-a year supposed to mark the discovery of the island Fernando de Noronha, situated in the same region-represents this land, and it is, moreover, already suppressed by Canerio (1502). Freducci shows a "y~ des lid " on the spot where Cantino's "Anaresma" and Egerton's " s. leo insula " are. But Roselli (1507 and 1532 ?) * has left drawings of the big island of S. John the Baptist, and in the works of this Italian cartographer several large islands have been represented to the south-east of Brazil. Whence comes the name of " insula de s. ioanne baptista"? A "Rio de San Juhan" is contained in the nomenclature of Kunstmann's No. II. portulan, and occurs in the extreme southern part; the entire series of names of this map, except the Rio das Ostras, is found a little upset, it is true, with the anonymous author of the London map. One cannot overlook a certain relationship subsisting between the contours of our map and those of the two works which have been published in Germany: Kunstmann No. II. exhibits our "asborosas," applied to an island, opposite to " rios de Sta Lucia," whilst in Kunstmann No. III. one cornes across, opposite the same island, but here called " ilha de Sta Luzia," an island " acenssam " in the place where Egerton's insula de s. ioanne baptista is, very much, however, reduced in size. In our opinion, the two islands go back to the same origin, but with the author of the London atlas the configurations of the great land of Cosa have remained predominant. Before the examination of the leaves of the precious collection referring to Central and South America is finished, it should be observed that no proper indications exist whereby its authorship might become known. Comparison of nomenclature and configurations with those of contemporary works has afforded no ground for any justifiable identification of the author. We affirm once more that he was of Italian nationality. The activity and list of Italian cartographers at this epoch in the Iberian peninsula were such as to make one ask, What would have been known of the trans-Atlantic discoveries without their medium, in

* Harrisse, 'Decouverte et evolution cartographique de Terre-Neuve, etc.,' pp. 66 and 67.

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presence of the pernicious system of the Portuguese and Spanish Hydrographic Services, which consisted in reciprocally concealing their discoveries ? The Egerton map is derived from the type of portulans of Freducci and Roselli by the sudden stopping of the South American coast in a low latitude; its author has availed himself of Spanish models, which the Portuguese ignored, and which were not even utilized by Ribeiro and Garcia of Turin. Apart from the unpublished information about the expeditions of Pinzon and Solis in 1508-09, of which Maggiolo (1519) and Martyr (151]) only preserved vague memoranda, the sources which have been drawn upon for the completion of the British Museum map all go back to the first years of the sixteenth century.

TABLE OF NOMIENCLATURES.*

Egerton 2803 Juan de la Cosa Freducci Reinel Maggiolo (1512-13). (1500). (1514-15). (1516). (1519).

-

riuo nela prouintia rio de camlaroma de canaro .. yon auentura insula castello et prouintia portos de las igueas punta de las figueras de liguri la prouincia de cari cariay insula de canaca prouintia de campi pentigua prouiotia de setan insula de ixoa insule de alan guanasa i. prouintia de axafizela capo de grambaia de gran baia de nav i- golfo de nauyd(ad) g. de nauida mauidat dat piu tegua c. de marien laponta de tuciqua labaia de lexagua baida xagoa capo de tres pontas-{- la baia de s. caterina c? de s. baterina (catherina) la prouintia de camora la prouintia dema la prouincia de cana- rio de camarolma rona c. de s. mirtino corcoboro coro borro oroboro al cazique qmodo el ca9in quemaldo cacy quenlmada la casera bruxada ilana terra liana plagia porto dc areziphe p. de jgeo caslello veragua benagua berrlaga beragna porto del penol porto del pIenol puerto de . . . oll el porto bal puerto rios - monte alto tera plana terra lona -- baia de islao c. dos ylheos (?) zoclas lo roques (?) porto del mais p. del mais cuiba z. del prois arochipha arrecifes gransrera sierras sera alta montanas montagnas altas momtanllhas uraba uraba limrnonaro marduza riuo secco algla taringis dariem daryen rogatos rescato (?) aracifas turua la tortuga (?)

