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WLCOMEE V OLUME 5 6 N UMBER 9 N OVEMBER 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the November 2016 issue of CERN Courier.

Smashing particles into one another at high has been crucial in establishing the of particle , leading to discoveries such as the W and Z , the top and, most recently, the Higgs . In pursuit of this strategy, one of CERN’s options for a post-LHC is a high- – machine called the (CLIC), which has recently been redesigned to focus on an optimal initial energy stage of 380 GeV before being boosted in stages to 1.5 and 3 TeV. Other collider projects, meanwhile, are being pursued within the (FCC) study. But are just one way to address fundamental physics questions, and in September CERN hosted a kick-off meeting to explore opportunities for physics beyond colliders based on the laboratory’s existing accelerator infrastructure. This issue of the Courier also describes the scintillating activities of CERN’s Crystal Clear , which this month celebrates 25 years of developing detectors for physics and medicine, and we catch up with – the visionary theorist who correctly predicted that a pair of coalescing black holes can produce a detectable burst of gravitational waves.

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To subscribe to the magazine, the e-mail new-issue alert, please visit: http://cerncourier.com/cws/how-to-subscribe. Physics beyond colliders

CLIC DETECTORS SUSTAINABLE Updated design Crystal Clear focuses on initial takes imaging FUTURE EDITOR: MATTHEW CHALMERS stage at 380 GeV to new dimensions CERN demonstrates the value of DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY DESIGN STUDIO/IOP PUBLISHING, UK p20 p17 basic knowledge p5

CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 6 M a y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier November 2016 Contents

Covering current developments in high-energy physics and related fi elds worldwide FAST-PS CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories affi liated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for Up to ±30 A or ±80 V Digital Bipolar CERNCOURIER NGPS January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN management. FAST-PS-M High-Stability Power Converter - up to 10 kW o l u m e u m b e r o V e m b e r Up to 100 A Digital Monopolar Editor Matthew Chalmers V 5 6 N 9 N 2 0 1 6 Books editor Virginia Greco CERN, 1211 23, A New Generation of Power Supplies E-mail [email protected] Fax +41 (0) 22 76 69070 5 V i E w p O i n t Web cerncourier.com A completely new generation of power converters with outstanding performances Advisory board Luis Alvarez-Gaume, , , Claude Amsler, 7 n E w s Roger Bailey, Philippe Bloch, Roger Forty All systems go for the High-Luminosity LHC First physics Bipolar or Unipolar output Laboratory correspondents: • • Argonne National Laboratory (US) Tom LeCompte at HIE-ISOLDE begins Three-year extension for open- Current and Voltage control Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) Achim Franz • (US) D G Cassel access initiative • LUX-ZEPLIN passes approval milestone Digital control loop DESY Laboratory () Till Mundzeck Large beams take LHC physics forward ATLAS homes in EMFCSC () Anna Cavallini • • Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino on Higgs-quark couplings CMS investigates the width of the Multiple Fast Interfaces (10/100/1000 Ethernet, SFP) Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz • Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher LHCb targets new source of CP violation ALICE Linux OS embedded GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter • • IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu explores shear viscosity in QCD matter EPICS IOC included IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov INFN (Italy) Antonella Varaschin Jefferson Laboratory (US) Kandice Carter 13 s CiEnCEwatCh JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Saeko Okada Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein 15 a s t r O w a t C h Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta EPICS IOC Linux OS EASY-DRIVER FAST-PS-1K5 Embedded NCSL (US) Ken Kingery 5 A-20 V and 10 A-20 V Digital Bipolar Nikhef () Robert Fleischer F E a t u r E s Up to ±100 A or ±100 V Digital Bipolar Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman Orsay Laboratory () Anne-Marie Lutz 17 Crystal Clear celebrates 25 years of success PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci Advanced scintillating materials have found their way into novel Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Jane Binks SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Farnaz Khadem detectors for physics and medicine. TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan

Produced for CERN by IOP Publishing Ltd 20 CLIC steps up to the TeV challenge IOP Publishing Ltd, Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol BS1 6HG, UK Compact Linear Collider focuses on an optimised initial-energy Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481 stage at 380 GeV. Publisher Susan Curtis Production editor Lisa Gibson 28 CERN explores opportunities for physics Technical illustrator Alison Tovey Group advertising manager Chris Thomas beyond colliders BEST Advertisement production Katie Graham Marketing & Circulation Angela Gage A new study group will investigate novel use Beam Stabilization Hardware and Software Suite of CERN’s accelerator complex to target Now also with encoder integration! Head of B2B & Marketing Jo Allen Art director Andrew Giaquinto fundamental-physics questions.

Advertising FMC and MTCA Tel +44 (0)117 930 1026 (for UK/ display advertising) 33 Secrets of discovery or +44 (0)117 930 1164 (for recruitment advertising); FMC cards E-mail: [email protected]; fax +44 (0)117 930 1178 Interview with Kip Thorne, who predicted LIGO’s observation of MTCA boards New Tools for your Experiments gravitational waves. Custom Design General distribution Courrier Adressage, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] In certain countries, to request copies or to make address changes, : 35 F a C E s & p L a C E s China Ya'ou Jiang, Institute of High Energy Physics, Advanced and improved solutions for beam detection and experimental setups PO Box 918, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China E-mail: [email protected] 46 r E C r u i t M E n t BLM, photodiodes, chambers, diamond detector readout Germany Antje Brandes, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Configurable full-scale range and bandwidth UK Mark Wells, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1SZ 51 B O O k s h E L F E-mail: [email protected] Complete beam stabilization systems on detectors and encoders US/Canada Published by Cern Courier, 6N246 Willow Drive, St Charles, IL 60175, US. Periodical postage paid in St Charles, IL, US 54 a r C h i V E Ready-to-use software packages Fax 630 377 1569. E-mail: [email protected] POSTMASTER: send address changes to: Creative Mailing Services, PO Box 1147, Dedicated applications for machine diagnostics and protection St Charles, IL 60174, US

EPICS IOC included Published by European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF H IGH -E NERGY P HYSICS 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland CERNCOURIER

Tel +41 (0) 22 767 61 11. Telefax +41 (0) 22 767 65 55 V OLUME 5 6 N UMBER 9 N OVEMBER 2 0 1 6 TetrAMM Printed by Warners (Midlands) plc, Bourne, Lincolnshire, UK Photon Beam Position Readout System © 2016 CERN ISSN 0304-288X EPICS IOC SOFTWARE and DRIVERS Dedicated software applications EPICS IOC Physics beyond colliders On the cover: The Physics Beyond Colliders workshop logo, set against a CLIC DETECTORS SUSTAINABLE Drivers Updated design Crystal Clear of cosmic structure. (Image credit: Daniel Dominguez, for background focuses on initial takes imaging FUTURE stage at 380 GeV to new dimensions CERN demonstrates the value of p20 p17 basic knowledge p5 image, with graphic treatment by Tim Cooper.)

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ESFR_Novembre_2015.indd 1 29/02/16 21:14 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 6 M a y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier November 2016 2017 75 Viewpoint PRO-Line The usefulness of ‘useless’ knowledge The pursuit of basic scientifi c knowledge will help the UN to meet its Agenda 2030 goals.

programmes that reach everyone from primary-school children to professional ,

Jeff Wiener accelerator scientists and computer scientists. We also keep tabs on the whereabouts of young people passing through CERN, and it is enriching to follow their progress. Around 1000 people per year receive higher degrees from universities around the world for work carried out at CERN. Basic research therefore not only inspires young people to study science, it also provides a steady stream of qualifi ed people for business and industry, where their high-tech, international experience allows them to make a positive impact. Turning to the UN’s admirably ambitious Global Goals for Sustainable Development, which offi cially came into force on 1 January 2016 and will last for 15 years as part of the Agenda 2030 programme, the focus on science and technology is positive and Nurturing young minds is one By encouraging. It testifi es to a deeper understanding of CERN’s core goals. Here, of the importance of science in driving progress students build their own As far back as 1939, the US educator Abraham Flexner that benefits all peoples and helps to overcome cloud chambers at CERN’s penned a stirring paean to basic research in Harper’s today’s most pressing development challenges. S’Cool LAB, a new Magazine under the title “The usefulness of useless But Agenda 2030’s potential can only be fulfi lled particle-physics learning knowledge.” Flexner, perhaps being intentionally through sustained commitment and funding by laboratory that enables provocative, pointed out that Marconi’s contribution to governments. If we are to tackle issues ranging from high-school children to the radio and wireless had been practically negligible. eliminating poverty and hunger to providing clean conduct experiments. He went on to argue that the 1865 work of James Clerk and affordable energy, we need science and we need Thin Film Maxwell on the theoretical underpinnings of electricity people to be scientifi cally aware. and magnetism, and the subsequent experimental work Places like CERN are a vitally important of Heinrich Hertz on the detection of electromagnetic ingredient in the innovation chain. We contribute waves, was done with no concern about the practical to the kind of knowledge that not only enriches Deposition System Platform utility of the work. The knowledge they sought, in other humanity, but also provides ideas that become words, was never targeted to a specifi c application. the technologies of the future. Some of CERN’s Kurt J. Lesker Company introduces the 2017 PVD75 PRO Line Thin Film Deposition System Without it, however, there could have been no radio, no technology has immediate impact on society, such television and no mobile phones. as the and the application of Platform, building upon the successes of the workhorse PVD75 and has been updated to The history of innovation is full of such examples. particle accelerators to cancer therapy and many bring new innovations such as Torus® Magkeeper sputtering sources to the PVD marketplace. It is practically impossible to find a piece of other fi elds. We also train young people. All this technology that cannot be traced back to the work of is possible because governments support science, scientists motivated purely by a desire to understand technology, and (STEM) • Designed for university, industrial, • Accomodates substrates up to the world. But basic research goes further. There education and basic research, but we should do & government labs 10’’ (254mm) is something primordial about it. Every child is more. The scientifi c community, including CERN, a natural scientist imbued with curiosity, vivid urged Agenda 2030 to consider a minimum GDP • Multi-source, co-deposition tool • Modular/customizable system platform imagination and a desire to learn. It is what sets percentage devoted by every nation to STEM Fabiola Gianotti is us apart from any other species, and it is what has education and basic research. This is particularly ulilizing sputtering, evaporation, thermal • Over 400 ProLine PVD 75 tools in Director-General provided the wellspring of innovation since the important in times of economic downturn, when and organic sources the of CERN. A longer harnessing of fi re and the invention of the wheel. private funding naturally concentrates on short-term version of this Children are always asking questions: why is the sky payback and governments focus on domains that article appears in blue? What are we made of? It is by investigating offer immediate economic return, at the expense of For More Information Visit: lesker.com/go/2017-PVD75 the book 17 Big Bets for a Better questions like these that science has advanced, and longer-term investment in fundamental science. World (Historika, 2016), published because it can inspire children to grow up into future Useless knowledge, as Flexner called it, is at as part of the UN’s Agenda scientists or scientifi cally aware citizens. the basis of human development. Humankind’s 2030 initiative. (Image credit: | Enabling Technology for a Better World Education and training are among CERN’s continuing pursuit of it will make the UN’s www.lesker.com Maximilien Brice.) core missions. Over the years we have developed development goals achievable.

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h L - L h C All systems go for the High-Luminosity LHC

On 19 September, the European Investment order to focus the HL-LHC beam. Built in Bank (EIB) signed a 250 million Swiss partnership with , the magnets francs (€230 million) credit facility are based on an innovative niobium-tin

with CERN in order to fi nance the Maximilien Brice superconductor (Nb3Sn) that can High-Luminosity Large Collider produce higher magnetic fi elds than the (HL-LHC) project. The fi nance contract niobium-titanium magnets used in the LHC. follows recent approval from CERN The contract signed between CERN and Council, and will allow CERN to carry out EIB falls under the InnovFin Large Projects the work necessary for the HL-LHC within a facility, which is part of the new generation constant CERN budget. of fi nancial instruments developed and Multi Project Wafer (MPW) The HL-LHC is expected to produce supported under the European Union’s data from 2026 onwards, with the overall Horizon 2020 scheme. It’s the second EIB goal of increasing the integrated luminosity fi nancing for CERN, following a loan of €300 recorded by the LHC by a factor 10. A model quadrupole magnet for the million in 2002 for the LHC. “This loan under Run for Silicon Radiation Detectors Following approval of the HL-LHC as a HL-LHC being prepared for cryogenic tests Horizon 2020, the EU’s research-funding priority project in the European Strategy at CERN’s SM18 facility in late September. programme, will help keep CERN and Europe Report for , this major at the forefront of particle-physics research,” upgrade is now gathering speed together to a full working model of an HL-LHC says the European commissioner for research, with companion upgrade programmes of quadrupole, which will eventually be science and innovation, Carlos Moedas. “It’s the LHC injectors and detectors. Engineers installed in the insertion regions close an example of how EU funding helps extend Prototyping service for silicon detectors are currently putting the fi nishing touches to the ATLAS and CMS experiments in frontiers of human knowledge.” n u C L E a r p h Y s i C s The tunnel at HIE-ISOLDE now SINTEF Minalab MPW service offers prototyping First physics at contains two cryomodules – a unique We offer: set-up that marks the end of phase one

of silicon detectors including strip detectors, pixel Erwin Siesling for the HIE-ISOLDE installation. detectors and PIN diodes. HIE-ISOLDE begins • Strip detectors • Pixel detectors By combining the orders from different customers into In early September, the fi rst physics Sommaire en français a single wafer run, the fabrication costs are reduced • PIN diodes experiment using radioactive beams from • From 1 to 6 wafers the newly upgraded ISOLDE facility got Tous les systèmes se préparent pour le LHC 7 significantly. The cost savings start at around 50 % and under way: a study of tin, which is a special à haute luminosité can be as high as 80 %. • 5-layer process incl. passivation element because it has two double magic La physique commence à HIE-ISOLDE 7 • Detector thickness 300 µm to 1 mm isotopes. ISOLDE is CERN’s long-running much, since no other facility in the world can Individual wafers and a separate photomask set are • 50 to 80 % savings on fabrication cost nuclear research facility, which for the past 50 deliver pure beams at these energies.” Trois ans de plus pour l’initiative sur le libre 8 used for each customer, thereby ensuring flexibility and years has allowed many different studies of The fi rst run of the facility took place in accès the properties of atomic nuclei. The upgrade October last year, but because the machine LUX-ZEPLIN franchit une nouvelle étape 9 confidentiality. Between 1 and 6 wafers can be ordered means the machine can now reach an energy only had one cryomodule, it operated at an per customer. of 5.5 MeV per nucleon, making ISOLDE energy of 4.3 MeV per nucleon. Now, with Des faisceaux plus grands pour explorer les 9 the only Isotope Separator On-Line (ISOL) the second cryomodule in place, the machine petits angles avec le LHC The detectors are fabricated on high-quality 150 mm facility in the world capable of investigating is capable of reaching up to 5.5 MeV per ATLAS vise les couplages Higgs-quark 10 An unique opportunity to benefit from heavy and super-heavy radioactive nuclei. nucleon and therefore can investigate the diameter FZ silicon wafers. Wafer thicknesses from SINTEF’s 35 years experience in the field HIE-ISOLDE (High Intensity structure of heavier isotopes. The rest of 2016 CMS étudie la largeur du quark top 10 300 µm to 1 mm are available for individual selection. Energy-ISOLDE) is a major upgrade of will be a busy time for HIE-ISOLDE, with LHCb s’intéresse à une nouvelle source de 11 Our full field wafer size lithography allows maximum of silicon radiation detector development, the ISOLDE facility that will increase the scheduled experiments studying nuclei over 9 violation de CP flexibility for the layout. Different detector types prototyping and production! energy, intensity and quality of the beams a wide range of mass numbers – from Li to delivered to scientifi c users. “Our success 142Xe. When two additional cryomodules ALICE examine la viscosité de cisaillement 11 and test structures can be combined onto a single is the result of eight years of development are installed in 2017 and 2018, the facility dans la matière CDQ photomask set. and manufacturing,” explains HIE-ISOLDE will operate at 10 MeV per nucleon and be La bière infl uence l’évolution de la levure 13 project-leader Yacine Kadi. “The community capable of investigating nuclei of all masses. around ISOLDE has grown a lot recently, HIE-ISOLDE will run until Gaia réalise le plus grand recensement 15 Prices and time schedule on request : [email protected] as more scientists are attracted by the mid-November, and all but one of the seven stellaire à ce jour possibilities that new higher energies bring. different experiments planned during this It’s an energy domain that’s not explored time will use the Miniball detection station.