* We give in the notes only certain indications which are found in conltemporary cartographical docu- ments other than those in the table of nomenclatures. t Co de tres puntas, Turin map (1523).

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Egerton 2803 Juan de la Cosa Freducci Reinel Maggiolo (1512-13). (1500). (1514-15). (1516). (1519).

a!de ea grande - arbos grande - aldea ral lie cub on * - - - cabon cair a - c. de la canna (?) - - insr ule de arena - - -- carfl amari - caramani- caramuary cart thagena porto cartagena-- c. r, arol. . . riuc o grando - rio grande- - - lam Lpi - tapi- - gart a t --- gair- - par agana - paraguana - patagoana 8, U incentio- - s. vicenty pos cadal es - la peschiera- aqu e bocoa - aguada lago (?) coquibacua -cochibacoa aim ladraua almadraba los reis - las radamas (?) - uen zuela venecuela veneuela pes( quisa .. tllOI nte de picho porto del picco- isle tus y. de ge (?) c de islco (?)- - c.d e s. romano c. delamota (?) - - c. s. roman aru ba _ aruba aruba p. f lecade p. flechado porto fregado colF )ho tristo _.. - ual fermodo - val ermoxo- I bait orio boybary bojnaj alde ea de la turre aldea de turme aldtea grancl - codi ira - la codera - moi nte alto m. alto --- - ullna ri - rio de utlnari hoc; a islues - roca ylheos i rocha ca,ll afistola - porto de canafistola - tine nlaR ni r _ _ I cariana coriana coriana camana canpina (?) chumana comana margedua mlargalida (?) y. de arelula (?) tres salinas tresor(?) i salinas isla rara j __ lquelbori guylures qluelheo todos santtos 1p. de todlas stos crailis frayres fraeles aldra rouada brala (?) ataleias de orcilia todos saIictos p.1 de tuty li santy riuo de la candat rio de carialgo (?) riuo del bator r' del obpa (?) rio bassos(?) colpho de parias - pary (?) caribas - caribes cnribache (?) mletefoco monte spesso(?) rangado aldea qlucamadal aldea quemalda ((uleamado) nista de lexos boca del draco xboca del drago rindat I la trinlidade la tnlydad trilnjta c. de s. uincentio c. de s. d"(?) ' plaia de islas ticiera liana () plaia bosa (bosa) c. de barboladan- (capo de arbola- dan) capo claro - c. branco (?) plaiia plaia anegat(?) ponta de lagoa llanos (?) monte de la trinitade motes (?) terra gorda - tera plana plaia uabasso costa anagada (?) rio basso laspaciosa las planosas las planoxsas larchipelago arcipelago riuo de pascha tierra de s. anbr< o- rio eIc navidat - rio de nauida (?) sio (?)

* Cnbon, Turin map (1523). -f- Craira, in the map of Fredlucci (1540-50), reproduced in K. iKretschmer's atlas, toc. cit.; this is one of the rare nlames which are found in the same author's portulan of the year 1514-15. * G? triste, Turin map. 9 Kunstmlann map no II. (15U3), and 1'. Martyr k1511).

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Egerton 2803 Juan de la Cosa Fieducci Reinel Maggiolo (1512-13). (1500). (1514-15). (1516). (1519).