Technology for a better society 7

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D a r k M a t t E r LUX-ZEPLIN passes approval milestone

A -generation dark-matter detector in A mini version of the future LZ dark-matter the US called LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ), which detector at a test stand at the SLAC National will be at least 100 times more sensitive Accelerator Laboratory, showing the than its predecessor, is on schedule to begin detector TPC core (white container). Making research results freely available to everyone is in the spirit of CERN’s Convention. its deep-underground hunt for WIMPs in 2020. In August, LZ received a US experiments: the Large Underground Xenon p u B L i s h i n G Department of Energy approval (“Critical experiment (LUX) and the UK-based Decision 2 and 3b”) concerning the project’s ZonEd Proportional scintillation in LIquid

Three-year overall scope, cost and schedule. The latest SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Noble gases (ZEPLIN) experiment. LUX, PT2026 NMR Precision Teslameter approval step sets in motion the building of a smaller liquid-xenon-based underground major components and the preparation of experiment at SURF that earlier this year extension for its nearly mile-deep cavern at the Sanford ruled out a signifi cant region of WIMP Reach new heights Underground Research Facility (SURF) in parameter , will be dismantled to open-access , South Dakota. make way for the new project. The experiment, which is supported by a “Nobody looking for dark-matter in magnetic eld initiative collaboration of more than 30 institutions interactions with matter has so far and about 200 scientists worldwide, is convincingly seen anything, anywhere, designed to search for dark-matter signals which makes LZ more important than measurement In September, following three years of from within a chamber fi lled with 10 tonnes ever,” says LZ project-director Murdock successful operation and growth, CERN of purifi ed liquid xenon. LZ is named for Gilchriese of the University of California at The Metrolab PT2026 sets a new announced the continuation of the global the merger of two dark-matter-detection Berkeley. standard for precision magnetometers. SCOAP3 open-access initiative for at least 3 L h C n E w s Leveraging 30 years of expertise building three more years. SCOAP (Sponsoring Consortium for Publishing in the world’s gold standard magnetometers, Particle Physics) is a partnership of more Large beams take LHC physics forward it takes magnetic  eld measurement to than 3000 libraries, funding agencies and new heights: measuring higher elds with research organisations from 44 countries that has made tens of thousands of high-energy Usually, the motto of the LHC operations Looking into the better resolution. physics articles publicly available at no team is “maximum luminosity”. For a LHC beam pipe,

cost to individual authors. Inspired by the few days per year, however, this motto is Jakobsen S showing ATLAS/ 3 The PT2026 offers unprecedented  exibility collaborative model of the LHC, SCOAP put aside to run the machine at very low ALFA Roman Pots is hosted at CERN under the oversight of luminosity. The aim is to provide data for in their in the choice of parameters, interfacing international governance. It is primarily the broad physics programme of the LHC’s data-taking and probe placement, as well as greatly funded through the redirection of budgets “forward physics” experiments – TOTEM position with a gap improved tolerance of inhomogeneous previously used by libraries to purchase and ATLAS/ALFA. By running the LHC of just 0.9 mm. journal subscriptions. with larger beam sizes at the interaction elds. And with Ethernet & USB interfaces Since 2014, in co-operation with 11 points, corresponding to a lower luminosity, and LabVIEW software, it  ts perfectly into leading scientifi c publishers and learned the dedicated TOTEM and ATLAS/ALFA 3 modern laboratory environments. societies, SCOAP has supported detectors can probe the –proton the transition to open access of many elastic- regime at small angles.

www.agence-arca.com - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master le - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master www.agence-arca.com long-standing titles in the community. In elastic scattering, two survive to 2.5 km compared with around 1 km the protons. TOTEM will also search for During this time, 20,000 scientists from their encounter intact and only change during LHC Run 1 at an energy of 8 TeV, special states formed by three . 100 countries have benefi ted from the direction by exchanging . because the higher energy of LHC Run 2 ATLAS/ALFA also intends to carry opportunity to publish more than 13,000 TOTEM, which is located in the straight causes the two incoming protons to scatter out a precision measurement of the open-access articles free of charge. sections of the LHC on either side of CMS at smaller angles. The measurements were proton–proton total cross-section, and With strong consensus of the growing at Point 5, and ATLAS/ALFA at Point 1, carried out with very low-intensity beams, will use this to determine the absolute SCOAP3 partnership, and supported by the are not able to study this process during allowing TOTEM and ALFA to bring their LHC luminosity at Point 1. For ATLAS/ increasing policy requirements for and global normal operation. To facilitate the special “” detectors remarkably close to ALFA, the interesting part of the spectrum commitment to open access in its Member run, which took place in the third week of the beam. is at low values of transferred momentum, States, CERN has now signed contracts with September, the LHC team has developed In addition to the precise determination where Coulomb scattering is dominant. 10 scientifi c publishers and learned societies a special machine confi guration that of the total proton–proton interaction Since the Coulomb scattering cross-section for a three-year extension of the initiative. delivers exceptionally large beams at the probability at 13 TeV, TOTEM will focus is theoretically known, its measurement 3 Pantone 286 Pantone 032 “With its success, SCOAP has shown that its interaction points (IP) of ATLAS and on a detailed study of elastic scattering in provides an independent estimate of the model of global co-operation is sustainable, in CMS. The focusing at the IP is normally the low-transferred momentum regime. The absolute luminosity of the LHC. This the same broad and participative way we build parameterised by β*: the higher the value of experiment will investigate how Coulomb would provide an important cross-check of and operate large in particle β*, the bigger the beams and, importantly, scattering interferes with the nuclear the luminosity calibration measurements Magnetic precision has a name www.metrolab.com physics,” says CERN’s director for research the lower the angular divergence. For this component of the elastic interaction, which performed via van der Meer scans during and computing, Eckhard Elsen. year’s high-β* run, its value had to be raised can shed light on the internal structure of dedicated LHC fi lls.

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L h C EXpEriMEnts lower energies, a set of dedicated searches for charm-quark density, therefore compensating CMS collaboration is fast approaching FCNC processes involving top has for the smallness of the FCNC couplings. sensitivity to the FCNC signals expected been carried out. This analysis focuses on the Finally, events with the conventional signature by some models with just Run 1 data (see ATLAS homes in on Higgs-quark couplings couplings of the top-quark to other up-type of t-channel production (resulting in a single fi gure). All the analyses are limited in quarks (up, charm) and different neutral top-quark decay and a light-quark jet) were statistics and therefore will only benefi t The has The boosted-decision-tree output used to bosons: the , the photon, the Z boson and used to set constraints on FCNC and other from more data to start effectively probing been observed via its ATLASpreliminary data separate the small Higgs boson signal (solid the Higgs boson. anomalous couplings by simultaneously beyond-the-Standard-Model effects in the decays to , √s = 13 TeV, 13.2 fb–1 t Ht red histogram) from the large background Another approach adopted by CMS was considering their effects on the production top quark sector. t + lightt tau , and Z 600 single tt + 1c≥ processes (stacked coloured histograms), for to search for the rare production of a single and the decay of the top quark with both the and W bosons, which has allowed ATLAS to ≥ 6 j, 4 b≥ tt + 1b≥ the case of the Higgs boson decaying to a top quark in association with a photon and 7 and 8 TeV data sets. ● Further reading glean much information about the particle’s post-fit t + Vt pair of bottom quarks when produced in a Z boson with the 8 TeV data set. These Although no deviation from the CMS Collaboration 2016 CMS PAS-TOP-16-019. non-tt https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/CMSPublic/ properties. So far, these properties agree with 400 uncertainty association with a pair of top quarks. channels exploit the large up-quark density background-only expectations has been the predictions of the Standard Model (SM). t H (norm.)t in the proton, and to a lesser extent the observed in any of the analyses so far, the PhysicsResultsTOP. However, there are several aspects of the separate signal events from background Higgs boson that are still largely unexplored, events 200 ( s e e fi g u r e ) . most notably the coupling of the Higgs boson Both searches have now been carried LHCb targets new source of CP violation to quarks. The two heaviest quarks, the out by ATLAS with data from LHC Run 2, bottom and top, are particularly interesting 0 revealing a sensitivity to the Higgs boson because they have the largest couplings to the couplings to top and bottom quarks that is The LHCb collaboration ×103 0.04 Higgs boson. If these couplings differ from competitive with searches at Run 1. However, presented new results at the LHCb preliminary 0.75 16 data )) LHCb preliminary (t) 2 the SM predictions, it could provide a fi rst data/pred. they are still not precise enough to identify if 8th International Workshop 0.00 KK corr

c fit hint of new physics. –0.8 –0.4 0 0.4 0.8 there are any deviations from SM behaviour. on Charm Physics (Charm 12 signal A 2011 up 2011 down Observing the coupling of the Higgs boson classification BDT output With further improvements to the analyses, 2016), which took place in Bologna on 5 rnd. πs –0.04 comb. bkg 0.04 to these two quark fl avours is challenging, better understanding of the backgrounds to 9 September. Among various novelties, 8 D0→ K– π+ π0 LHCb preliminary +→ + – + however. Despite the Higgs decaying to a Regarding the top quark, the only way and the unprecedented performance of the the collaboration reported the most precise Ds K K π (t) 0.00 KK pair of bottom quarks around 58% of the to directly measure the coupling of the LHC, we should fi nally observe both of these measurements of the between 4 corr 0 A 2012 up 2012 down time, this decay has not yet been observed Higgs to the top quark at the LHC is to processes at a high statistical signifi cance the effective lifetime of the D entries/(0.33 (MeV/ –0.04 because such decays manifest themselves study events where a Higgs is produced in later during Run 2. This will tell us if the (composed of a –c u quark pair) and that of its 00 – 0 2 4 6 8 20 as jets in the detector and this signature association with a top-quark pair. Like the Higgs boson is indeed responsible for the anti-partner, the D0 meson, decaying to fi nal 1840 1860 1880 1900 m(K– K+) (Mev/c2) t/τD is overwhelmed by the SM production of situation with bottom quarks, this process masses of the quarks as predicted in the SM, states composed of two charged or 0 + – multi-jets. As a result, physicists search for has not yet been observed. Indeed, even with or if there is new physics beyond it. . Such an asymmetry, referred to as AΓ, The invariant-mass distribution of D → K K decays from one of the two analyses (left), this decay by looking for the production of the more distinct decays, the background differs from zero if and only if the effective and the decay-time (right) from the other analysis, distinguishing data taken – the Higgs in association with a vector boson processes that mimic these signals are large, ● Further reading lifetimes of these particular D0 and D0 with the two possible magnet polarities of the LHCb spectrometer. (W or Z) or a top-quark pair. The additional complex and diffi cult to model. In both ATLAS Collaboration 2016 ATLAS-CONF-2016-058. decays are different, signalling the existence particles have a more distinctive decay the top and bottom production channels, ATLAS Collaboration 2016 ATLAS-CONF-2016-068. of CP-violating effects. at the LHC, either directly in the proton– developed (see fi gure). The results of the two signature, but this comes at the price of a the backgrounds are controlled by using ATLAS Collaboration 2016 ATLAS-CONF-2016-080. CP violation is still unobserved in the proton collisions or in the decays of heavier analyses are in excellent agreement and are much lower signal-production rate. advanced machine-learning techniques to ATLAS Collaboration 2016 ATLAS-CONF-2016-091. charm-quark sector, and its effects here are beauty particles. Only the former production consistent with no CP violation within about predicted to be very tiny by the Standard mechanism was used in this analysis. To three parts in 104. These constitute the most Model (well below the 10–3 level in this determine whether the decaying meson is a precise measurements of CP violation ever – CMS investigates the width of the top quark specifi c case). Thanks to the unprecedented D0 or a D0 (since they cannot be distinguished made in the charm sector, with the full Run 2 sample sizes that LHCb is accumulating, by the π+π– or K+K– common fi nal state), data set expected to reduce the uncertainties Twenty years after its Summary of the upper limits at 95% it is only now that such a level of precision LHCb reconstructed the decay chains even further. standard – discovery at the model 2HDM(FV) 2HDM(FC) MSSM RPV RS confi dence level on fl avour-changing on these CP-violating observables with D*+ → D0 π + and D*– → D0 π– so that the sign " TOP-13-017 ● Further reading collider at Fermilab, interest t hc paper in prep. neutral-current processes in the top sector, charm-meson decays is starting to be of the charged could be exploited to " TOP-13-017 LHCb Collaboration 2016 LHCb-CONF-2016-009. in studying the top quark at t hu paper in prep. as set by different CMS analyses using the accessible. identify which D meson was involved in the " JHEP1604 LHCb Collaboration 2016 LHCb-CONF-2016-010. the LHC is higher than ever. t γc (2016)035 LHC Run I data set. Predictions of the Charm are produced copiously decay. Two distinct analysis techniques were This was illustrated by the plethora of new " JHEP1604 Standard Model and different new-physics t γu (2016)035 results presented by the CMS collaboration t"gc TOP-14-007 models are included. at the ICHEP conference in August and at paper in prep. ALICE explores shear viscosity in QCD matter t"gu TOP-14-007 TOP 2016, which took place in the Czech paper in prep. measurement directly from the shape of " PRL112 Republic from 19 to 23 September. t Zc (2014)171802 the top’s invariant-mass distribution. CMS One of the key goals in state of hot and dense matter where quarks measurements, which provide new " PRL112 The top quark is the only fermion heavier t Zu (2014)171802 therefore considers alternative observables exploring the properties of and gluons become deconfi ned (the quark constraints for η/s(T). Anisotropic fl ow than the W boson and which has weak 10–16 10–12 10–8 10–4 1 that provide complementary information on QCD matter is to pin down gluon plasma, QGP). It exists within the results from spatial anisotropies in the decays that do not involve a virtual particle. branching ratio the top’s mass and width. the temperature dependence initial instants of the collision, then as initial state that are converted to momentum This to an unusually short lifetime One of those observables is the of the shear-viscosity to the system cools, the quarks and gluons anisotropies via pressure gradients during –24 (5 × 10 s) for a weak-mediated process, and collaboration has explored the width of the invariant-mass distribution of lepton and -density ratio (η/s). In the limit of form a hadronic gas at Tc. The temperature the evolution of the system. The magnitudes provides a unique opportunity to probe the top quark in a model-independent way and b-jet systems produced after top-quark pair a weakly interacting gas, kinetic theory dependence of η/s is expected to follow the of momentum anisotropies are quantifi ed properties and couplings of a bare quark. In searched for contributions from extremely decays, which has allowed the collaboration indicates that this ratio is proportional to trend of other fl uids, with a minimum at Tc. by the so-called vn coeffi cients, where v2 is particular, the width of the top quark (which, rare processes mediated by so-called to place new bounds on a Standard Model-like the mean free path. Many different fl uids The minimum value of η/s is of particular generated by initial states with an elliptic like for all resonances, is inversely fl avour-changing neutral currents (FCNCs). top-quark width of 0.6 ≤ Γt ≤ 2. 4 G eV, ba se d exhibit a similar temperature dependence interest because weakly coupled QCD and shape, v3 a triangular shape, etc. The –1 proportional to its lifetime) may be easily The top-quark width is too narrow on the fi rst 13 fb of data collected in 2016 for η/s around a critical temperature Tc AdS/CFT models predict different values. shape of the initial state fl uctuates on an

affected by new-physics processes. compared with the experimental resolution at a collision energy of 13 TeV. In parallel, associated with a phase transition. The ALICE collaboration has recently -by-event basis. ▲ In a series of recent publications, the CMS of the CMS detector to allow a precision based on the LHC Run 1 data set recorded at Heavy-ion collisions at the LHC create a released results from anisotropic-fl ow Our results show that the average

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 6 M a y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier November 2016 CERN Courier November 2016 News Sciencewatch temperature of the system decreases with ALICE OMPILED BY OHN WAIN ORTHEASTERN NIVERSITY 0.08 Pb–Pb sNN = 2.76 TeV 20–30% C J S , N U the pseudo- magnitude (fi gure, left), SC(4,2)/ v2 v2 0.8 4 2 which means that measurements at forward 2 2 SC(3,2)/ v v

͘ 3 2 n are more sensitive to the hadronic 0.06 2 ͗͘ v m 2 0.4 phase. Although the model calculations V ALICE hydrodynamics n v {2} v reproduce the general trends of the data, it is 0.04 2 2{2} v3{2} v3{2} v {2} 0 clear that other parameterisations of η/s(T) 4 v4{2} Beer guides yeast evolution hydrodynamics 2 2 could be explored to better describe the 0.02 SC(m,n)/ ͗ v SC(4,2)/ v v , /s = 0.20 4 2 AMPT: string melting –0.4 SC(4,2)/ v2 v2 , /s(T) param1,2,3,4 4 2 2 2 RHIC and LHC data simultaneously. 2 2 v v SC(3,2)/ v v , /s = 0.20 SC(3,2)/ 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 v v SC(3,2)/ v v , /s(T) param1,2,3,4 SC(4,2)/ 4 2 We also measured event-by-event 3 2 Humans have a long relationship with Beer provides insight into the domestication correlations of different v coeffi cients in –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 the yeasts that make beer. Genetic and origin of industrial yeasts, and may also help n 020 40 60 lead–lead collisions (fi gure, right). It is clear pseudorapidity centrality percentile (%) phenotypic analysis of 157 strains of to select and breed new superior strains. that the v2 and v4 correlations are rather Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast used by the Shutterstock/fujji sensitive to different parameterisations. (Left) Measurements of vn versus the pseudorapidity of produced charged particles, with lines fermentation industry now reveal that they the fl avour of beer. Beer yeast has also lost its By contrast, the correlation between v2 and indicating hydrodynamical calculations tuned with RHIC data. (Right) The correlation of vn as all originate from a few common ancestors ability to reproduce sexually, which would be v3 is not, and is largely sensitive to how the a function of centrality, which is related to the amount of overlap of both lead at the time of and evolved in ways to make brewers happy. needed to survive in a wild environment. On initial state is modelled. Subsequently, it the collision: solid red points are positive, while negative correlations are shown in blue. The work, led by Kevin J Verstrepen and the other hand, wine yeast can still reproduce was found that the agreement improved Steve Maere of the Flemish Institute for sexually, presumably because wine-making ● as the number of degrees of freedom in for the v2 and v4 correlation are due to the Further reading Biotechnology in , also found that only happens in the autumn and the yeasts the initial model was increased. Whether η/s(T) parameterisations or the initial-state ALICE Collaboration 2016: arXiv:1604.07663 and beer yeast possesses, in contrast to wild yeast, therefore have to get by without human the deviations between data and model modelling will be the subject of future study. arXiv:1605.02035. duplicated genes that help to break down support during the rest of the year. maltotriose, a sugar in beer mash. Many also evolved a mutation that prevents production ● Further reading B Gallone et al. 2016 Cell 166 1397. Les physiciens des particules du monde entier sont invités à apporter leurs CERN Courier welcomes contributions from the international of 4-vinylguaiacol, which is known to taint contributions au CERN Courier, en français ou en anglais. Les articles retenus particle-physics community. These can be written in English or French, seront publiés dans la langue d’origine. Si vous souhaitez proposer un article, and will be published in the same language. If you have a suggestion for Hawking effect in water report both P-wave and previously faites part de vos suggestions à la rédaction à l’adresse [email protected]. an article, please send proposals to the editor at [email protected]. Ghost imaging with X-rays unobserved S-wave microseisms produced An analogue of the Hawking effect, under a weather bomb between Greenland whereby black-body radiation is emitted Ghost imaging constructs images of objects and Iceland. Non-linear forcing of an ocean by black holes, can be seen in general wave using information from light detected at two swell with a 1D Earth model can explain phenomena when analogue horizons are detectors. The idea is to use correlations in P waves and vertically polarised S waves, present as waves propagating on a stationary intensities between an object beam that strikes but not horizontally polarised S waves. This counter-fl owing medium. When the fl ow the object and a reference beam that doesn’t, makes weather bombs a possible new probe matches the speed of the wave, the wave is similar to the use of intensity correlations of the Earth’s interior. blocked and converted into other branches from starlight to determine the diameter of a of the dispersion relation. L-P Euvé of star. Now, two papers, one by Hong Yu from ● Further reading CNRS-Université de Poitiers in France the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, K Nishida and R Takagi 2016 Science 353 919. and colleagues have now observed this and colleagues and another by Daniele Italian Mechanical Engineering meets global challenges phenomenon in the power spectrum and Pelliccia from RMIT University, Australia, and Record light squeeze two-point correlation function in surface colleagues, report achieving this for the fi rst waves on a countercurrent of water in a linear time using X-rays. Both use a A new record has been set in squeezing Since 1947 Belleli deenes solutions for Critical Process tank. Furthermore, because the fl ow velocity multi-pixel detector for the reference beam and of the of light, which could Equipment for the Gas Monetization, Oil & Gas and Nuclear near the blocking point decreases along the a single-pixel “bucket” detector for the object be important for improving the sensitivity industries pioneering and patenting new design and direction of fl ow, the system is in fact an beam, but one group takes data in Fourier of gravitational-wave detectors and for fabrication solutions. analogue of a (a time-reversed space and the other in real space. The work is of more precise calibrations of photoelectric ). particular interest for medical imaging because detectors. Henning Vahlbruch of the imaged object is subjected to a much lower Leibniz Universität Hannover and the ● Further reading dose of radiation than in conventional imaging. Max-Planck-Insitut für Gravitationsphysik L-P Euvé et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 121301. and colleagues used degenerate parametric ● Further reading down-conversion in a doubly resonant Weather bombs and D Pelliccia et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 113902. optical parametric amplifi er to reduce earthquakes H Yu et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 113901. amplitude fl uctuations by a factor of 32 In-house engineering and manufacturing (15 dB) relative to classical . The allows the company to ensure the integrity The atmosphere–ocean system can drive Ghost images of a result was demonstrated at a wavelength of of the most advanced equipment, from design to completed product. the Earth to produce seismic signals called copper wire 1064 nm, which is the wavelength used in all Belleli’s experience and culture is based on “microseisms”. These can be produced produced by current interferometric gravitational-wave continuous investments in Human by large slow-moving storms but also by X-rays at the observatories. With this squeezed light, the Resources, Resarch & Development as well as cooperation with clients, licensors and smaller storms, and in particular small European team was also able to measure the quantum end users. extratropical storms dubbed “weather Synchrotron effi ciency of a customised InGaAs PIN diode bombs”, in which the central pressure drops Radiation Facility with a 0.5% uncertainty. rapidly. Using a seismic array in Japan, in Grenoble, Belleli Energy CPE - Via Taliercio 1, 46100 Mantova, Italy - Tel. : +39-0376-490.1 - www.bellelienergycpe.com Kiwamu Nishida of the University of Tokyo France. ● Further reading and Ryota Takagi of Tohoku University H Vahlbruch et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 110801.

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C OMPILED BY M ARC TÜRLER , ISDC AND O BSERVATORY OF THE U NIVERSITY OF G ENEVA , AND CHIPP, U NIVERSITY OF Z URICH Gaia compiles largest ever stellar survey

The largest all-sky survey of celestial objective is to extend this to a signifi cant objects has been compiled by ESA’s Gaia fraction of the size of our Galaxy, which mission. On 13 September, 1000 days spans about 100,000 light-years. To achieve

after the satellite’s launch, the Gaia team ESA/Gaia/DPAC this, Gaia has an astrometric accuracy published a preliminary catalogue of more about 100 times better than Hipparcos. As than a billion stars, far exceeding the reach a comparison, if Hipparcos could measure of ESA’s Hipparcos mission completed two the angle that corresponds to the height of an decades ago. astronaut standing on the Moon, Gaia would Astrometry – the science of charting be able to measure the astronaut’s thumbnail. the sky – has undergone tremendous Gaia was launched on 19 December 2013 progress over the centuries, from An all-sky view of stars in the fi rst Gaia towards the Lagrangian point L2, which naked-eye observations in antiquity to catalogue. With a dot for each star, the map is a prime location to look at the sky away Gaia’s sophisticated space instrumentation outlines the Milky Way (horizontally) and the from disturbances from the Sun, Earth and today. The oldest known comprehensive Magellanic Clouds (lower right). The curved Moon. Although the fi rst data release already catalogue of stellar positions was compiled features are artifacts due to Gaia’s scanning comprises about a billion stars observed by Hipparchus of Nicaea in the 2nd century procedure. during the fi rst 14 months of the mission, BC. His work, which was based on even there was not enough time to disentangle the earlier observations by Assyro-Babylonian during the following centuries, with the proper motion from the parallax. This could astronomers, was handed down 300 years use of photographic plates by the Yale only be computed with higher precision for later by Ptolemy in his 2nd century treatise Trigonometric Parallax Catalogue about two million stars previously observed known as the Almagest. Although it listed reaching 0.01 arcsecond in 1995. ESA’s by Hipparcos. the positions of 850 stars with a precision of Hipparcos mission, which operated from The new catalogue gives an impression less than one degree, which is about twice 1989 to 1993, was the fi rst space telescope of the great capabilities of Gaia. More the diameter of the Moon, this work was devoted to measuring stellar positions. observations are needed to make a dynamic signifi cantly surpassed only in 1627 with the The Hipparcos catalogue, released in 1997, 3D map of the Milky Way and to fi nd and publication of a catalogue of about 1000 stars provides the position, parallax and proper characterise possible brightness variations by the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, who motion of 117,955 stars with a precision of of all these stars. Gaia will then be able achieved a precision of about 1 arcminute by 0.001 arcsecond. The “parallax” is a small to provide the parallax distance of many using large quadrants and sextants. displacement of the star’s position after periodic stars such as Cepheids, which are The fi rst stellar catalogue compiled with a six-month interval, offering a different crucial in the accurate determination of the the aid of a telescope was published in 1725 viewpoint from Earth’s annual orbit around cosmic-distance ladder. by English astronomer John Flamsteed, the Sun and allowing the star’s distance to listing the positions of almost 3000 stars be derived. ● Further reading with a precision of 10–20 arcseconds. While Hipparcos could probe the stars to Gaia Collaboration 2016 Astronomy & The precision increased signifi cantly distances of about 300 light-years, Gaia’s (in press).

Picture of the month

This impressive alien view shows the mountain Ahuna Mons rising behind an impact crater on the dwarf-planet Ceres, which is the largest body among the thousands of asteroids that are located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The image is a reconstructed perspective view without vertical exaggeration based on data collected by NASA’s Dawn spacecraft, which is currently

in orbit around Ceres (CERN Courier March Dawn Science Team and NASA/JPL-Caltech/GSFC 2016 p19). The mountain is 4 km high and 17 km wide and is thought to be a cryovolcano – a low-temperature volcanic activity, where molten ice replaces the molten silicate rock erupted by terrestrial volcanoes. The volcanic dome was likely built from repeated eruptions of salty, muddy water freezing on the surface, which has an average temperature of –40 °C. A study recently published in Science constrains the age of the most recent activity on Ahuna Mons to be within the past 210±30 million years, but scientists still have to elucidate the nature of the central heat source at the origin of the eruptions.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 6 M a y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier November 2016 Progress of Theoretical and Crystal Clear celebrates 25 years of success Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics is a fully open access, online-only journal. M. Hamonet (CPPM) & Luc Bidaut (Lincoln Univ. UK) Univ. (Lincoln Bidaut & Luc (CPPM) Hamonet M. Read our invited article free online: CERN’s Crystal Clear collaboration marks Exotic with heavy flavors: X, Y, Z, a quarter-century of developing advanced and related states By Atsushi Hosaka et al. scintillators for applications in physics and www.oxfordjournals.org/page/6931/5 medicine, describes Etiennette Auffray.

The Crystal Clear (CC) collaboration was approved by CERN’s Detector Research and Development Committee in April 1991 as experiment RD18. Its objective was to develop new inorganic 3D PET/CT image of a mouse labelled with FDG acquired with scintillators that would be suitable for electromagnetic calorim- the ClearPET/XPAD prototype developed at CPPM Marseille. eters in future LHC detectors. The main goal was to fi nd dense and radiation-hard scintillating material with a fast light emission constructed several dedicated PET prototypes. The fi rst, which PTEP half page chosen.indd 1 30/09/2016 09:32 that can be produced in large quantities. This challenge required was later commercialised by Raytest GmbH in Germany under a large multidisciplinary effort involving world experts in differ- the trademark ClearPET, was a small-animal PET machine used ent aspects of material sciences – including crystallography, solid- for radiopharmaceutical research. At the turn of the millennium, state physics, luminescence and defects in solids. fi ve ClearPET prototypes characterised by a spatial resolution of From 1991 to 1994, the CC collaboration carried out intensive 1.5 mm were built by the CC collaboration, which represented a studies to identify the most adequate material for the major breakthrough in functional imaging at that time (CERN LHC experiments. Three candidates were identifi ed and extensively Courier July/August 2005 p27). The same crystal modules were

studied: cerium fl uoride (CeF3), lead tungstate (PbWO4) and heavy also developed by the CC team at Forschungszentrum Jülich, scintillating glass. In 1994, lead tungstate was chosen by the CMS Germany, to image plants in order to study carbon transport. A and ALICE experiments as the most cost-effective crystal com- modified ClearPET geometry was also combined with X-ray pliant with the operational conditions at the LHC. Today, 75,848 single-photon detectors by CC researchers at CPPM Marseille, lead-tungstate crystals are installed in CMS electromagnetic calo- offering simultaneous PET and computed-tomography (CT) rimeters and 17,920 in ALICE. The former contributed to the discov- acquisition, and providing the fi rst PET/CT simultaneous images ery of the Higgs boson, which was identifi ed in 2012 by CMS and the of a mouse in 2015 (see image above). The simultaneous use of ATLAS experiment via its decay, among others, into two photons. CT and PET allows the excellent position resolution of anatomic The CC collaboration’s generic R&D on scintillating materials has imaging (providing detailed images of the structure of tissues) to brought a deep understanding of cerium ions for scintillating activa- be combined with functional imaging, which is sensitive to the tis- tors and seen the development of lutetium and yttrium aluminium sue’s metabolic activity. perovskite crystals for both physics and medical applications. After the success of Clear- The activities of the PET, in 2002, CC developed a From physics to medicine dedicated PET camera for breast In 1997, the CC collaboration made its expertise in scintillators CC collaboration imaging called ClearPEM. This available to industry and society at large. Among the most prom- have resulted in system had a spatial resolution ising sectors were medical functional imaging and, in particular, more than 650 of 1.3 mm and represented the positron emission tomography (PET), due to its growing importance fi rst PET imaging based on ava- in cancer diagnostics and similarities with the functionality of elec- publications and lanche photodiodes, which were tromagnetic calorimeters (the principle of detecting gamma rays in 72 PhD theses. initially developed for the CMS a PET scanner is identical to that in high-energy physics detectors). electromagnetic calorimeter. ▲ Following this, CC collaboration members developed and The machine was installed in

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 6 M a y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier November 2016 CERN Courier November 2016 Scintillators Scintillators

(Below left) ClearPET cassettes Your partner for passive rf components used in the PLANTIS project at TRANSMISSION LINES, COAXIAL & WAVEGUIDE Jülich. (Right) View • inside ClearPET Neuro in Jülich, PATCH PANELS & SPLITTERS which was based on • technology from CC CUSTOMISED RF COMPONENTS and uses 20 cassettes (Above) Various scintillating inorganic crystals containing crystal investigated by CC and (above right) LuAG modules to image ClearPEM-Sonic installed at Hôpital Nord in Marseille, showing crystal fi bres developed for future detectors. small animals. the ultrasound system (left) and ClearPEM system (right).