mouisto - no visto mal del - fondo uisto de lexor - visto de lexos --- costa de paticura - costa de paricura - costa de paricuria colpho grando -- ~~~- - ; - - la mare dolce costa de s. sebastiatno s. maria candelor ! g. de smja (?) ---_ las quatro iletas capo de sablas aldea bella quatro altari s. petro s. anitonio s. gregorio s. benedecto I siete robuebar riuo de san luca yMlas de Stelmo (?) - g. de sam lucas golfo de s. lucas capo blancho -_ c? blanco c. branco riuo de medallos maranon(?) - maralion (?) colpho de muchas costa de arena (?) -- basas arboredos ro de arboledos _ riuo de palma costa pareja(?) - c. de palme liuo nigro ro nIlegro co negro g. dos negros g. de nigri riuo decroce ro do se fallo una_ cruz * riuo de uaizabariles r? de baziabariles _ -_ costa de laiaz porto del nledon punta del medano- I c. de s. maria co de st. mja sea m,, de rabida (?) - s mar. da rabida (?) porto montana uerde n.otas avenosas - eenras (') _ arboredos riuo de luz moiite de arena plaia de arena - plaga de archa sanlique - santo aleyxo (?)- s. maria s. leo inlsula s. maria da colon --~- ~~~-- ser,, de s. maria de grati (?) c. de s. augustino - c" de sco agustim -c. s. agostino san micllael --~~ ~~ r. de sam myguell s. mniche s. francisco rio de san franc? r. de sam fr'o rio de sail francisco riuo de laco -- ~~~- - ~r. alagado Irio da cassia uazabares - - - vazavares riuo de pereira -- ~~~~- - if r. do pereyra porto regal r. reall Irio reale s. hieronymo -' rio de sa ieronimo r. de sam geronymo rio de s. jeronimo monte fagosJ -- ~~~~-- ~monte fragoso i m. fregoso colpho de tuti li sancti - baya de todos stos g. de todolos stos abaia de lysanty porto securo - porto seglro porto seguro p. seguro nlonti paschali - - - t moonte pasquall m. pasquoalle radaosti;. s - r. das ostras aslorosas - rio da bestrelas(?) y. de sta barbora(?) bareras insula de s. ioanne ylla descuberta y;, des lid(?) -- baptista por portugal

The Alntilles cuba insula cuba insula cuba i insula cuba isola coba zabilqlue habacoa I y. chauacoa ziguareo ciguadroy. baracoa(?) guanima yumay (?) guanaani guanahani (?) guanaani ganary zamena someto xumeto y. darenla (?) incanacau yaucanachan uellalia mainana (?) amnuana (?) ari abo iuagua unagua apri lochio abieeloxo ' abre ojo abry logio toretuga y. toriuga isabal isabela ysabela isabella c. de s. michiel c. de s. miguel s. nycolas capo de rola 'p. real orga real (?) porto torre (?) porto reall

* r, de se fallo buatruz, according to the reproduction in the Monuments dEe la Geographie, Paris, Jomard, 17-18 ns provisoire3, from which we borrow our nomenclature.

This content downloaded from 128.111.121.42 on Tue, 21 Jun 2016 10:04:01 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 80 ADMIRALTY SURVEYS DURING THE YEAR 1909.

Exerton 2803 Juan de la Cosa Frelucci Reinel Maggiolo (1312-13). (1500). (1514-15). (1516). (1519).

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ADMIRALTY SURVEYS DURING THE YEAR 1909.*

UNDER the orders of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, nine of His Majesty's vessels, with two hired vessels, manned by 83 officers and 825 men, have been employed on hydrographical surveys both at home and abroad. The Marine Survey of India, in charge of an officer of the Royal Indian Marine, has been continued, as in previous years. A detailed report of Admiralty Surveys has been drawn up and presented to Parliament. The following is a brief summary:- During the year 1909, as many as 119 rocks and shoals dangerous to navigation have been discovered and their positions fixed. During the same period 932 miles of coast-line have been charted; and an area of 13,938 square miles have been sounded over by H.M. surveying vessels. On the So th Coast of England, re-examination was made at places within the harbours of Plymouth and Portsmouth; in the approaches to the latter; also of an area off St. Helen's, Isle of Wight; and the harbour of Dover was re-sounded. On the East Coast of England, a survey of the lower part of the river Humber was commenced; of the lower part of the river Medway, commenced, and nearly completed; re-examination was made of some of the channels at the mouth of the Thames; and an area sounded out in the North sea off Yarmouth. On the West Coast of Scotland, the following localities were surveyed:

* Communicated by the Hydrographer.

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