Coimbra, , where clinical trials were performed. In 2005, event rate at particle accelerators operating at high peak luminosi- The various activities of the CC collaboration, which today has a second ClearPEM machine combined with 3D ultrasound and ties, and also medical applications in time-of-fl ight PET imaging. 29 institutional members, have resulted in more than 650 publi- elastography was developed with the aim of providing anatomical This research requires the study of new materials and processes cations and 72 PhD theses. The motivation of CC collaboration and metabolic information to allow better identifi cation of tumours to identify ultrafast scintillation mechanisms such as “hot intra- members and the momentum generated throughout its many pro- (CERN Courier July/August 2013 p23). This machine was installed band luminescence” or quantum-confined excitonic emission jects open up promising perspectives for the future of inorganic in Hôpital Nord in Marseille, France, in December 2010 for clinical with sub-picosecond rise time and sub-nanosecond decay time. scintillators and their use in HEP and other applications. evaluations of 10 patients, and three years later it was moved to the It also involves investigating the enhancement of the scintillator ● An event to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the CC collabora- www.exirbroadcasting.com San Girardo hospital in Monza, Italy, to undertake larger clinical light collection by using various surface treatments, such as nano- tion will take place at CERN on 24 November. trials, which are ongoing. patterning with photonic crystals. CC recently initiated a European Exir Broadcasting AB Industrigatan 17 - SE-242 31 Hörby - ● Further reading In 2011, a European FP7 project called EndoTOFPET-US, which COST Action called Fast Advanced Scintillator Timing (FAST) +46 415 30 14 00 - [email protected] was a consortium of three hospitals, three companies and six insti- to bring together European experts from academia and industry to N Aubry et al. 2013 JINST 8 C04002. tutes, began the development of a prototype for a novel bi-modal ultimately achieve scintillator-based detectors with a time preci- E Auffray et al. 1996 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 380 524. time-of-fl ight PET and ultrasound endoscope with a spatial resolu- sion better than 100 ps, which provides an excellent training oppor- E Auffray et al. 1996 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 383 367. tion better than 1 mm and a time resolution of 200 ps. This was aimed tunity for researchers interested in this domain. Crystal Clear Collaboration 1991 CERN/DRDC/91-15/DRDC/P27 at the detection of early stage pancreatic or prostatic tumours and the Among other recent activities of the CC collaboration are new M Hamonet et al. 2015 Conf. Rec. IEEE NSS/MIC’2015 (IEEE Press) development of new biomarkers for pancreatic and prostatic cancers. crystal-production methods. Micro-pulling-down techniques, A Knapitsch and P Lecoq 2014 Int. J. Mod. Phy. A 29 1430070. Two prototypes have been produced (one for pancreatic and one for which allow inorganic scintillating crystals to be grown in the P Lecoq et al. 1995 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 365 291. prostate cancers) and the fi rst tests on a phantom-prostate prototype shape of fi bres with diameters ranging from 0.3 to 3 mm, open M Lucchini et al. 2016 NIM A 816 176. were performed in spring 2015 at the CERIMED centre in Marseille. the way to attractive detector designs for future high-energy phys- K Pauwels et al. 2013 JINST 8 P09019. Work is now ongoing to improve the two prototypes, in view of pre- ics experiments by replacing a block of crystals with a bundle of M Pizzichemi et al. 2016 Phys. Med. Biol. 61 4679. clinical and clinical operation. fi bres. A Horizon 2020 European RISE Marie Skłodowska-Curie In addition to the development of ClearPET detectors, members project called Intelum has been set up by the CC collaboration to Résumé of the collaboration have initiated the development of the Monte explore the cost-effective production of large quantities of fi bres. Crystal Clear fête ses 25 ans Carlo simulation software-package GATE, a -based sim- More recently, the development of new PET crystal modules has ulation tool allowing the simulation of full PET detector systems been launched by CC collaborators. These make use of new photo- Cela fait à présent un quart de siècle que la collaboration Crystal (CERN Courier January/February 2005 p27). detector silicon photomultipliers and have a high spatial resolution Clear du CERN effectue des travaux de R&D sur les matériaux (1.5 mm), depth-of-interaction capability (better than 3 mm) and a scintillants de pointe, en vue de leur utilisation dans des dispositifs Clear impact fast timing resolution (better than 200 ps). novateurs de détection des rayonnements ionisants destinés In 1992, the CC collaboration organised the fi rst international con- à la physique des particules et à l’imagerie médicale. En plus ference on inorganic scintillators and their applications, which led Future directions d’une avancée notable dans la compréhension des mécanismes to a global scientifi c community of around 300 people. Today, this For the past 25 years, the CC collaboration has actively carried de scintillation et de la résistance aux radiations de différents community comes together every two years at the SCINT confer- out R&D on scintillating materials, and investigated their use in matériaux, la collaboration a aussi à son actif une contribution ences, the next instalment of which will take place in Chamonix, novel ionising radiation-detecting devices (including read-out importante dans le choix du tungstate de plomb comme matériau France, from 18 to 22 September 2017. electronics and data acquisition) for use in particle-physics and de base pour le calorimètre électromagnétique de CMS et la To this day, the CC collaboration continues its investigations into medical-imaging applications. In addition to signifi cant progress réalisation de divers prototypes pour l’imagerie médicale. Il new scintillators and understanding their underlying scintillation made in the understanding of scintillation mechanisms and radia- faut à présent ajouter à cela des contributions importantes à la mechanisms and radiation-hardness characteristics – in addition tion hardness of different materials, the choice of lead tungstate for compréhension des paramètres-clés pour les détecteurs à très haute to the development of detectors. Among its most recent activities the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter and the realisation of vari- résolution temporelle. is the investigation of key parameters in scintillating detectors that ous prototypes for medical imaging are among the CC collabora- enable very precise timing information for various applications. tion’s highlights so far. It is now making important contributions to Etiennette Auffray, CERN, and spokesperson of the Crystal Clear These include mitigating the effect of “pile-up” caused by the high understanding the key parameters for fast-timing detectors. collaboration.

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The CTF3 test facility at CERN, which has demonstrated CLIC’s novel two-beam acceleration technology. CompactImage credit: Maximilien Brice.Linear Collider Compact Linear Collider CLIC steps up to the TeV challenge

An updated baseline-staging scenario for to high energies. The performance, cost and power consumption of the CLIC accelerator as a function of the centre-of-mass energy CERN’s Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) were addressed, building on experience from technology R&D and system tests. The resulting fi rst-energy stage is based on already focuses on an optimised initial-energy stage demonstrated performances of CLIC’s novel acceleration technol- at 380 GeV that will be signifi cantly cheaper ogy and will be signifi cantly cheaper than the initial CDR design. than the original design, say Philipp Roloff CLIC physics An electron–positron collider provides unique opportunities to and Daniel Schulte. make precision measurements of the two heaviest particles in the SM: the Higgs boson (125 GeV) and the top quark (173 GeV). Devi- ations in the way the Higgs couples to the fermions, the electroweak One of CERN’s main options for a flagship accelerator in the bosons and itself are predicted in many extensions of the SM, such post-LHC era is an electron–positron collider at the high-energy as or composite Higgs models. Different scenarios frontier. The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a multi-TeV high- lead to specifi c patterns of deviations, which means that precision luminosity linear collider that has been under development since measurements of the Higgs couplings can potentially discriminate 1985 and currently involves 75 institutes around the world. Being between different new-physics scenarios. The same is true of the linear, such a machine does not suffer energy losses from synchro- couplings of the top quark to the Z boson and photon. CLIC would tron radiation, which increases strongly with the beam energy in offer such measurements as the fi rst step of its physics programme, circular machines. Another option for CERN is a very high-energy and full of realistic CLIC detector concepts have been circular proton–proton collider, which is currently being consid- used to evaluate the expected precision and to guide the choice of ered as the core of the Future Circular Collider (FCC) programme. collision energy. So far, CLIC R&D has principally focused on collider technology The principal Higgs production channel, Higgstrahlung that’s able to reach collision energies in the multi-TeV range. Based (e+e– → ZH), requires the centre-of-mass energy to be equal to the on this technology, a conceptual design report (CDR) including a sum of the Higgs- and Z-boson masses plus a few tens of GeV. For feasibility study for a 3 TeV collider was completed in 2012. an electron–positron collider such as CLIC, Higgsstrahlung has With the discovery of the Higgs boson in July of that year, and the a maximum cross-section at a centre-of-mass energy of around fact that the particle turned out to be relatively light with a mass of 240 GeV and decreases as a function of energy. Because the col- 125 GeV, it became evident that there is a compelling physics case liding and are elementary particles with a pre- for operating CLIC at a lower centre-of-mass energy. The opti- cisely known energy, Higgsstrahlung events can be identifi ed by mal collision energy is 380 GeV because it simultaneously allows detecting the Z boson alone as it recoils against the Higgs boson. physicists to study two Higgs-production processes in addition This can be done without looking at the decay of the Higgs boson, to top-quark pair production. Therefore, to fully exploit CLIC’s and hence the measurement is scientifi c potential, the collider is foreseen to be constructed in completely independent of pos- several stages corresponding to different centre-of-mass energies: sible unknown Higgs decays. the fi rst at 380 GeV would be followed by stages at 1.5 and 3 TeV, Combining all This is a unique capability of a allowing powerful searches for phenomena beyond the Standard available knowledge lepton collider and the reason Model (SM). led to the choice of why the first energy stage of While a fully optimised collider at 3 TeV was described in the CLIC is so important. The most CDR in 2012, the lower-energy stages were not presented at the 380 GeV for the fi rst powerful method with which same level of detail. In August this year, however, the CLIC and energy stage. to measure the Higgsstrahl- CLICdp (CLIC detector and physics study) collaborations pub- ung cross-section in this way lished an updated baseline-staging scenario that places emphasis is based on events where a Z ▲ on an optimised fi rst-energy stage compatible with an extension boson decays into hadrons,

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(Left) Overview of the CLIC layout at 3 TeV, showing Particles reconstructed by a combiner rings (CR), delay simulated CLIC detector in + – – – – loop, damping ring (DR), an e e → Hveve → bbveve pre-damping ring (PDR), event at 3 TeV. bunch compressor (BC) and beam delivery system (BDS). The red and green squares represent beam dumps. (Below) CLIC footprints in the vicinity of CERN, showing the three implementation stages. (Below left) The centre-of-mass energy dependencies of important SM processes in electron–positron collisions.

107 qq(q = u, d, s, c, b) 106 105 the new staging baseline. Not only is this close to the optimal value particles to leptons, searches at CLIC are complementary to those 104 for Higgs physics around 350 GeV but it would also enable sub- at hadron colliders, which are sensitive to the couplings to quarks W+W– stantial measurements of the top quark. An integrated luminosity and gluons. 103 tt → X) (fb) Hνeνe –1 – of 500 fb is required for the Higgs and top-physics programmes, The second analysis approach at CLIC, which is sensitive to even

e + – νeνe + 2 W W 10 which could take roughly fi ve years. The top cross-section thresh- higher mass scales, is to search for unexpected signals in precision ␴ (e He+e– –1 10 ttH HZ old scan, meanwhile, would be feasible with 100 fb collected at measurements of SM observables. For example, measurements of 1 several energy points near the production threshold. two-fermion processes provide discovery potential for Z´ bosons HHνeνe 10–1 HHZ with masses up to tens of TeV. Another important example is the Stepping up search for additional resonances or anomalous couplings in vector- 10–2 0 1000 2000 3000 After the initial phase of CLIC operation at 380 GeV, the aim is boson scattering. For both indirect and direct searches, the discov- √s (GeV) to operate CLIC above 1 TeV at the earliest possible time. In the ery reach improves signifi cantly with increasing centre-of-mass current baseline, two stages at 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV are planned, energy. If new phenomena are found, beam polarisation might help and the best precision is expected at centre-of-mass energies ity of the electroweak at very high energies. although the exact energies of these stages can be revised as new to constrain the underlying theory through observables such as around 350 GeV. (At lower energies it is more diffi cult to separate With current knowledge, the achievable precision on the input from the LHC and HL-LHC becomes available. Searches polarisation asymmetries. signal and background events, while at higher energies the meas- top-quark mass is expected to be in the order of 50 MeV, including for beyond-the-SM phenomena are the main goal of high-energy urement is limited by the smaller signal cross-section and worse systematic and theoretical uncertainties. This is about an order CLIC operation. Furthermore, additional unique measurements of The CLIC concept recoil mass resolution.) of magnitude better than the precision expected at the High- Higgs and top properties are possible, including studies of double CLIC will collide beams of electrons and positrons at a single inter- The other main Higgs-production channel is WW fusion Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). Higgs production to extract the Higgs self-coupling. This is crucial action point, with the main beams generated in a central facility + − – (e e → Hveve). In contrast to Higgsstrahlung, the cross-section for The couplings of the top quark to the Z boson and photon can to probe the Higgs potential experimentally and its measurement is that would fi t on the CERN site. To increase the brilliance of the this process rises quickly with centre-of-mass energy. By measur- be probed using the top-production cross-sections and “forward- extremely challenging in hadron collisions, even at the HL-LHC. beams, the particles are “cooled” (slowed down and reaccelerated – ing the rates for the same Higgs decay, such as H → bb, in both backward” asymmetries for different electron-beam polarisa- In addition, the full data sample with three million Higgs events continuously) in damping rings before they are sent to the two high- Higgsstrahlung and WW-fusion events, researchers can signifi - tion confi gurations available at CLIC. These observables lead would lead to very tight constraints on the Higgs couplings to vec- gradient main linacs, which face each other. Here, the beams are cantly improve their knowledge of the Higgs decay width – which to expected precisions on the couplings which are substantially tor bosons and fermions. In contrast to hadron colliders, all events accelerated to the full collision energy in a single pass and a mag- is a challenging measurement at hadron colliders such as the LHC. better than those achievable at the HL-LHC. Deviations of these can be used for physics and there are no QCD backgrounds. netic telescope consisting of quadrupoles and different multipoles A centre-of-mass energy of 380 GeV at the fi rst CLIC energy stage couplings from their SM expectations are predicted in many new Two fundamentally different approaches are possible to search is used to focus the beams to nanometre sizes in the collision point is ideal for achieving a sizable contribution of WW-fusion events. physics scenarios, such as composite-Higgs scenarios or extra- for phenomena beyond the SM. The fi rst is to search directly for the inside of the detector. Two additional complexes produce high- So far, the energy of electron–positron colliders has not been dimension models. It was recently shown, using detailed detec- production of new particles, which in electron–positron collisions current (100 A) electron beams to drive the main linacs – this novel high enough to allow direct measurements of the top quark. At the tor simulations, that although higher energies are preferred, this can take place almost up to the kinematic limit. Due to the clean two-beam acceleration technique is unique to CLIC. fi rst CLIC energy stage, however, properties of the top quark can measurement is already feasible at an energy of 380 GeV, provided experimental conditions and low backgrounds compared to hadron The CLIC accelerator R&D is focused on several core chal- + − - be obtained via pair-production events (e e → tt). A small fraction the theoretical uncertainties improve in the coming years. The colliders, CLIC is particularly well suited for measuring new and lenges. First, strong accelerating fi elds are required in the main of the collider’s running time would be used to scan the top pair- expected precisions depend on our ability to reconstruct tt- events existing weakly interacting states. Because the beam energies are linac to limit its length and cost. Outstanding beam quality is also production cross-section in the threshold region around 350 GeV. correctly, which is more challenging at 380 GeV compared to tunable, it is also possible to study the production thresholds of essential to achieve a high rate of physics events in the detectors. This would allow us to extract the top-quark mass in a theoretically higher energies because both top quarks decay almost isotropically. new particles in detail. Searches for dark-matter candidates, mean- In addition, the power consumption of the CLIC accelerator com- well-defi ned scheme, which is not possible at hadron colliders. The Combining all available knowledge therefore led to the choice while, can be performed using single-photon events with missing plex has to be limited to about 500 MW for the highest-energy ▲ value of the top-quark mass has an important impact on the stabil- of 380 GeV for the fi rst-energy stage of the CLIC programme in energy. Because lepton colliders probe the coupling of dark-matter stage; hence a high effi ciency to generate RF power and transfer

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Mature option detector backgrounds. A main driver for the ILC and CLIC detector con- 4000 integrated luminosity BDS drive beam cepts is the required jet-energy resolution. To achieve the required With the discovery of the Higgs boson, a great physics case exists total accelerator 100 MV/m main beam L = 1.87 km ) 1% peak precision, the CLIC detector concepts are based on fi ne-grained for CLIC at a centre-of-mass energy of 380 GeV. Hence particu-

accelerator 72 MV/m –1 3000 electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters optimised for particle- lar emphasis is being placed on the fi rst stage of the accelerator, L = 2.75 km 0.38 TeV 1.5 TeV 3 TeV fl ow analysis techniques. A new study is almost complete, which for which the focus is on reducing costs and power consump- defi nes a single optimised CLIC detector for use in future CLIC tion. The new accelerating structure design will be improved and 2000 L = 2.75 km physics benchmark studies. The work by CLICdp was crucial for more statistics on the structure performance will be obtained. unused arcs the new staging baseline (especially for the choice of 380 GeV) The detector design will continue to be optimised, driven by the 1000 because the physics potential as a function of energy can only be requirements of the physics programme. Technology demonstra- The different energy stages of the CLIC design. In the fi rst stage, integrated luminosity (fb estimated with the required accuracy using detailed simulations of tors for the most challenging detector elements, including the a different accelerating structure design is used, which can be realistic detector concepts. vertex detector and main tracker, are being developed in parallel. moved to the beginning of the linacs and reused for the following 0 Common studies with the ILC, which is currently being con- stages. 0 5 10 10 20 The new staged design sidered for implementation in Japan, are also important, both for year To optimise the CLIC accelerator, a systematic design approach accelerator and detector elements, in particular for the initial stage it into the beams is mandatory. CLIC will use high-frequency Integrated luminosity in the considered staging scenario (years has been developed and used to explore a large range of confi gura- of CLIC. Both the accelerator and detector parameters and designs, (X-band) normal-conducting accelerating structures (copper) to are counted from the start of beam commissioning). tions for the RF structures of the main linac. For each structure in particular for the second- and third-energy stages, will evolve achieve accelerating gradients at the level of 100 MV/m. A centre- design, the luminosity performance, power consumption and total according to new LHC results and studies as they emerge. of-mass energy of 3 TeV can be reached with a collider of about the facility a success, and by the end of 2016 it will have fi nished cost of the CLIC complex are calculated. For the fi rst stage, dif- CLIC is the only mature option for a future multi-TeV high- 50 km length, while 380 GeV for CLIC’s fi rst stage would require its mission. Further beam tests at SLAC, KEK and various light ferent accelerating structures operated at a somewhat lower accel- luminosity linear electron–positron collider. The two-beam tech- a site length of 11 km, which is slightly larger than the diameter of sources remain important. The CALIFES electron beam facility erating gradient of 72 MV/m will be used to reach the luminosity nology has been demonstrated in large-scale tests and no show the LHC. The accelerator is operated using 50 RF pulses of 244 ns at CERN, which is currently being evaluated for operation from goal at a cost and power consumption similar to earlier projects stoppers were identifi ed. CLIC is therefore an attractive option length per second. During each pulse, a train of 312 bunches is 2017, can provide a testing ground for high-gradient structures and at CERN – while also not infl ating the cost of the higher-energy for CERN after the LHC. Once the European particle-physics accelerated, which are separated by just 0.5 ns. To generate the main-beam studies. More prototypes for CLIC’s main-beam and stages. The design should also be fl exible enough to take advantage community decides to move forward, a technical design will be accelerating fi eld, each CLIC main-linac accelerating structure drive-beam components are being developed and characterised in of projected improvements in RF technology during the construc- developed and construction could begin in 2025. needs to be fed with an RF power of 60 MW. With a total of 140,000 dedicated test facilities at CERN and collaborating institutes. The tion and operation of the fi rst stage. structures in the 3 TeV collider, this adds up to more than 8 TW. resulting progress in X-band acceleration technology also gener- When upgrading to higher energies, the structures optimised for ● Further reading Because it is not possible to generate this peak power at reasonable ated important interest in the Free Electron Laser (FEL) commu- 380 GeV will be moved to the beginning of the new linear accel- H Abramowicz et al. 2016 arXiv:1608.07538. cost with conventional klystrons (even for the short pulse length of nity, where it may allow for more compact facilities. erator and the remaining space fi lled with structures optimised for CLIC and CLICdp Collaborations 2016 arXiv:1608.07537. 244 ns), a novel power-production scheme has been developed for To achieve the required luminosities (6 × 1034 cm–2 s–1 at 3 TeV), 3 TeV operation. The RF pulse length of 244 ns is kept the same CLIC. The idea is to operate a drive beam with a current of 100 A nanometre beam sizes are required at CLIC’s interaction point. This at all stages to avoid major modifi cations to the drive-beam gen- Résumé that runs parallel to the main beam via power extraction and trans- is several hundred times smaller than at the SLC, which operated at eration scheme. Data taking at the three energy stages is expected Le CLIC s’attaque au défi des TeV fer structures. In these structures, the beam induces electric fi elds, SLAC in the and was the fi rst and only operational linear col- to last for a period of seven, fi ve and six years, respectively. The thereby losing energy and generating RF power, that is transferred to lider, and therefore requires novel hardware and sophisticated beam- stages are interrupted by two upgrade periods each lasting two Le collisionneur linéaire compact (CLIC) est un collisionneur the main-linac accelerating structures. The drive beam is produced based alignment . A precision pre-alignment system has years, which means that the overall three-stage CLIC programme linéaire à haute luminosité de plusieurs TeV, en développement as a long (146 μs) high-current (4 A) train of bunches and is acceler- been developed and tested that can achieve an alignment accuracy in will last for 22 years from the start of operation. The duration of depuis 1985, pour lequel un rapport préliminaire de conception a ated to an energy of about 2.4 GeV and then sent into a delay loop the range of 10 μm, while beam-based tuning algorithms have been each stage is derived from integrated luminosity targets of 500 fb–1 été achevé en 2012. Avec la découverte du boson de Higgs en juillet and combiner-ring complex where sets of 24 consecutive sub-pulses successfully tested at SLAC and other facilities. These algorithms at 380 GeV, 1.5 ab–1 at 1.5 TeV and 3 ab–1 at 3 TeV. de la même année, l’intérêt indiscutable d’une exploitation du CLIC are used to form 25 trains of 244 ns length with a current of about use beams of different energies to diagnose and correct the offset of An intense R&D programme is yielding other important à une énergie dans le centre de masse plus faible (380 GeV) est 100 A. Each of these bunch-trains is then used to power one of the 25 the beam-position monitors, reducing the effective misalignments to improvements. For instance, the CLIC study recently proposed a devenu évident. Récemment, CLIC a publié une mise à jour de son drive-beam sectors, which means that the initial 146 μs-long pulse a fraction of a micron. Because the motion of the ground due to natu- novel design for klystrons that can increase the effi ciency signifi - scénario de base, étape par étape; il met l’accent sur une première is effectively compressed in time by a factor of 600, and therefore its ral and technical sources can cause the beam-guiding quadrupole cantly. To reduce the power consumption further, permanent mag- étape d’énergie optimisée. Cette première étape est basée sur des power is increased by the same factor. magnets to move, knocking the beams out of focus, the magnets will nets are also being developed that are tunable enough to be able to performances déjà démontrées de la technologie d’accélération To demonstrate this novel scheme, a test facility (CTF3) was be stabilised with an active feedback system that has been developed replace the normal conducting magnets. The goal is to develop a novatrice du CLIC, et elle sera nettement moins onéreuse que celle constructed at CERN since 2001 that reused the LEP pre-injector by a collaboration of several institutes, and which has already been detailed design of both the accelerator and detector in time for the fi gurant dans le rapport préliminaire de conception initial. building and components as demonstrated experimentally. update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics towards the well as adding many more. The CLIC’s physics potential has been illustrated through the simu- end of the decade. Philipp Roloff and Daniel Schulte, CERN. facility now consists of a drive- lation and reconstruction of benchmark physics processes in two The overall beam accelerator, the delay loop dedicated detector concepts. These are based on the SiD and ILD three-stage CLIC and one combiner ring. CTF3 detector concepts developed for the International Linear Collider physics programme can produce a drive-beam pulse (ILC), an alternative machine currently under consideration for of about 30 A and accelerate the construction in Japan, and have been adapted to the experimen- Italy at CERN 2017 would last for main beam with a gradient of up tal environment at the higher-energy CLIC. Because the high 22 years. to 145 MV/m. A large range of centre-of-mass energies and CLIC’s accelerator technology lead The CERN ILO for Italy has the great pleasure to announce that the next edition of components, feedback systems to relatively high beam-induced background levels for a lepton Italy at CERN 2017 is going to take place in Geneva on April 4 – 7, 2017. and operational procedures collider, the CLIC detector design and the event-reconstruction needed to be developed to make techniques are both optimised to suppress the infl uence of these Italian companies will present their latest ideas, technologies and products for the maintenance, upgrade and expansion of the CERN experiments and accelerator complex to interested scientists and buyers. 24 25 : https://agenda.infn.it/internalPage.py?pageId=0&confId=11069

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 6 M a y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier November 2016 CERN Courier November 2016 Physics beyond colliders Physics beyond colliders CERN explores opportunities for physics beyond colliders

CERN has established a study group to explore other models will provide important input to this issue. era. Despite this, the LHC doesn’t actually use many protons. This research into the next decade. The ISOLDE and nTOF facilities Electric dipole moments are inherently linked to the violation of leaves the other facilities at CERN open to exploit the considerable also offer opportunities to investigate fundamental questions such how its accelerator complex can be used charge–parity (CP) symmetry, which is a necessary ingredient to beam-production capabilities of the accelerator complex. as the unitarity of the quark-mixing matrix, parity violation or the explain the origin of the asymmetry of the . While CERN already has a diverse and far-sighted experimental pro- masses of the . to target fundamental-physics questions CP violation has been observed in weak interactions, it is notably gramme based on the LHC injectors. This spans the ISOLDE The three main experiments of the North Area – NA61, COM- similar to those addressed by high-energy absent in strong interactions. For example, no electric dipole moment radioactive beam facility, the neutron time-of-fl ight PASS and NA62 – have well-defi ned programmes until the time of the neutron has been observed so far. Eliminating this so-called facility (nTOF), the of LS2 and all have longer term plans. After completion of its colliders but based on different types of beams strong-CP problem gives signifi cant motivation for hypothesising Decelerator search for a QCD critical point, NA61 plans to further study the existence of a new called the . Indeed, QCD deconfi nement with emphasis on charm signals. It will and experiments, report Joerg Jaeckel, axion-like particles are not only natural dark-matter candidates also remain a unique facility to constrain hadron production Mike Lamont and Claude Vallée. but they turn out to be one of the features in primary proton targets for future beams in the that are abundant in well- US and Japan. The Common and Proton Apparatus motivated extensions of the for Structure and Spectroscopy (COMPASS) experiment, Standard Model, such as meanwhile, intends to further study the hadron structure and Our understanding of nature’s fundamental constituents owes string theory. could spectroscopy with RF-separated beams of higher intensity much to particle colliders. Notable discoveries include the W and help to explain a number of in order to study fundamental physics linked to quantum Z bosons at CERN’s Super in the , the astrophysical puzzles such chromodynamics. top quark at Fermilab’s Tevatron collider in the 1990s and the as dark matter. They may An independent proposal submitted to the workshop Higgs boson at CERN’s LHC in 2012. While colliding particles also be connected to infl ation involved using muon beams from the SPS to make preci- at ever higher energies is still one of the best ways to search for in the very early universe and sion measurements of μ–e elastic scattering, which could new phenomena, experiments at lower energies can also address to the generation of neutrino reduce by a factor of two the present theoretical hadronic fundamental-physics questions. masses, and potentially are uncertainty on g-2 for future precision experiments. Once The Physics Beyond Colliders kick-off workshop, which was even involved with the hierarchy NA62 reaches its intended precision on its measurement held at CERN on 6–7 September, brought together a wide range of problem. of the rare decay K+ → π+νν, the collaboration plans com- physicists from the theory, experiment and accelerator communi- Neutrinos are also the source prehensive measurements in the K sector in addition to ties to explore the full range of research opportunities presented by of a large range of puzzles, but one year of operation in beam-dump mode to search the CERN complex. The considered timescale for such activities also opportunities. Interestingly, for heavy neutral leptons such as massive right-handed reaches as far as 2040, corresponding roughly to the operational essentially all current experiments neutrinos. In the longer term, NA62 aims to study the lifetime of the LHC and its high-luminosity upgrade. The study and observations – including that rare decay K0 → π0νν, which would require a similar group has been charged with pulling together interested parties and of dark matter – can be explained but expanded apparatus and a high-intensity K0 beam. exploring the options in appropriate depth, with the aim of provid- by a very minimal extension of the In general, rare decays might reveal deviations from ing input to the next update to the European Strategy for Particle Standard Model: the addition of the Standard Model that indicate the presence of new heavy particles Physics towards the end of the decade. three right-handed neutrinos. In fact, (AD), the High-Radi- that alter the decay rate. As the name of the workshop and study group suggests, a lot theorists’ ideas range far beyond that, ation to Materials (HiRadMat) facility, of interesting physics can be tested in experiments that are com- motivating the existence of whole the plasma-wakefi eld experiment AWAKE, and the North Fixed ambitions plementary to colliders. Ideas discussed at the September event sectors of weakly coupled particles and East experimental areas. CERN’s proton-production capa- The September workshop heard proposals for new ambitious ranged from searching for particles with masses far below an eV below the Fermi scale. bilities are already heavily used and will continue to be well- fi xed-target facilities that would complement existing experiments up to more than 1015 eV, to prospects for dark matter and even dark- Ambitions may even lead to tackling one of the most challenging solicited in the coming years. A preliminary forecast shows that at CERN. A completely new development at CERN’s North Area energy studies. of questions: dark energy. While the effective couplings between there is potential capacity to support one more major SPS experi- is the proposed SPS beam-dump facility (BDF). in ordinary matter and dark energy must be quite small, there is still ment after the injector upgrade. this context implies a target that absorbs all incident protons and Theoretical motivation signifi cant room for observable effects in low-energy experiments, The AD is a classic example of CERN’s existing non-collider- contains most of the cascade generated by the primary-beam inter- Searches for electric and magnetic dipole moments in elementary for example using interferometry. based facilities. This unique factory has several experi- action. The aim is for a general-purpose fi xed-target facility, which particles are a rich experimental playground, and the enormous ments studying the properties of and anti-hydrogen in the initial phase will facilitate a general search for weakly inter- precision of such experiments allows a wide range of new physics Experimental opportunities in detail. Here, in the experimental domain, the time con- acting “hidden” particles. The Search for HIdden Particles (SHiP) to be tested. The long-standing deviation of the muon magnetic It is clear that CERN’s priority over the coming years is the full stant for technological evolution is much shorter than it is for large experiment plans to exploit the unique high-energy, high-intensity moment (g-2) from the Standard Model prediction could indicate exploitation of the LHC – fi rst in its present guise and then, from high-energy detectors. The AD is currently being upgraded with features of the SPS beam to perform a comprehensive investiga- the presence of relatively heavy supersymmetric particles, but 2026, as the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The HL-LHC the ELENA ring, which will increase by two orders of magnitude tion of the dark sector in the few-GeV mass range (CERN Courier also the presence of relatively light “dark photons”, which are also places stringent demands on intensity and related characteristics, and the trapping effi ciency of anti-hydrogen atoms and will allow dif- March 2016 p25). A complementary approach, based on observing a possible messenger to the dark-matter sector. A confi rmation, a major upgrade of the LHC injectors is planned during Long Shut- ferent experiments to operate in parallel. After LS2, ELENA will missing energy in the products of high-energy interactions, is cur- ▲ or not, of the original g-2 measurement and experimental tests of down 2 (LS2) beginning in 2019 to provide beams in the HL-LHC serve all AD experiments and will secure CERN’s antimatter rently being explored by NA64 on an electron test beam, and the

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 6 M a y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier November 2016 Physics beyond colliders Beam control Giovanni Rumolo 1022 at your fingertips delivery rates CNGS and NA 2008–2012 20 10 The ¸RTO oscilloscope gives you continuous beam monitoring 1018 capabilities and in-depth access to pulse parameters: ❙ Continuous beam quality monitoring at 100 Hz pot/year 1016 ❙ Safety interlock capabilities at 600 kHz ❙ Measurement of pulsed RF signals and bunch monitoring 1014 a ❙ Jitter measurements between pulses BDF nTOF AWAKE HL-LHC ISOLDE AD/ELENA East Are HiRadMat North Area ❙ Trigger distribution accuracy measurements (Left) CERN’s accelerator complex offers broad opportunities for new non-accelerator and fi xed-target experiments. (Above) Rohde & Schwarz is your partner for high-energy particle acceleration Foreseen proton-production capabilities of the complex. in the LINAC, booster and storage ring, as well as for precise beam stabilization and monitoring, and scientific measurements at the beam line. experiment team has proposed to extend its programme to muon attempts to produce axions in the laboratory. Researchers working and hadron beams in the future. on IAXO, the next-generation axion helioscope foreseen as a sig- www.rohde-schwarz.com/ad/rto From an accelerator perspective, the BDF is a challenging under- nifi cantly more powerful successor to CAST, have expressed great taking and will involve the development of a new extraction line interest in co-operating with CERN on the design and running of and a sophisticated target and target complex with due regard to the experiment’s large toroidal magnet. The high-fi eld magnets radiation-protection issues. More generally, the foreseen North developed at CERN would also increase the reach of future axion Area programme requires high intensity and slow extraction from searches in the laboratory as a follow-up of OSQAR at CERN or the SPS, and this poses some serious accelerator challenges. A ALPS at DESY. DARKSIDE, a fl agship dark-matter search to be closer look at these reveals the need for a concerted programme of sited in Gran Sasso, also has technological synergies with CERN in studies and improvements to minimise extraction beam loss and the cryogenics, liquid-argon and silicon-photomultiplier domains. associated activation of hardware with its attendant risks. Fixed-target experiments with LHC beams could be carried out Next steps using either crystal extraction or an internal gas jet, and initially Working groups are now being set up to assess the physics case of these might operate in parasitic mode upstream from existing the proposed projects in a global context, and also their feasibility detectors (LHCb or ALICE). Combined with the high LHC beam and possible implementation at CERN or elsewhere. A follow-up energy, an internal gas target would open up a new kinematic range Physics Beyond Colliders workshop is foreseen in 2017, and the to hadron and heavy-ion measurements, while beam extraction fi nal deliverable is due towards the end of 2018. It will consist of a using crystals was proposed to measure the magnetic moments of summary document that will help the European Strategy update short-lived . group to define its orientations for non-collider fundamental- New facilities to complement fi xed-target experiments are also particle-physics research in the next decade. under consideration. A small all-electric storage ring would pro- vide a precision measurement of the proton electric dipole moment ● Further reading (EDM) and could test for new physics at the 100 TeV scale, while Physics Beyond Colliders workshop https://indico.cern.ch/ a mixed electric/magnetic ring would extend such measurements event/523655. to the deuteron EDM. The physics motivation for these facilities is strong, and from an accelerator standpoint such storage rings Résumé are an interesting challenge in their own right (CERN Courier Le CERN étudie des perspectives pour la physique au-delà des September 2016 p27). collisionneurs A dedicated gamma factory is another exciting option being explored. Partially stripped ions interacting with photons from a L’atelier de lancement sur la physique au-delà des collisionneurs, laser have the potential to provide a powerful source of gamma qui a eu lieu au CERN les 6 et 7 septembre, a réuni des physiciens de rays. Driven by the LHC, such a facility would increase by seven divers domaines; leur objectif était d’explorer toutes les possibilités orders of magnitude the intensity currently achievable in electron- de recherche présentées par le complexe du CERN pour les driven gamma-ray beams. The proposed nuSTORM project, expériences hors collisionneurs. Le calendrier envisagé pour ces meanwhile, would provide well-defi ned neutrino beams for pre- activités va jusqu’en 2040, ce qui correspond approximativement à cise measurements of the neutrino cross-sections and represent an la durée de vie opérationnelle du LHC et de son amélioration à haute intermediate step towards a or a . luminosité. Le groupe d’étude est chargé de fournir des informations Last but not least, there are several non-accelerator projects that pour la prochaine mise à jour de la stratégie européenne pour la stand to benefi t from CERN’s technological expertise and infra- physique des particules, à la fi n de la décennie actuelle. ¸RTO digital oscilloscope structure, in line with the existing CAST and OSQAR experiments. CAST (CERN Axion Solar Telescope) uses one of the LHC dipole Joerg Jaeckel, University of Heidelberg, Mike Lamont, CERN, and magnets to search for axions produced in the Sun, while OSQAR Claude Vallée, CPPM Marseille and DESY Hamburg.

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21524.001_AcceleratorPhysics_CERNcourier-Nov16_213x282_e.indd 1 27.09.16 09:50 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 6 M a y 2 0 1 6 CERN_125x193:Mise en page 1 18/09/12 17:17 Page 1 CERN Courier November 2016 Interview: Kip Thorne www.goodfellow.com Secrets of discovery Metals Kip Thorne is the visionary theorist who and materials Caltech predicted the observation of gravitational waves for research from colliding black holes, as detected recently by LIGO. Paola Catapano spoke with him in Goodfellow Cambridge Limited ON-LINE CATALOGUE Ermine Business Park September as he received the 2016 Tomalla Huntingdon PE29 6WR UK Prize at the University of Geneva. Tel: 0800 731 4653 or +44 1480 424 800 Fax: 0800 328 7689 or +44 1480 424 900 [email protected] Did you expect that gravitational waves would be discovered during your lifetime? Yes, and I thought it quite likely it would come from two collid- ing black holes of just the sort that we did see. I wrote a popular 70 000 PRODUCTS SMALL QUANTITIES FAST DELIVERY CUSTOM MADE ITEMS book called Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein’s Outrageous Theoretical Kip Thorne is emeritus professor at Caltech. Legacy, published in 1994, and I wrote a prologue to this book dur- ing my honeymoon in Chile in 1984. In that prologue, I described How will the new tool of “multi-messenger astronomy” the observation of two black holes, both weighing 25 solar masses, impact on our understanding of the universe? spiralling together and merging and producing three solar masses Concerning the colliding black hole that we’ve seen so far, astron- of energy and gravitational waves, and that’s very close to what omers who rely on electromagnetic signals have not seen anything we’ve seen. So I was already in the 1980s targeting black holes as coming from them. It’s conceivable that in the future something comsol multiphysics ® the most likely kind of source; for me this was not a surprise, it was may be seen because disturbances caused when two black holes a great satisfaction that everything came out the way I thought it collide and merge can lead to X-ray or perhaps optical emissions.

application builder probably would. We also expect to see many other sources of gravitational waves. Neutron stars orbiting each other are expected to collide and Can you summarise how an instrument such as LIGO could merge, which is thought to be a source of gamma-ray bursts that observe such a weak and rare phenomenon? have already been seen. We will see black holes tear apart and MULTIPHYSICS The primary inventor of this kind of gravitational-wave detector is destroy a companion , again producing a very strong application Ray Weiss at MIT. He not only conceived the idea, in parallel with electromagnetic emission as well as neutrino emission. So the several other people, but he, unlike anybody else, identifi ed all of co-ordinated gravitational and electromagnetic observation and FOR EVERYONE the major sources of noise that would have to be dealt with in the neutrino observations will be very powerful. With all of these initial detector and he invented ways to deal with each of those. He working together in “multi-messenger” astronomy, there’s a great estimated how much noise would remain after the experiment did richness of information. That really is the future of a large portion The evolution of computational tools for what he proposed to limit each noise source, and concluded that of this fi eld. But part of this fi eld will be things like black holes, numerical simulation of physics-based the sensitivity that could be reached would be good enough. There where we see only gravitational waves. systems has reached a major milestone. was a real possibility of seeing the waves that I as a theorist and Custom applications are now being developed colleagues were predicting. Weiss wrote a paper in 1972 describing Do gravitational waves give us a bearing on ? by simulation specialists using the Application all of this and it is one of the most powerful papers I’ve ever read, Although we are quite sure gravitational waves are carried by Builder in COMSOL Multiphysics®. perhaps the most powerful experiment-related paper. Before I read gravitons, there is no chance to see individual gravitons based on With a local installation of COMSOL Server™, applications can be it, I had heard about his idea and concluded it was very unlikely to the known laws of physics. Just as we do not see individual photons deployed within an entire organization and accessed worldwide. succeed because the required sensitivities were so great. I didn’t in a radio wave because there are so many photons working together have time to really study it in depth, but it turned out I was wrong. I to produce the radio wave, there are even more gravitons working Make your organization truly benefit from the power of analysis. was sceptical until I had discussions with Weiss and others in Mos- together to produce gravitational waves. In technical terms, the comsol.com/application-builder cow. I then became convinced, and decided that I should devote mean occupation number of the gravitational-wave fi eld that is seen most of the rest of my career to helping them succeed in the detec- is absolutely enormous, close to 1040. With so many gravitons there ▲ © Copyright 2016 COMSOL. COMSOL, COMSOL Multiphysics, Capture the Concept, COMSOL Desktop, COMSOL Server, LiveLink, and Simulation for Everyone are either registered trademarks or trademarks of COMSOL AB. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners, and COMSOL AB and its subsidiaries and products are not affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or supported by those trademark owners. For a list of such trademark owners, see www.comsol.com/trademarks tion of gravitational waves. is no hope, unfortunately, to see individual gravitons.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 6 M a y 2 0 1 6 Cryogenic WafPro#1-CERN 9/21/13 3:06 PM Page 1

CERN Courier November 2016 CERN Courier November 2016 Interview: Kip Thorne Faces & Places Will we ever reconcile with the three other forces? Cryogenic Wafer I am quite sure gravity will be reconciled with the other three forces. I think it is quite likely this will be done through some ver- Probe Stations sion of string theory or M theory, which many theorists are now a ppOintMEnts working on. When it does happen, the resulting laws of will allow us to address questions related to the nature of to lead FAIR and GSI the birth of the universe. It would also tell us whether or not it is possible to build time machines to go backward in time, what is Italian physicist Paolo Giubellino, who ALICE spokesperson Paolo Giubellino will the nature of the interior of a black hole, and address many other is currently spokesperson for the ALICE be the fi rst joint scientifi c managing-director interesting questions. This is a tremendously important effort, by experiment at the LHC, has been appointed of FAIR and GSI. far the most important research direction in the fi rst joint scientifi c managing-director Otto/GSI Gaby today and recent decades. There’s no way I could contribute very and spokesperson of the directorate of the since 1985 and has served as research Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research director since 2006. Applications include nano science, materials and much there. in Europe GmbH (FAIR GmbH) and GSI “With the extensive international spintronics Regarding future large-scale research infrastructures, such Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung experience Paolo Giubellino gained 3.2 K - 675 K; high vacuum or UHV GmbH in Darmstadt, Germany. Giubellino at CERN in Switzerland, he has ideal as those proposed within CERN’s Future Circular Collider pro- Up to 8 probes, DC to 67 GHz, plus fiber optics will take up his new position on 1 January, prerequisites to tackle the assignment in gramme, what are the lessons to be learnt from LIGO? Zoom optics with camera and monitor succeeding Boris Sharkov of FAIR and Darmstadt,” says Otmar Wiestler, president Maybe the best thing to learn is having superb management of large Karlheinz Langanke of GSI. of Germany’s Helmholtz Association. Cooling options: liquid , liquid nitrogen or Giubellino has participated in many “Being able to attract people like Paolo cryogen free physics budgets, which is essential to make the project succeed. We’ve had excellent management, particularly with , heavy-ion experiments at CERN and has Giubellino to FAIR shows the worldwide Horizontal, vertical or vector magnetic field options who transformed LIGO and took over as director when we were been ALICE spokesperson since 2011. appeal of Helmholtz research. We have are available He has worked at the Torino section of the chosen the right path with our strategy to Contact us today: just about ready to begin construction (Robbie Waught, who had Italian National Institute for pursue a more international course.” [email protected] helped us write a proposal to get the funding from the NSF and www.janis.com/ProbeStations.aspx Congress, also got two research teams at Caltech and MIT to work www.facebook.com /JanisResearch together in an effective manner). Barry created the modern LIGO TRIUMF appoints new science associate director and he is an absolutely fantastic project director. Having him lead us through that transition into the modern LIGO was absolutely essential to our success, plus a very good experiment idea and a Jens Dilling has been appointed TRIUMF’s Jens Dilling took up the ALD position on

new associate laboratory director (ALD) TRIUMF 1 September. superb team, of course. for its physical-sciences division, effective from 1 September. Dilling was recruited to and operation of TRIUMF’s for You were an adviser to the blockbuster fi lm Interstellar. Do TRIUMF in 2001 as a research scientist and Atomic and Nuclear science (TITAN) facility. you have any more science and arts projects ahead? has since served as deputy and department As ALD of physical sciences, Dilling I am 76. I was a conventional professor for almost 50 years, and I head for nuclear physics and deputy division will provide leadership and direction for decided for my next 50 years that I want to do something differ- head of the science division. TRIUMF’s local and international scientifi c ent. So I have several different collaborations: one on a second Dilling received both his diploma and PhD programme in particle and nuclear physics Expertise in in physics from the University of Heidelberg, and molecular and material sciences. He will fi lm; collaborations in a multimedia concert about sources of Germany. An expert on ion traps, his research also work closely with TRIUMF’s accelerator Vacuum Manufacturing gravitational waves with Hans Zimmer and Paul Franckman, who interests include precision atomic-physics division to foster isotope delivery and prepare did the music and visual effects for Interstellar; and collabora- techniques applied to nuclear physics at the lab for upcoming facilities including the Engineering tions with Chapman University art professor Lia Halloran on a accelerators. He led the design, construction Advanced Rare IsotopE Laboratory (ARIEL). book with her paintings and my poetry about the warped side Machining a w a r D s Welding of the universe. I am having great fun entering collaborations between scientists and artists and I think, at this point of my life, Leak Testing LHCb recognises if I have a total failure with trying to write poetry, well that’s Turnkey Systems alright: I’ve had enough success elsewhere. young scientists The Vacuum Projects, S.L.U. Résumé Velluters, 17 Les secrets d’une découverte The LHCb collaboration has announced the 46988 Paterna winners of its inaugural thesis prize, which Valencia () Kip Thorne est l’un des fondateurs de l’expérience LIGO, qui a recognises students who have produced the best theses and made exceptional [email protected] annoncé la découverte des ondes gravitationnelles au début de contributions to the LHCb experiment. www.vacuum-projects.net l’année. Paula Catapano l’a rencontré en septembre, à l’Université The recipients of the fi rst awards for theses LHCb spokesperson Guy Wilkinson (left), with Agnieszka Dziurda, Daniel Craik de Genève, où devait lui être remis le prix Tomalla 2016, qui est defended during 2015 are Lucio Anderlini and award-chair George Lafferty. Phone: (+34) 96 134 48 31 décerné tous les trois ans pour des recherches exceptionnelles dans of the University of Florence for his thesis Fax: (+34) 96 134 48 30 + le domaine de la ou de la cosmologie. “Measurement of the Bc meson lifetime University of Warwick for “A measurement Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN in Krakow + + using Bc → J/ψ μ νμ X decays with the LHCb of the CKM angle γ from studies of D K π for “Studies of time dependent CP violation in 0 Paola Catapano, CERN. experiment at CERN”; Daniel Craik of the Dalitz plots”; and Agnieszka Dziurda of the charm decays of Bs mesons”.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 6 M a y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier November 2016 CERN Courier November 2016 Silicon Drift Detectors • Solid State Design Faces & Places Faces & Places • Easy to Use • Low Cost CHIPP prize for C O n F E r E n C E s FAST SDD® CERN event links particles to astrophysics Count Rate = >1,000,000 CPS neutrino researcher The annual TeV Particle Astrophysics of a “Cherenkov water pool” to detect Resolution Peaking Time The annual prize of the Swiss Institute (TeVPA) conference series discusses the byproducts of gamma-ray showers on the 125 eV FWHM 4 µs of Particle Physics (CHIPP) 2016 goes to most recent advances in the booming fi eld ground. In its fi rst year of operation, HAWC 130 eV FWHM 1 µs Mohamed Rameez, a 27 year old neutrino of astroparticle physics. This year’s event already found around 40 galactic sources in 140 eV FWHM 0.2 µs physicist who recently completed his PhD at took place on 12–16 September and for the the multi-TeV range, about 10 of which were the University of Geneva, for his leadership fi rst time was hosted by CERN. It was a unknown until now, and the instrument is 160 eV FWHM 0.05 µs in searches for dark-matter fi tting location, given the well-established ideally placed to study possible gamma in the Sun with the IceCube Neutrino implications of particle physics for counterparts to IceCube neutrino events. Observatory and his contribution to their astrophysics and cosmology, as well as Even fi elds in which no direct discoveries SDD Spectrum 5.9 keV theoretical interpretation. Mohamed Rameez. the long-standing commitment of CERN have yet been made have experienced a 55Fe on related activities such as the CAST remarkable boost in sensitivity in recent Samuel Rubio for Quanta Magazine for Rubio Samuel eV FWHM solar-axion experiment. years: the latest limits from LUX and

Counts 125 25 mm2 x 500 µm Perimeter physicist The fi ve-day-long event was attended by PandaX, for example, are around 10 times 11.2 µs peaking time 6.4 almost 300 people, with topics including better than those set by Xenon in 2012 for P/B Ratio: 20000/1 keV wins early gamma rays, gravitational waves and -independent cross-sections. The still Energy (keV) cosmology, indirect and direct dark-matter puzzling interpretation of astrophysical searches, and links with particle physics. neutrinos, which have now been detected up Resolution vs Peaking Time researcher award 180 The highlight of discussions was the Word cloud of terms used in the to energies of several PeV by IceCube, was 25 mm2 Advanced LIGO discovery of gravitational 247 abstracts that were presented at TeVPA another discussion point at TeVPA 2016. 170 Perimeter Institute faculty member waves from two binary black-hole mergers, 2016. Plans to increase the performance of

160 Standard SDD Asimina Arvanitaki has received a grant which opens a new astrophysical window MeV–GeV neutrino detectors such as of $140,000 to advance her research. The on the universe. Equally exciting were the CALET has a very deep calorimeter and SuperKamiokande via gadolinium doping, ® 150 FAST SDD Early Researcher Awards are administered broader perspectives of this fi eld, including excellent nuclear-identifi cation capabilities. which are important for diffuse supernova by Ontario’s Ministry of Research, the mind-boggling reach of the space-based Energetic electron candidates above the TeV neutrino detection, are also proceeding well. 140 Innovation and Science to help promising gravitational-wave detector LISA, which have been identifi ed and the experiment has The path towards further key 130 young faculty members build research will target phenomena ranging from also placed upper limits on the gamma-ray measurements from cosmology to particle Resolution (eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV) teams. Arvanitaki, who holds the inaugural supermassive black-hole mergers to physics counterparts of the gravitational-wave physics, notably in the neutrino sector, was 120 0 1 2 3 4 5 Stravros Niarchos Foundation Aristarchus in the early universe. merger event of last December. An update highlighted – as were some of the current Peaking Time (μs) Chair at the Perimeter Institute, is exploring During the conference, the POLAR on AMS-02 results was also presented, diffi culties of the cold dark-matter model novel experimental approaches to particle gamma-ray burst polarimeter on board hinting that the positron spectrum “turns and possible strategies to address them. Throughput 1,00,0000 physics that may be done with small-scale Asimina Arvanitaki during a visit to CERN the Chinese TG-2 space lab was launched, off” at sub-TeV energies. The conference The importance of the forward-physics experiments rather than large colliders. in July. and delegates also heard a report on also brought physicists up to date with the programme at the LHC for cosmic-ray 0.2 μs preliminary observations made by the latest positive progress of the innovative shower simulations, the role of effective F a C i L i t i E s space-based DAMPE detector, which cosmic-ray anti-deuteron experiment fi eld theories and simplifi ed theories for 100,000 1 μs was launched at the beginning of the year. GAPS – a high-altitude balloon experiment dark-matter searches at the LHC, and DESY inaugurates new research halls Whereas POLAR will focus on gamma-ray that aims to stop and capture anti-nuclei and the role of ongoing LHCb measurements 4 μs bursts, DAMPE targets cosmic-ray identify them spectroscopically. of proton–helium cross-sections for

10,000 DESY/G Born observations with an excellent energy The maturity of gamma-ray astrophysics cosmic-ray antiproton calculations were Output Count Rate (OCR) Output Count resolution at TeV energies. thanks to space-based instruments like just a few examples of the numerous The fi eld of charged cosmic rays also Fermi and ground-based Cherenkov links between particle physics and the 1,000 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,0000 saw the presentation of the fi rst scientifi c telescopes, both for galactic and astroparticle fi eld. Input Count Rate (ICR) results of CALET, which is located on extragalactic objects, was manifest. There The next TeVPA meeting will be held next the Japanese module of the International was also a report on the fi rst results from summer at Ohio State University, Columbus, Space Station. Launched 13 months ago, HAWC, which is the latest realisation in the US. Netherlands focus for 2016 ENLIGHT meeting

Ada Yonath in front of the building that bears her name. The annual meeting of the ENLIGHT therapy in the Netherlands, following the 2017. The PTC in Maastricht is heading On 14 September, the DESY laboratory scale, were named after two prominent network, which gathers experts working recent approval by the Dutch government to towards the construction phase and expects Please see our web site for complete in Hamburg, Germany, celebrated the scientists and X-ray users: Israeli Nobel on particle therapy for cancer treatment, make available nationwide. treatments to start in 2018, while the fourth specifications and vacuum applications opening of two new experimental halls at laureate Ada Yonath, who conducted was hosted by Nikhef and held at the The new Dutch centres for proton therapy PTC in Amsterdam is currently tendering its synchrotron X-ray facility PETRA III. important research at DESY and other University of Utrecht in the Netherlands on are distributed across the entire country. for technical equipment and plans to enter The halls, which will provide highly European light sources for her structural 15–17 September. Around 100 participants The Holland Proton Therapy Centre (PTC) into operation at the end of 2018. All four ® AMPTEK Inc. specialised experimental stations that examination of ribosomes, and the late Paul from 15 countries attended, and one of the in Delft and the UMC Groningen PTC are centres will have one or two treatment rooms [email protected]

allow synchrotron users to examine P Ewald, who was one of the pioneers of key discussion topics was the design and already under construction and foresee equipped with gantries that allow a complete▲ www.amptek.com materials and structures on the atomic structural analysis using X-rays. realisation of four new centres for proton fi rst patient treatments in autumn–winter rotation of the beam axis to better target

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 6 M a y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier November 2016 Faces & Places Hanne Nijhuis Hanne the tumour, and together are expected to treat more than 1000 patients each year. The institutions involved in establishing the new centres are members of the ENLIGHT network, which was created The continuous investments in 2002 to co-ordinate and accelerate the in research and development, activities of European centres (including CERN) and research groups working on have made Walter Tosto SpA particle therapy. A major achievement one of the leading worldwide of ENLIGHT has been the blending of manufacturers of critical, long traditionally separate communities to allow clinicians, physicists, biologists and lead equipments for the Oil & engineers to work towards a common goal. Gas, Nuclear, Chemical & The fl ourishing of new centres such as those Petrochemical Markets. in the Netherlands is both an achievement and a raison d’être for the network. In addition to the collaborative and Participants of this year’s ENLIGHT meeting included leading radio-oncologists and Special Projects interactive model of the new Dutch centres, directors of major European radiotherapy clinics. many other hot topics were discussed, Dark Side Project JT-60SA - Casings for magnet coils including recent breakthroughs in medical concurrent with treatment, reducing the given primary importance to the training Iter Vacuum Vessel imaging. This is vital to deliver effective patient exposure to the additional ionising of young researchers and physicians in A programme of experiments based Contract for the supply of 7 sectors of Contract for the supply of 18 compo- treatment while avoiding side effects radiation of CT scans. this specialised fi eld. PTCs require highly on innovative detectors aims to take the Iter Vacuum Vessel as part of the nents of casings for the superconduct- caused by damage to healthy cells. Positron Image-guided proton therapy (IGPT) is trained staff comprising medical doctors, dark-matter detection to a new level of AMW (Ansaldo Nucleare, Mangiarotti, ing toroidal coils of the experimental to- emission tomography (PET), magnetic an instance of the shift to more personalised physicists, radiobiologists and technicians, sensitivity. Walter Tosto) Italian Consortium kamak JT-60SA resonance imaging (MRI) and computed and precise oncology, where treatments yet few experts exist in this emerging fi eld. tomography (CT) scans are used alone or are tailor-made for each patient. Another Therefore, in a fi rst for the ENLIGHT in combination (multi-modal imaging) to strand of this paradigm shift in medicine consortium, this year’s meeting included assess the volume and the position of the is informatics based on past cases to assist a one-day training event devoted to key tumour before, after and during treatment, doctors in selecting the best combination aspects of particle therapy, including www.waltertosto.it [email protected] follow us whenever possible. In the case of moving of treatments. Such systems can be built radiobiology, medical imaging and organs such as the lungs, the situation is only if clinical data are accessible. This is data sharing. more complicated because it is necessary to controversial due to privacy concerns, but The next annual ENLIGHT meeting monitor the patient during treatment. The important changes in society are taking place will be held in June 2017 in Aarhus, where integration of MRI with a linear accelerator, towards massive data gathering and sharing. ’s fi rst particle-therapy centre is for example, can provide image-guidance Since its establishment, ENLIGHT has under construction. C Nellist Higgs Hunting 2016 Advancing Cryogenics Lake Shore offers precision input modules for The seventh Higgs Hunting workshop cryogenic monitoring in PLC-based applications took place in Paris between 31 August and 2 September, attracting 130 physicists for lively discussions about recent results in the Higgs sector. ATLAS and CMS presented 240 Series Input Modules results based on more than 13 fb–1 of data Remote temperature monitoring for large facilities recorded at an energy of 13 TeV, which Key features: corresponds to around half of the data that has been taken so far at the LHC. The Cryogenic temperature sensor inputs (RTD & diode) uncertainty on some measured properties Natively supports PROFIBUS of the Higgs boson discovered at CERN in On-board conversion to calibrated temperature units 2012, such as the production cross-section, Temperature monitoring down to 1 K & up to 800 K is already smaller with the 13 TeV data than it was after LHC Run 1 at 7 and 8 TeV – Current reversal to minimize thermoelectric offsets especially in cases where the measurement Supports long cable connections to sensors is dominated by statistical errors. Participants at the September Higgs event held in Paris. Compact package for DIN rail installation Several searches for phenomena beyond the Standard Model, in particular for the 2015 data, which was thought by many increased luminosity will also decrease the Optimized for use with Cernox™ sensors additional Higgs bosons, were presented. theorists to be a spin-0 Higgs-like object. 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The fourth biennial African School of Fundamental Physics and Applications took Best Cyclotron Systems and TeamBest provide place on 1–19 August in Kigali, Rwanda. turnkey systems that not only include a cyclotron The event saw 75 students, who were chosen Assembly of a Best 35 MeV Cyclotron at specific to your isotope requirements, but also from 439 applicants from around the Best Theratronics facility, Ottawa, Ontario, CA African continent, spend three weeks at the targets, automated radiochemistry, infrastructure, University of Rwanda’s College of Sciences operations, and maintenance support. and Technology, during which 40 lecturers from different fi elds in physics fl ew in from • 2 Simultaneous extractions CERN and many parts of the world to teach • Multiple beam line configurations as per customer design and mentor the students. • Currents from 400uA and up to 1000uA depending on “What makes this programme unique is that we tailor-make each programme cyclotron model according to what area of physics is interesting to the host country,” says Ketevi Assamagan, a Best Cyclotron Capabilities Summary physicist at Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York and member of the International Cyclotron Energy (MeV) Isotopes Produced Organising Committee of the school. “The ultimate goal is to host the school in as many F18, Tc 99m, C11, N13, O15, Best 15 15 countries on the continent as possible, with the Delegates at the 2016 African school in Rwanda. Cu64, Ga67, I124, Pd103 Installation of Best 70 MeV Cyclotron at Italian help of host-country governments.” 123 111 68 68 Best 20u/25 20, 25 Best 15 + I , In , Ge /Ga National Laboratories (INFN), Legnaro, IT The biennial summer school, which Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), The next event will be hosted by Best 28u (Upgradeable) 20, 28 Best 15 + I123, In111, Ge68/Ga68 was launched in South Africa in 2010, has Brookhaven National Laboratory, the South Namibia in 2018, and promises to attract Greater production of Best 15, previously been hosted by Ghana in 2012 African National Research Foundation and an even greater number of applications Best 35 35–15 25 isotopes plus Tl201, Rb81/Kr81 and by Senegal in 2014. This year, the school Department of Technology, the Rwandan from students across Africa. Visit www. Best 70 70–35 Sr82/Rb82, I123, Cu67, Kr81 + research received fi nancial support from CERN and 19 Ministry of Education, INFN and other major africanschoolofphysics.org for more other institutions, including the International particle-physics laboratories. information.

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• Flexibility – protons and/or carbon, Ordan Jules Nickelback took a day All sessions will be plenary, with an emphasis future beam delivery modalities Best Medical is collaborating out of their European on the complementarity of the different with Brookhaven National tour to visit CERN, which components of the programme (ee, hh and eh). Laboratory (BNL) under a included a trip to the Original ideas and contributions on alternative DOE-CRADA program. CMS building. experimental approaches in the global context of the FCC – also including physics with beam Specifications within are subject to change. TeamBest Companies © 2016 dumps and the injector complex, and physics in the forward region – are strongly encouraged. The event will precede the 2017 FCC week due www.bestcyclotron.com www.bestproton.com to take place in Berlin from 29 May to 2 June (fccw2017.web.cern.ch). www.teambest.com 41

BCS_BPT_ComboAd_CERNCourier_213x282mm_v12_09062016_working.indd 2 9/6/16 5:45:53 PM CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 6 M a y 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier November 2016 CERN Courier November 2016 Faces & Places Faces & Places

O B i t u a r i E s Siegmund Brandt 1936–2016 Erwin Gabathuler 1933–2016 Erwin Gabathuler, a highly respected Gabathuler to have a substantial infl uence on Siegmund Brandt was born on 17 July 1936 in of Bhabha scattering and jet production. experimental physicist and former CERN CERN the development of high-energy physics in the Berlin and studied physics at Bonn University Brandt was an extremely creative author – his research director, passed away on 29 August UK, at a time when the then UK government

in Germany. In his diploma work, which was Sven Faller books include : Statistical 2016. Gabathuler was born in 1933 in was considering possible withdrawal from carried out under the supervision of Wolfgang and Computational Methods for Scientists Maghera, Northern Ireland, the son of CERN. His commitment contributed greatly Paul, he constructed a small and Engineers (1975) and The Harvest the manager of an embroidery factory. to the success of his colleagues in physics and for experiments at the Bonn 500 MeV electron of a Century: Discoveries of Modern He graduated in physics from Queen’s in other fi elds. He helped to secure funding synchrotron. As early as 1961, Brandt worked Physics (2013). He is also well known by University Belfast in 1956 and was awarded for the Liverpool Surface Science Centre, and at CERN on bubble-chamber physics studying many students as one of the authors of the his PhD from the University of Glasgow in initiated new undergraduate courses with the pion–proton interactions, which became the general-physics textbook series he wrote with 1961. After a postdoc at Cornell University Astrophysics Research Institute at Liverpool topic of his PhD thesis. his theory colleague Hans Dieter Dahmen. he returned to the UK in 1964 to work on the John Moores University. After his habilitation in 1966, he became Brandt was a versatile physicist. His NINA electron synchrotron at the Daresbury In 1990, Gabathuler was elected to the associate professor at Heidelberg University, work spanned the operation of now-historic Laboratory, where, among a number of fellowship of the Royal Society. He was and in 1972 he became professor, founding Siegmund Brandt was a member of the detectors such as bubble chambers and experiments, he made a pivotal measurement Erwin Gabathuler discussing the NA2 also a fellow of the UK Institute of Physics, senator of physics and vice rector at the newly ALEPH experiment. the construction and analysis of modern of “ρ–ω interference” in wide-angle experiment in 1977. received the institute’s Rutherford Medal founded University of Siegen. At Siegen, electronic high-resolution instruments, and electron–positron pair production. and Prize in 1992, and was awarded the Brandt’s interest turned to electronic detectors was also member of the Scientifi c Council his successes will live on in his books on In 1974, Gabathuler moved to CERN in the H1 and HERMES experiments at Order of the British Empire in 2001 for and he worked at DESY on the PLUTO of DESY, which he chaired from 1990 to basic science. Brandt passed away peacefully and led the European Muon collaboration, the HERA electron–proton collider at services to physics. He received two experiment at DORIS and PETRA. He 1993, and he was later elected to the Polish in Munich on 28 August after a long period which was aimed at understanding the quark DESY, while also nurturing Liverpool’s honorary doctorates in science, and during contributed to the three-jet analysis with the Academy of Arts and Sciences. of illness, leaving behind his son and his structure of nucleons and nuclei. He became contribution to the DELPHI experiment at his emeritus years continued to contribute “triplicity” method, which led to the discovery Brandt left DESY for CERN in the grandchildren. He will be dearly missed by head of the CERN experimental division LEP. At the same time, his interest in the role as a member of national and international of gluons in 1979. After PLUTO, Brandt late 1980s, where he joined the ALEPH his friends and colleagues. in 1978 and CERN research director in of fundamental symmetries in physics led scientifi c advisory committees. continued with the PETRA experiments by experiment at LEP and contributed to the ● Hans Dieter Dahmen, Claus Grupen and 1981, guiding CERN’s programme in the him to also conceive and establish CERN’s As a colleague in Liverpool, he was widely joining TASSO. During this time, Brandt ALEPH forward detectors and the analysis Thomas Mannel, Siegen University. years leading to the discovery of the W and unique CPLEAR experiment to study admired and respected. He was a friend and Z bosons. decay. While continuing his interest mentor who exhibited unswerving support In 1983, Gabathuler was appointed to a in deeply inelastic lepton–hadron physics and concern for his colleagues’ individual chair at the University of Liverpool and to with colleagues on H1, and following the well-being and career advancement, while 1931–2016 the position of head of the particle-physics completion of CPLEAR, Gabathuler took demanding in return delivery of physics of group, taking charge of the leadership of the Liverpool into the BaBar experiment at the very highest standard. group’s programme as it entered the collider SLAC, California. ● John Dainton and Themis Bowcock, Jim Cronin, who shared the 1980 Nobel to raise interest, and prised $1 million from era. He initiated major Liverpool involvement His appointment to Liverpool led University of Liverpool. Prize in Physics with Val Fitch for the the University of Chicago to build a new discovery of CP violation, died on 25 August centre at the site. Evaluation of our plans by 2016. He was a brilliant experimentalist and an international body proved impossible,

data analyst who had remarkable careers in Chicago University of so Jim invited a panel of experts, including Werner Kienzle 1936–2016 both particle and cosmic-ray physics. CERN’s , to assess us. Their Jim was a man of extraordinary drive. report helped to raise $50 million, although Born in Chicago, he was raised in Dallas one agency commented “Of course it is a Experimental particle-physicist Werner corrections, and this enhancement was where his father was a classics professor. favourable report: you chose the committee.” Kienzle was born in Wiernsheim, a small named the “K” factor by the collaboration, as In 1953 he moved to Brookhaven and The success of the Auger project has town in Baden-Württemberg close to recognition of Werner’s contribution. then Princeton, where he honed the greatly enhanced the profi le of fundamental Stuttgart. His childhood was profoundly Maria Kienzle Werner was appointed SPS co-ordinator spark-chamber technique before returning physics in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and marked by the war and the death of his father at the beginning of the 1980s and to the University of Chicago in 1971. He Nobel laureate Jim Cronin. Vietnam, while the host town of Malargüe is on the German eastern front. Despite life participated in the discovery of the W and was appointed to head the colliding-beams home to the James Cronin School. Despite after the war being diffi cult for his family, he Z bosons. In parallel, he became involved division at Fermilab in 1977, but he soon size to study cosmic rays with energies up to the large size of the collaboration, Jim was very successful in his academic studies in new outreach programmes: in particular, resigned: a largely administrative role was 1020 eV. Thirteen years later, the Pierre Auger stimulated young people while carrying out and earned a fellowship at the University he was promoter of the Microcosm in not for him. In 1982, while on leave at CERN, Observatory, which covers 3000 km2 of key analyses alone using FORTRAN 77 and of Göttingen, where he did his PhD in 1988 and editor of the Hadrons for Health he led a small team to make the best direct Western Argentina, began data-taking, and “TopDrawer” – an ancient graphics package solid-state physics. reference booklet in 1996. While reaching measurement of the lifetime of the π0. continues to do so with a team of more than hosted on a dedicated Chicago computer. Werner joined CERN in 1964 as a postdoc his retirement age, Werner participated in In 1986, to the surprise of many, Jim 400 scientists from 16 countries. Jim will be sorely missed by all who knew fellow and he remained at the Organization Werner Kienzle spent most of his career at the development of the total cross-section turned to cosmic rays and started to discuss The route to this achievement was him. Without his strong sense of direction for his entire career. Concerned and eager CERN. measurement set-ups that initiated the his design for an air-shower array that could strewn with diffi culties, which were largely and his persuasive skills, the Pierre Auger for peace in the tense context of the Cold TOTEM experiment at the LHC. search for PeV gamma rays from the binary overcome through Jim’s formidable drive Observatory and many other projects would War, he was deeply involved in collaboration initiators of the NA3 experiment at the Super Werner was a fantastic and enthusiastic source Cygnus X-3. His visit to Leeds, UK, and his discrete and modest use of his status. never have succeeded. He is survived by his with Russian colleagues and participated Proton Synchrotron (SPS), which allowed storyteller, an adventurer and an innovator. in November 1986 led to a lasting friendship, He obtained $100,000 from UNESCO to second wife, Carol, and by a daughter, a son in experiments in Serpukhov from 1968 to measurements of the structure functions of His wife, Maria, and his sons, Francesco and and in 1991 we embarked on an effort to bring scientists from developing countries and six grandchildren. His fi rst wife, Annette, 1972. Back at CERN, his work concentrated pions. The results indicated a cross-section Marco, can be proud of everything he did for build a collaboration and raise money to to Fermilab for a six-month-long design and an older daughter pre-deceased him. on searching for evidence of the presence of about twice as high as anticipated, CERN. construct an instrument of unprecedented study, won support for us to tour the Far East ● Alan Watson, University of Leeds, UK. quarks in hadrons. He was among the main corresponding to QCD high-order ● His colleagues and friends.

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Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Quantum Information, Statistical Field Theory and Engineering of Quantum Location: ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics ASCR, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic

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Relativistic Quantum Mechanics: An symmetries (C, P and T) in QFT, gives a Introduction to Relativistic Quantum Fields proof of the CPT theorem and illustrates By and Omar Benhar its consequences. The last part of the CRC Press book is dedicated to applications of QFT Quantum fi eld theory (QFT) is the formalism to phenomenology. The authors mathematical framework that forms the give a detailed account of QED in chapter basis of our current understanding of the 14 by discussing a variety of physical Discover today the products of tomorrow fundamental laws of nature. Its present processes. The reader is here introduced to formulation is the achievement of almost a the method of Feynman diagrams through century of theoretical efforts, fi rst initiated explicit examples following a pragmatic by the necessity of reconciling quantum approach. The following chapter deals with mechanics with . Its success Fermi’s theory of weak interactions, again is exemplifi ed by the Standard Model, a making use of several explicit examples Look for these Posters and Talks in the IEEE NSS/MIC Technical Program specifi c QFT that spectacularly accounts of physical processes. Finally, chapters for all of the observations performed so far 13 and 16 are devoted to the theory and • Engineering LYSO Single Crystals for Performance (N29-41) in particle-physics experiments over many phenomenology of neutrinos. In particular, • High performance CLLB detectors for dual gamma and (N29-37) orders of magnitude in energy. Learning the last section discusses neutrino and mastering QFT is therefore essential for oscillations (both in a vacuum and through • Efficient Positioning of Silicon Photomultipliers on Large Scintillation Crystals (N18-6) anyone who wants to understand how nature matter) and presents a thorough analysis works on the smallest scales. of current experimental results. There is • A Cost Effective Means of Extending the Lifetime of Plastic Scintillators in Portal Monitors (N54-2) This book gives a concise and also a useful set of exercises at the end of self-contained introduction to the basic each chapter. • Li co-doped NaI:Tl - a Large Volume Neutron-Gamma Dual Mode Scintillator with Exceptional PSD (N60-4) concepts of QFT. As mentioned in the Both the pragmatic approach and choice www.crystals.saint-gobain.com preface, it is mainly addressed to students of topics make this book particularly with different interests who are approaching suited for readers who want a concise and U.S.A: +1 440 834 5600 [email protected] / Europe: +33 164 45 10 10 [email protected] the subject for the fi rst time, and is based self-contained introduction to QFT and its on a series of lecture courses taught by the limit. Starting from the principles of physical consequences. Students will fi nd it authors over the course of a decade at the relativity and minimal action, the motion a valuable companion in their journey into University of Rome La Sapienza. Topics of point-like particles and the evolution of the subject, and expert practitioners will are selected and presented following fi elds are described in their Lagrangian enjoy the various advanced arguments that their historical development and constant and Hamiltonian formulations. Special are scattered throughout the chapters and reference is made to those experiments emphasis is given to symmetries and not commonly found in other textbooks. INNOVATION LEADERSHIP RELIABILITY that marked key advances, and sometimes conservation laws. Quantisation is ● Roberto Contino, Scuola Normale Superiore of breakthroughs, on the theoretical front. introduced in chapter 4 through the Pisa, Italy. Some important subjects were not included, example of the scalar fi eld by replacing but they can be reconsidered later for more the Poisson brackets with commutators Learning Scientifi c Programming With in-depth study. of operators. Equal-time commutation Python The book is conceived as the fi rst of rules are then used to defi ne creation and By Christian Hill ALL-METAL GATE VALVES a series that comprises two other texts destruction operators and the Fock space. Cambridge University Press on the more advanced topics of gauge Chapter 5 deals with the quantisation of Science cannot be accomplished SERIES 48, DN 16 – 320 (⅝" – 12") theories and electroweak interactions (in the electromagnetic fi eld. The approach nowadays without the help of computers to collaboration with the late ). is that of canonical formalism in the produce, analyse, treat and visualise large The authors do not indulge in technical Coulomb gauge, but no mention is made experimental data sets. Scientists are called FOR EXTREME UHV discussions of more formal aspects but of the complication due to the presence to code their programs using a programming RELIABLE try to derive the main physics results with of constraints on fi elds. Chapters 6 and language such as Python, which in recent the minimum amount of mathematical 7 are dedicated to the Dirac equation times has become very popular among UNIQUE machinery. Although some concepts would and the quantisation of the Dirac fi eld. researchers in different scientifi c domains. have benefi tted from a more systematic Besides introducing the usual machinery It is a high-level language that is relatively discussion, such as the scattering matrix of spinors and gamma matrices, they easy to learn, rich in functionality and and its defi nition through asymptotic states, include a detailed analysis of the relativistic fairly compact. It includes many additional the goal of giving an essential introduction hydrogen atom as well as concise though modules, in particular scientifi c and to QFT and providing a solid foundation in important discussions about Wigner’s visualisation tools covering a vast area in – The worldwide proven standard, this for the reader is achieved overall. The method of induced representations numerical computation, which make it very industrially manufactured (ISO 9001) experience of the authors as both profi cient as applied to the , handy for scientists and engineers. teachers of the subject and main players micro-causality and the relation between In this book, the author covers basic – Many options available is crucial to fi nding a good balance in spin and statistics. The propagation of programming concepts – such as numbers, – Specials on request establishing the QFT framework. free fi elds is analysed in chapter 8, while variables, strings, lists, basic data structures, The fi rst part of the book (chapters the three chapters that follow introduce control fl ow, and functions. It also deals

1–3) is dedicated to a short review of the reader to relativistic perturbation with advanced concepts and idioms of the ▲ classical dynamics in the relativistic theory. Chapter 12 discusses discrete Python language and of the tools that are WWW.VATVALVE.COM 51

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presented, enabling readers to quickly gain ion colliders by Wolfram Fischer and profi ciency. The most advanced topics and John M Jowett, and electron–proton and functionalities are clearly marked, so they electron–ion colliders by Ilan Ben-zvi can be skipped in the fi rst reading. and Vadim Ptitsyn. Akira Yamamoto and While discussing Python structures, Kaoru Yokoya then discuss linear colliders, the author explains the differences with Robert B Palmer muon colliders, and respect to other languages, in particular C, Jeffrey Gronberg photon colliders. which can be useful for readers migrating A section of the book is dedicated to the from these languages to Python. The that form the basis of the book focuses on version 3 of Python, but design of these machines. In particular, Frank when needed exposes the differences with Zimmermann provides a general overview version 2, which is still widely in use among of collider-beam physics, while Eugene the scientifi c community. Levichev goes into more detail discussing the Once the basic concepts of the language technologies for circular colliders. are in place, the book passes to the NumPy, The volume concludes with an article SciPy and Matplotlib libraries for numerical by Kwang-Je Kim, Robert J Budnitz and programming and data visualisation. Herman Winick on the life of Andy Sessler, These modules are open source, commonly an accelerator physicist considered by his used by scientists and easy to obtain and colleagues as an inspiring fi gure. install. The functionality of each is well Comprehensive and containing introduced with lots of examples, which is contributions by high-profi le experts, this clearly an advantage with respect to the terse book will be a good resource for students, reference documentation of the modules physicists and engineers willing to learn that are available from the web. NumPy is about colliders and accelerator physics. the de facto standard for general scientifi c programming that deals very effi ciently Colour: How We See It and How We Use It with data structures such as unidimensional scientifi c programming with the standard By Michael Mark Woolfson arrays, while the SciPy library complements tools of the Python system. World Scientifi c NumPy with more specifi c functionalities ● Pere Mato Vila, CERN. In this book, the author for scientifi c computing, including the discusses the scientifi c nature evaluation of special functions frequently Books received of light and colours, how we used in science and engineering, see them and how we use them minimisation, integration, interpolation and Reviews of Accelerator Science and in a variety of applications. equation solving. Technology: Volume 7 Colours are the way that our Essential for any scientifi c work is the By Alexander W Chao and Weiren Chou (eds) vision system and – ultimately – our brain plotting of the data. This is achieved with World Scientifi c translate the different wavelengths of a part the Matplotlib module, which is probably Also available at the CERN bookshop of the light spectrum. Other living things the most popular one that exists for Volume 7 of Reviews of are sensitive in different ways to light and Python. Many kinds of graphics are nicely Accelerator Science and not all of them can see colours. introduced in the book, starting from the Technology is dedicated to After presenting the science behind colours You don’t have to count every atom most basic ones, such as 1D plots, to fairly colliders and provides an and our vision, the book discusses the use that complex 3D and contour plots. The book in-depth panorama of the mankind has made of colours. Ever since the – we already have. also discusses the use of IPython notebooks different technologies developed time that humans lived in caves, we have used to build rich-media documents, interleaving since the construction in the 1960s of the pigments to make graffi ti on walls, which text and formulas with code and images into fi rst three: AdA in Italy, CBX in the US, and evolved into paintings and, lately, graphic Supplying science and industry around the world with specifically tailored shareable documents for scientifi c analysis. VEP-1 in the then Soviet Union. art. Here, as is the case when designing properties and the purest copper products. The book has many relevant examples, Colliders have been crucial for proving decorations and dyes for clothing, the colours with their development traced from both the validity of the Standard Model, and they are not natural but man-made. For sputtering, cryogenic and vacuum applications requiring science and engineering points of view. still defi ne the energy frontier in particle In the chapters that follow, the author Cu 99.999 percent, RRR 1000 and above - or when every number counts. Each chapter concludes with a series of physics because at present no machine can reviews three technologies integrated well-selected exercises, the complete overcome the current LHC limit of 13 TeV in in our everyday life that emerged as step-by-step solutions of which are reported the centre of mass. black-and-white and evolved into colour at the end of the volume. In addition, a nice The book opens with an article by Burton by way of photography, cinematography collection of problems without solutions are Richter, a pioneer of high-energy colliders, and television. The fi nal part of the also added to each section. who shares his viewpoint about their book is dedicated to describing various The book is a very complete reference of future. This is followed by contributions forms of light displays, mostly used the major features of the Python language from leading experts worldwide, who for entertainment purposes, and to the and of the most common scientifi c libraries. discuss the characteristics, advantages and application of colours as a code in many It is written in a clear, precise and didactical limits of machines that collide different contexts – including road safety, hospital style that would appeal to those who, even types of particles. Proton–proton and emergencies and industry. if they are already familiar with the Python proton–antiproton colliders are reviewed Readers attracted by this mixture of programming language, would like to by Walter Scandale, electron–positron science, art and culture will fi nd the book develop their profi ciency in numerical and circular colliders by Katsunobu Oide, easily readable.

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A LOOK BACK TO CERN C OURIER VOL . 13, N OVEMBER 1973, COMPILED BY P EGGIE R IMMER

C E r n n E w s Computers ENERGY After a running-in period which was This is just part of the stock of 40,000 tapes expected to last about a year, the new central which has been moved to CERN’s new computer, the CDC 7600, can now handle computer building. It illustrates the problem more work than all the other computers at CERN 246.9.73 of data storage, one of the present headaches PACK CERN put together. in high-energy physics. A sector now giving cause for concern is that of magnetic tapes. Diffi culties arise third large capacity disc was connected to because they are so numerous and differ in the 7600. It will be used to store the data format. The large quantity poses problems from several tapes in frequent use and in machine operation, because the mass of will considerably lighten the operators’ information they transmit can saturate the task. Furthermore, the load on the channel information transfer channels. The diversity of However, a solution seems to be emerging. linking the tape units and central memory is format creates software problems, since each Magnetic discs will help to deal with the considerably reduced. type has to be processed in a different way. tape bottleneck. At the end of October a ● Compiled from texts on p333. BICOM_13622.02 1.09.2016

© Vacuum pumps are essential for modern industrial D E s Y Image credits: DESY Image credits: production processes. Dry-compressing vacuum pumps Meeting on Storage Rings are especially important today offering improvements in In Spring 1974 the fi rst experiments are energy savings, reduced maintenance and are environ- scheduled to start at DORIS (DOppel- mentally friendly. The innovative DRYVAC SYSTEMS from Rlng-Speicher), the electron–positron double storage ring at DESY. While the last Leybold excel in combination with high vacuum RUVAC preparations for the 3 GeV storage rings pumps particularly well in short cycle operation, such as were still in progress, some of its initiators load locks and deposition processes. discussed further possibilities for developing Some well-known faces from the accelerator the machine’s physics potential. They world, brought together by the DESY concluded that the amount of money needed meeting (clockwise from top left): Gustav DRYVAC SYSTEMS - the benefits for a normal high-energy physics experiment Weber (DESY), Wolfgang Panofsky (SLAC), l Clean, oil-free vacuum generation would be suffi cient to add the ability to Bjørn Wiik (DESY), Kjell Johnsen (CERN), l Optimized pump-down times at highest pumping speed carry out electron–proton collisions within (CERN), l the rings. (SLAC), and Kurt Hübner (CERN). High process throughput and system uptime The original plans were to have a 1 GeV l Robust and durable, low-maintenance proton booster but it has now been decided multi-laboratory discussions on the different have been responsible, a few days after the l Insensitive to dust and vapors to do the main acceleration of the protons machine problems are a necessary and meeting, for bringing the fi rst electrons and l in the DESY electron synchrotron. Protons stimulating exercise to exchange information positrons from the DESY synchrotron to the Low power consumption and cost of ownership will be injected into the synchrotron at and to check the practicability of future injection points of DORIS. l Flexible installation and system integration ● 4 MeV by a Van de Graaff accelerator. In one projects. The local stimulation at DESY may Compiled from texts on pp314–342. l Smart monitoring and control functions second about 1011 protons will be accelerated to an energy of 2 to 4.5 GeV and stacked in the storage ring. It should be possible to Compiler’s Note Each nine-track magtape used for data storage in the 1970s could hold DRYVAC - Vacuum Expertise accumulate up to 3 × 1013 protons. At the two intersecting regions they will collide with about 100 MB, so CERN’s 40,000-tape headache measured around 4 in Dry Pump Technology 12 5 × 1012 electrons circulating in the second on the TB (10 bytes) scale. Today’s LHC experiments produce more storage ring, resulting in luminosities as high than 3 GB of data per second, creating that headache every 20 minutes. as 1031 per cm2 per s. Together, they generate more than 30 PB (30 × 1015 bytes) per year, which This will be an excellent opportunity to are distributed to 170 computing centres in 42 countries connected by the study machine physics problems which will Worldwide LHC Computing Grid. The centres are ranked in tiers, from 0 be important for the next generation of e–p (largest) to 4 (smallest). The two Tier-0 centres, the CERN Data Centre in storage rings. Given the importance of these and the Wigner Data Centre in Budapest, are responsible for the topics, from 8 to 12 October experts were long-term safekeeping of the fi rst copy of the raw data. While all centres invited to DESY from all of the laboratories Leybold GmbH store a fraction of the data on disc for fast access during analysis, the in Europe and the United States where Bonner Str. 498 · D-50968 Köln archiving medium is still magtape. It is inexpensive and durable, and one of today’s compact cartridges storage rings are being planned, are under T +49 (0) 221-347-0 can hold up to 5 TB, exceeding CERN’s 1970s data headache. construction, or are already operating. F +49 (0) 221-347-1250 The meeting confi rmed that [email protected] www.leybold.com 54

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5 V i e w p o i n t F e a t u r e s 35 F a ce s & P l a ce s 17 Crystal Clear celebrates 25 years of success 7 N e w s Advanced scintillating materials have found their way into novel 46 R ec r u i t me n t All systems go for the High-Luminosity LHC First physics detectors for physics and medicine. • • 51 B oo k s h elf at HIE-ISOLDE begins • Three-year extension for open-access initiative LUX-ZEPLIN passes approval milestone Large beams 20 CLIC steps up to the TeV challenge • • 54 A r c h i ve take LHC physics forward • ATLAS homes in on Higgs-quark Compact Linear Collider focuses on an optimised initial-energy couplings • CMS investigates the width of the top quark • LHCb stage at 380 GeV. targets new source of CP violation • ALICE explores shear viscosity 28 CERN explores opportunities for physics beyond colliders in QCD matter A new study group will investigate novel use of CERN’s accelerator complex to target fundamental-physics questions. 13 S c i e n ce w a t c h 33 Secrets of discovery 15 A s t r o w a t c h Interview with Kip Thorne, who predicted LIGO’s observation of gravitational waves. CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 6 M a y 2 0 1 6